Congenital solitary osseous choristoma of the left lateral canthus: a case report.

BACKGROUND: An ocular osseous choristoma is a growth of mature, compact bone in the ocular or periocular soft tissue, and it is the rarest form of ocular choristoma, accounting for only 1.7% of all epibulbar choristomas. CASE PRESENTATION: Herein we present the case of a 20-month-old girl who was referred to the oculoplasty clinic with a progressively growing mass in the left lateral canthus. It had been present since birth without ocular involvement. Upon examination the mass was firm with a smooth surface, measured 9 × 6 × 3 mm, and exhibited no episcleral attachment or ocular involvement. An excisional biopsy was performed, and the histopathological findings were consistent with osseous choristoma of the left lateral canthus. CONCLUSIONS: This report highlights the importance of considering osseous choristoma in the differential diagnosis of eyelid lesions, particularly those that have been present since birth. It also emphasizes the need for further studies investigating associations between osseous choristomas and ocular canthi.

Analysis of Scheimpflug Tomography Parameters for Detecting Subclinical Keratoconus in the Fellow Eyes of Patients with Unilateral Keratoconus in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.

Purpose: We compared the characteristics of subtle morphological changes in subclinical keratoconus (KC) and normal corneas using Scheimpflug tomography (Pentacam®) and assessed the efficacy of these parameters for distinguishing KC or subclinical KC from normal eyes. Patients and Methods: In this multicenter comparative study at Dhahran Eye Specialist Hospital and Al Kahhal Medical Complex in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, we analyzed the Scheimpflug tomography charts of patients with topographically normal eyes and those with unilateral KC. Patients were divided into the normal (NL: patients considered for refractive surgery and with normal topographic/tomographic features, 129 eyes), KC (30 patients with manifest KC in one eye based on biomicroscopy and topographical findings), and forme fruste KC (FFKC: fellow eyes of patients in the KC group that met the NL group criteria) groups. Corneal morphological parameters were analyzed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (AUCs). Results: For distinguishing NL and KC groups, all measured corneal morphological parameters, except for flat keratometry, maximum Ambrósio relational thickness index, and minimum sagittal curvature, had AUCs >0.75. The surface variance index yielded the largest AUC (0.999). For distinguishing NL and FFKC groups, all corneal morphological parameters had AUCs <0.8. Total higher-order aberrations (RMS HOA) yielded the highest AUC, followed by Belin/Ambrosio Enhanced Ectasia total deviation (BAD-D), back elevation at the thinnest location, average pachymetric progression index (PPIave), and deviation of Ambrosio relational thickness (Da) (AUC 0.74-0.78). Conclusion: The diagnostic performance of all tested topographic and tomographic parameters measured using Scheimpflug tomography for discriminating subclinical KC was fair at best, with the top parameters being RMS HOA, BAD-D, back elevation at the thinnest location, PPIave, and Da. Distinguishing between subclinical KC and healthy eyes remains challenging. Multimodal imaging techniques may be required for optimal early detection of subtle morphological changes.

Isolated Kaposi's Sarcoma of the Bulbar Conjunctiva as an Initial Manifestation of AIDS: A Case Report.

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a malignant vascular endothelium-cell-derived tumor caused by human herpesvirus 8. It is one of the most common tumors among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients; however, isolated KS is rarely reported as the initial presentation. This study describes a rare case in which isolated KS of the bulbar conjunctiva was the first presenting symptom leading to the diagnosis of HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in a 39-year-old man. The patient, who had no prior medical history, presented to the ophthalmology clinic with an isolated large, dark-reddish mass in the left bulbar conjunctiva and subconjunctival hemorrhage. The mass was first identified 6 months prior and had continued to grow since then. KS was confirmed based on the analysis of the incisional biopsy sample, subsequently prompting an HIV test, which was positive. This report highlights the recognition of KS as a relevant ocular complication and potential initial manifestation of AIDS. Additionally, KS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any vascular lesion, even when present at uncommon sites.

Capillary Hemangioma in Joubert Syndrome: A Case Report.

A baby girl who underwent cesarean section delivery and had a complicated postnatal course requiring neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is followed in the pediatrics clinic for several months. At five months old, the baby girl was referred to an ophthalmology clinic with brain stem and cerebellum malformation consistent with the molar tooth sign (MTS) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, hypotonia, and developmental delay. She has the classic features of Joubert Syndrome (JS). Other findings not typically associated with the clinical picture of the syndrome were observed in this patient, specifically skin capillary hemangioma of the forehead. Cutaneous capillary hemangioma was an incidental finding in this JS patient and responded favorably to medical treatment with propranolol where a significant reduction in the size of the mass was observed. This incidental finding can be seen as a potential addition to the spectrum of associated findings in JS.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice around Diabetic Eye Disease among Diabetic Patients in Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia.

PURPOSE: This study aims to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) around diabetic eye disease in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) attending primary health-care centers (PHCCs) in Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. METHODS: All diabetic patients attending eight PHCCs in Jazan region between December 2018 and December 2019 were invited to participate in this cross-sectional study. Face-to-face interviews were held to gather responses to a validated 20-item questionnaire. RESULTS: In total, 293 patients aged 9-90 years (mean 50 years, standard deviation 14 years) agreed to participate, including 189 (64.5%) females and 104 (35.5%) males. Most (n = 251; 85.7%) had type 2 DM, the remainder (42; 14.3%) having type 1 DM. The mean duration of DM was 8.2 ± 6.4 years. Eye complications were self-reported by 114 (38.9%) participants. More than one-third (36.2%) of the participants had never undergone an eye examination. Less than one-third of participants (29% and 28% respectively) had an excellent level of knowledge or practice about diabetic eye disease, and only 12% demonstrated very positive attitude. KAP levels were independently predicted by patients' age, gender, and eye complication status. CONCLUSION: KAP relating to eye disease and eye care among Saudi patients with DM were less than desired. Rigorous efforts are required to raise awareness of eye complications among diabetic patients.

Knowledge of and attitude towards epilepsy among university students in Saudi Arabia: Misconceptions of the next generation.

•We examined knowledge of and attitudes toward epilepsy among university students in Saudi Arabia.•Knowledge of and attitudes towards epilepsy were more favorable among students of health specialties.•One fifth linked epilepsy to spirits possession and mental disorders, but almost half prefer spiritual ritual treatment.•Social interactions with people with epilepsy were more favorable among women except toward marriage.•Universities should make efforts to correct misconceptions and reduce the social burden of epilepsy.

The correlation between keratoconus and eye rubbing: a review.

Keratoconus is a non-inflammatory disorder which is gradual in development; corneal thinning and ectatic protrusion characterizes it. Keratoconus prevalence varies between different regions depending on several factors that affecting its prevalence. There are risk factors for developing keratoconus such as demographic and environmental factors. It was suggested that eye rubbing was associated with the development of keratoconus. The main aim of this review was to summarize the literature data about keratoconus and to identify the role of eye-rubbing in the aetiology of the disease. A number of 24 articles was reviewed through the PubMed, Google Scholar and Research Gates. There are many keywords used such as keratoconus, aetiology of keratoconus, eye rubbing, keratoconus prevalence, keratoconus and eye rubbing correlation. We concluded that eye rubbing causes the thinning of keratocyte, and the degree of effect of eye rubbing depends on the period and force of performing eye rubbing. It is recommended to avoid eye rubbing to prevent keratoconus, this can be achieved by avoiding itching and treating dryness of the eye and avoiding wearing eye lenses.

Mental Health Literacy Among Undergraduate Students of a Saudi Tertiary Institution: A Cross-sectional Study.

The issue of mental health literacy has been widely studied in developed countries, with few studies conducted in Arab countries. In this study we aimed to investigate mental health literacy and attitudes towards psychiatric patients among students of Jazan University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A crosssectional study was conducted among undergraduate students using a validated Arabicversion questionnaire. A total of 557 students were recruited from different Jazan university colleges. The majority of students (90.3%) have intermediate mental health literacy. Regarding the etiology of mental illness, students agreed that genetic inheritance (45.8%), poor quality of life (65%) and social relationship weakness (73.1%) are the main causes of mental illness. The majority thought that mentally ill people are not capable of true friendships (52.5%) and that anyone can suffer from a mental illness (49.4%). Students' attitudes towards psychiatric patients were mixed, with 68.7% reporting that they could maintain a friendship with a mentally ill person and that people with mental illness should have the same rights as anyone else (82.5%). Mental health literacy among university students was intermediate. There is an urgent need for health educational programs to change the attitudes of students regarding this important health issue.