Dental caries and caries-related periodontitis in type 2 diabetic mice.

Diabetic patients are predisposed to periodontal disease as well as dental caries; however, there are contradictory reports about the possible association between dental caries and diabetes. Thus, the authors set out to determine whether diabetes affects onset of dental caries and periodontal disease and to clarify whether dental caries and periodontal disease are associated with each other in diabetic db/db mice. Oral tissue was examined from 68 male mice (diabetic db/db and nondiabetic db/+; aged 20, 30, 40, and 50 weeks) and 20 female mice (db/db and db/+; aged 50 weeks). Macroscopically, caries were seen developing in the diabetic mice by 20 weeks of age. The number of teeth with dental lesions increased with age in the db/db mice at a significantly higher incidence than that of db/+ mice. Histologically, dental caries were detected in 30 of 120 molars in 17 of 20 db/db mice at 50 weeks of age and in 4 of 108 molars in 4 of 18 db/+ mice of the same age. The severity of dental caries in db/db mice was significantly higher than it was in db/+ mice. Dental caries were a primary change that led to bacterial gingivitis and pulpitis. These lesions spread to the dental root and periodontal connective tissue through the apical foramen. Apical periodontitis was more frequent and severe when occurring in close association with dental caries. In conclusion, there is a strong relationship between diabetes and dental caries, but in this model, it is highly probable that the onset of periodontal disease was a secondary change resulting from dental caries.

Emperipolesis-like invasion of neoplastic lymphocytes into hepatocytes in feline T-cell lymphoma.

Twelve cases of feline malignant lymphoma with emperipolesis-like invasion of neoplastic lymphocytes were examined microscopically, immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally. Intracytoplasmic invasion of neoplastic cells varied in severity between the cases, between hepatic lobules and between areas within the lobules. The number of infiltrating neoplastic cells ranged from one to several per hepatocyte. Neoplastic cells exhibited widely varying morphology from case-to-case and cell-to-cell within each case, and contained eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules in four cases. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that neoplastic cells in 11 of the 12 cases expressed one or both T-cell markers (CD3 and TIA-1). Diagnosis of T-cell lymphoma was also confirmed by assessment of clonality by polymerase chain reaction. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that the neoplastic lymphocytes were contained within an invagination of the cell membrane of the hepatocyte, rather than directly infiltrating into the cytoplasm of the cell. There was no evidence that the invasive neoplastic lymphocytes had a cytotoxic effect.

Hepatoblastoma in a cat.

Hepatoblastomas are neoplasms that originate from putative pluripotential stem cells of the liver. A hepatic mass from an 8-year-old Abyssinian cat was composed of cords and sheets of neoplastic cells, with scattered rosettes and small ductal structures. Most neoplastic cells had a pale eosinophilic cytoplasm and a round to ovoid nucleus. The tumor also had short spindle cells with an oval nucleus. Immunohistochemically, neoplastic cells were weakly positive for embryonic hepatocellular markers, such as alpha-fetoprotein and cytokeratin (CK) 8/18, but negative for the hepatocellular marker Hepatocyte Paraffin 1. The cells were also positive for CD56/neural cell adhesion molecule and for the biliary epithelial markers CK 7, CK 8/18, CK CAM5.2, and vimentin, but negative for CK 20. Some neoplastic cells expressed neuroectodermal or neuroendocrine markers, such as protein gene product 9.5 and synaptophysin, but were negative for chromogranin A and not argyrophilic by the Grimelius technique. The cat died soon after the biopsy without clinical improvement.

Nasal and paranasal adenocarcinomas with neuroendocrine differentiation in dogs.

Tumors of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses of 18 dogs were examined histopathologically, immunohistochemically, and histochemically. The tumors were classified histologically as 13 adenocarcinomas, 3 transitional carcinomas, 1 squamous cell carcinoma, and 1 adenosquamous carcinoma. Tumor cells were strongly immunoreactive for broad-spectrum cytokeratins in all cases, for cytokeratin 8/18 in 16 cases, and for cytokeratin 19 in 17 cases. None of the 18 carcinomas had cytologic or histologic features indicative of neuroendocrine differentiation, yet tumor cells in 5 of the 13 adenocarcinomas were argyrophilic and immunohistochemically positive for synaptophysin and chromogranin A. Results of this study indicate that neuroendocrine markers may be detected immunohistochemically and histochemically in canine nasal or paranasal adenocarcinomas despite the lack of typical histologic features of neuroendocrine differentiation.

Renal dysplasia unrelated to claudin-16 deficiency in Japanese Black cattle.

Renal lesions of the type usually found in claudin-16 (CL-16) defective Japanese Black cattle (homozygous for CL-16 deficiency) were identified in six animals of this breed, aged 28-59 months, which were either heterozygous for CL-16 deficiency (type 1) or normal, as judged by a DNA-based test associated with the CL-16 gene. Histopathologically, all six cases showed elongated focal lesions which ran through the cortex to terminate in the outer zone of the medulla. The lesions contained components that included: (1) immature tubules, (2) small irregularly shaped tubules with thickening of the basement membrane, (3) mesenchymal cells in an increased interstitium, (4) small atrophic glomeruli, and (5) immature glomeruli. The glomeruli were noticeably reduced in number, and large glomeruli with an increased number of mesangial cells were observed throughout the entire cortical area. Cystic dilation of tubules and flattening of the epithelium were noted in all areas of the kidney. Histopathologically, the renal lesions in the six cases were indistinguishable from those reported previously in cattle homozygous for CL-16 deficiency. These findings demonstrate that such renal lesions in Japanese Black cattle are not necessarily associated with homozygous deletion of the CL-16 gene.

Cardiac vascular hamartoma in two slaughtered cattle.

Two cases of cardiac vascular hamartoma were detected in slaughtered cattle. In each case, a single nodular protrusion (ca 2.5 cm in diameter) was located in the same part of the right atrium. Tortuous vessels of variable size with irregular lumina were seen on the cut surface of each nodule. Microscopically, there were many dysplastic vascular structures within the nodules. The vascular structures showed various changes such as irregular thickening of the tunica intima and the tunica media, walls with variable amounts of fibres (elastic, collagen and smooth muscle), some of which were disarranged. Mature adipose tissue and fibrous connective tissue were seen close to the vascular structures and intervascular tissue. In the nodules, bundles of cardiac muscle were disorganized, intermingled with connective tissue, and in some areas embedded within fibrous connective tissue.

T-cell lymphoma with eosinophilic infiltration involving the intestinal tract in 11 dogs.

Among the intestinal tumors of hematopoietic cell origin, lymphoma is the most common in the dog. Herein, we characterized the clinical and pathologic features of 11 dogs (average age, 10.6 +/- 2.5 years) with T-cell lymphoma of the intestinal tract with eosinophil infiltrates. No sex predominance was apparent. All had localized tumor masses in the small intestine. Grossly, the intestinal wall was thickened, and the lumen of the affected intestine was usually narrowed. Microscopically, we observed transmural diffuse invasion of round to pleomorphic tumor cells. Tumor cells showed varying morphology, from scanty to abundant cytoplasm, and round to ovoid nuclei with scattered to dense chromatin. In seven of the dogs, tumor cells had infiltrated into the epithelium. All showed infiltration of eosinophils and all 11 tumors had a T-cell phenotype (CD3+, CD79-). Only one tumor stained positive for the mast cell marker c-kit and none was positive for mast cell tryptase. We did not observe ultrastructurally apparent granules in any of the tumor cells. These results suggest that, in dogs, T-cell lymphomas of intestinal origin resemble mast cell tumors of intestinal origin with respect to cell structure and eosinophil infiltration. Therefore, in the absence of epitheliotropism, it is difficult to confirm the differential diagnosis without immunostaining for mast cell and lymphocyte markers, including mast cell tryptase, c-kit, CD3, and CD79.

Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rat is not a suitable animal model for the study of angiopathic diabetic retinopathy.

We have previously shown that the peak latency of oscillatory potential (OP), the earliest electroretinographic manifestation of diabetic retina, was prolonged in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat, a model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes. These observations suggest that retinal neuronal dysfunction revealed by the OP abnormality in the electroretinogram takes place prior to the angiopathic diabetic changes in this animal model. However whether acellular capillaries and pericyte ghosts, one of the histopathological hallmarks of early diabetic retinopathy in humans, could occur in OLETF rat remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we first prepared the retinal trypsin digests of OLETF and control Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats at 45 weeks old and then compared the number of acellular capillaries and pericyte ghosts in the retinas of OLETF rats with that in LETO rats. Blood glucose levels were higher in the OLETF rats than those in LETO rats. Retinal capillaries of OLETF rats were found to remain morphologically normal and pericyte ghosts were barely detectable. There was no difference in the number of acellular capillaries in the retinas between OLETF and LETO rats. The present study indicates that acellular capillaries and pericyte ghosts, the characteristic morphological changes in early diabetic retinopathy, are not accelerated in OLETF rats. Our data suggest that OLETF rat is not a suitable animal model for the study of angiopathic diabetic retinopathy.

Pigmented cutaneous papillomatosis (pigmented epidermal nevus) in three pug dogs; histopathology, electron microscopy and analysis of viral DNA by the polymerase chain reaction.

Canine pigmented epidermal nevus (CPEN) is a skin disorder of some breeds of dog characterized by multiple black plaques of the haired and non-haired skin. Three cases of pigmented cutaneous papillomatosis (previously described also as CPEN) in pug dogs were investigated histopathologically, immunohistochemically and electron microscopically. Additionally, DNA analyses with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed in two cases. Many nuclei of the stratum granulosa were diffusely immunolabelled for specific structural antigens of bovine papillomavirus (subgroup A), but nuclear inclusion bodies were not detected by retrospective examination of haematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of the affected skin. Aggregates of small numbers of viral particles (ranging from 37 to 43 nm in diameter) with a hexagonal structure were sparsely scattered throughout the nuclei of some of the superficial keratinocytes. PCR amplification targeted for the L1 gene of papillomavirus cloned from a case of CPEN yielded an expected fragment of 194-bp in the two CPEN cases examined but not in a case of canine oral papilloma.

Abscess-forming inflammatory granulation tissue with Gram-positive cocci and prominent eosinophil infiltration in cats: possible infection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus.

We occasionally encounter feline cervical or mesenteric lesions diagnosed histopathologically as abscess or inflammatory granulation tissue with eosinophil infiltration. Gram-positive cocci accompany the lesions. In the present study, such lesions obtained from 27 cats were examined to evaluate the histopathologic features and the nature of the causative bacteria. The average age was 7.3 +/- 3.5 years. No sex predilection was observed. Most frequent locations of the lesions included the abdominal cavity with/without mesenteric lymph nodes (11/27, 41%) and subcutaneous tissue or lymph nodes of the neck (9/27, 33%). Common clinical presentation was a localized mass. Grossly, the lesions contained abscesses in the center and were surrounded by fibrous tissue. Microscopically, the necrotic zone contained bacterial colonies. Large numbers of eosinophils and macrophages infiltrated the area surrounding the necrotic tissue. The surrounding connective fiber-rich granulation tissue demarcated the eosinophilic abscess. The bacteria were Gram-positive cocci in 23 of the 27 cats and were positive for anti-staphylococcus antiserum in 19 of the 23 cats. In 15 out of 17 lesions, the colonies expressed immunoreactivity to penicillin-binding protein 2', which is a drug-resistance gene product of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS) species. These findings suggest strongly that MRS causes this type of infectious lesion.

Mast cell tumors of the gastrointestinal tract in 39 dogs.

Mast cell tumors (MCTs) of gastrointestinal origin that had been surgically removed from 39 dogs were examined to evaluate their pathologic features. Miniature breeds, especially Maltese, were most frequently affected. The average age of affected dogs was 9.7 +/- 2.6 years. No sex difference was apparent. The most frequently affected sites were in the upper digestive tract, and the prognosis was very poor. Grossly, the gastrointestinal wall was prominently thickened, and the lumen of the affected gut was usually narrowed. Microscopically, there was diffuse transmural invasion of round to pleomorphic tumor cells. Tumor cells had moderate to abundant cytoplasm, round to ovoid nuclei with scattered chromatin, and mitotic figures. Fibrous stroma was observed in about half of the tumors. There was variable infiltration of eosinophils. In all tumors, cytoplasmic granules showed weak metachromasia, but the number of granules was very small. Immunohistochemical staining for c-kit and mast cell tryptase was positive in 77% and 62% of tumors, respectively. All tumors were positive for at least two of these markers. Immunohistochemical staining for p53 was positive in 13% of the tumors. Reactivity for staining markers and p53 was unrelated to cell pleomorphism, vessel invasion, or survival time. Gastrointestinal MCTs have histologic and immunohistochemical features completely different from those of other primary or metastatic gastrointestinal tumors. The combination of immunostaining for mast cell tryptase and c-kit and histochemical staining for metachromasia appears to be a powerful tool for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal MCTs.

Histochemical and morphometrical analysis of skeletal muscle in spontaneous diabetic WBN/Kob rat.

Spontaneous diabetic WBN/Kob rats develop diabetic peripheral neuropathy characterized by primary segmental demyelination and secondary axonal degeneration. The objective of this study was to evaluate the histochemical and morphometric characteristics of the lesions of skeletal muscles innervated by the affected nerves in diabetic rats. The following groups of rats were investigated: 24-month-old males that had been diabetic for less than 12 months, 10-month-old pre-diabetic males, 24-month-old non-diabetic females, and 10-month-old nondiabetic females. The soleus (SOL), extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles were studied by light and electron microscopy, including histochemical and morphometric analyses. Muscle weight was reduced with age to a remarkable degree in diabetic BF and EDL. Dispersed atrophy of muscle fiber was observed in type 2a fibers of BF and EDL, and type 2c fibers of SOL, and the incidence was higher in diabetic rats. Multi-core, myofibrillar disorientation and an increased number of central nucleus of SOL, along with connective tissue proliferation of BF perimysium were noted in diabetic rats. The fiber population and type of composition varied with age, but no remarkable changes attributable to diabetic conditions were observed. Electron microscopically, an abnormal arrangement of myofibrils, a number of myelin figures, mitochondrial swelling and lysis of mitochondrial cristae were seen in diabetic rats. However, the neuromuscular junction and capillaries were intact. These findings indicate that the diabetic skeletal muscle lesion in WBN/Kob rats was mainly myogenic in nature, and was aggravated by the age-related change.

Neurotoxicity induced by a single oral dose of aniline in rats.

The neurotoxicity of aniline and its age-dependent responses were investigated in male rats. Groups of 6 rats, 4-week-old, were treated once with aniline (500, 750 or 1,000 mg/kg) or olive oil by gavage. Additional groups of 6 rats, 7- or 10-week-old, were treated once with 800 mg/kg of aniline or olive oil. Paralytic gait or hindlimb paralysis was observed between post-treatment days 8 and 15 in two out of six rats receiving 1,000 mg/kg of aniline at 4 weeks of age. On post-treatment day 15, spongy change in the white matter of the spinal cord was observed in all rats receiving 750 or 1,000 mg/kg of aniline at 4 weeks of age. The lateral and ventral columns of the thoracic spinal cord were the most severely affected. Spongy change in the facial nerve and spinal trigeminal tracts of pons and medulla oblongata, and mild degeneration of the peripheral nerves was found in 3 out of 6 rats receiving 1,000 mg/kg of aniline. At the ultrastructural level, the spongy change was due to distention of the myelin sheath and splitting of the intraperiod line. Axons were well preserved in the affected nerve fibers. No abnormalities were seen in the neuronal cell bodies. Although transient cyanosis was observed in all rats receiving 800 mg/kg of aniline at 7- or 10-week-old, as well as in rats receiving 750 or 1,000 mg/kg of aniline at 4-week-old, no treatment-related neurobehavioral or morphologic abnormalities were found in the former. These findings demonstrate the neurotoxicity of orally administered aniline for rats, depending upon the age of the animal at the time of administration.

Iron lactate-induced osteopenia in male Sprague-Dawley rats.

Osteopenia was induced in rats fed a diet containing 50,000 ppm (5%) iron lactate for 2 or 4 weeks. Blood chemistry, urinalysis, and bone histomorphometry of the proximal tibial metaphysis were performed. Urinary pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline and the osteoclast number per bone surface were selected for the measurement of dynamic resorption. The osteoclast surface, eroded surface, and osteoblast surface increased at both ends of the exposure periods, and bone resorption and formation both increased. The bone volume, trabecular thickness, and trabecular number decreased, and the secondary spongiosa of proximal metaphysis showed a marked bone loss. However, no mineralization defect was observed. At the end of the 2-week exposure period, biomarkers of osteoclasts and osteoblasts had increased the most, and the osteoblast surface, osteoclast surface, and osteoclast number per bone surface increased with prolonged exposure. The pathological changes of the bone lesion in iron lactate-overloaded rats were similar to those in rats of the osteoporotic model, because they consisted of changes reflecting the increase of bone resorption and formation without an osteomalacic change. However, the decline of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels was different from that of the osteoporosis model rat. We concluded iron-induced bone lesions probably differ from those of low turnover bone diseases.

Malignant theca cell tumor of rat.

A large-sized ovarian tumor of theca cell origin was found in a female rat. The mass was located in the right ovary position. Histologically, the tumor was covered by thin fibrous capsule and consisted of a solid area and an abundant necrotic area. Tumor cells were arranged in a storiform or whorled pattern. Connective tissue elements occasionally presented as bundles of dense collagen fibers. Fusiform to elongated cells had oval- to spindle-shaped nuclei with indistinct nucleoli. Large round nuclei and mitotic figures were scattered throughout the tumor cells. These cells were stained positively with S-100 but negatively with vimentin and a-smooth muscle actin. Tumor cells with abundant cytoplasm sometimes contained multiple small-sized lipid vacuoles.

Amoebosis in the flat-shelled spider tortoise (Acinixys planicauda).

Amoebosis is one of the most common protozoal diseases of reptiles, but has rarely been reported in tortoises. Six cases of amoebosis were identified in flat-shelled spider tortoises immediately after their importation from Madagascar to Japan. Necropsy revealed an extensive green pseudomembrane of ulceration along the length of the thickened wall of the colon, and disseminated green foci in the liver. Histologically, the colonic wall was severely ulcerated and covered with a fibrinonecrotic pseudomembrane, and many amoebic trophozoites were seen in the submucosa. Multifocal necrosis with intralesional amoebic trophozoites corresponded to the disseminated green foci in the liver. Amoebic trophozoites invaded many blood vessels in the colon and liver. All tortoises exhibited severe colonic lesions, but the severity of the hepatic lesions varied. These findings suggest that amoebic colitis was the primary lesion with spread of amoebae to the liver via the portal system.

Isolation of iso-grayanotoxin II from leaves of Leucothoe grayana Max. Its X-ray crystallographic analysis and acute toxicity in mice.

The structure of iso-grayanotoxin II, a new diterpenoid from Leucothoe grayana MAX., has been determined as 3 beta,5 beta,6 beta,14 beta,16 alpha-pentahydroxygrayanotox-9(10)-ene by spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analysis. The lethal dosage level of iso-grayanotoxin II in mice was lower than that of grayanotoxin III.

Eosinophilic gastroenterocolitis in iron lactate-overloaded rats.

Eosinophilic gastroenterocolitis with peripheral eosinophilia was induced in rats fed a diet containing 2.5% or 5.0% iron lactate for 3 mo. Additional findings consistent with iron overload were also observed. Microscopically, the lesions consisted of eosinophilic infiltrations in the mucosa and submucosa along the whole length of the gastrointestinal tracts, increased surface area of the gastric mucosal propria covered with mucous cells, and increased apoptotic bodies in the gastric glandular neck of rats in the 2.5% and 5.0% groups. An increased number of intraepithelial globule leukocytes in the gastric and intestinal lamina propria was also observed in the 5.0% group. Globule leukocytes in the gastric mucosa contained obviously enlarged granules in their cytoplasm in these rats. The granules of the globule leukocytes were positive for rat mast cell protease II, suggesting the mastocyte origin of these cells. Although severe infiltration of eosinophils and globule leukocytes suggested a type-1 hypersensitivity reaction, other features such as an increasing vascular permeability were not detected. Serum IgE levels in the 5.0% and control groups were < 3 ng/ml. Final body weights of male and female rats of the 5.0% group were suppressed to 70% and 90%, respectively, of those of the control rats, whereas food consumption was comparable to that of the control group. The morphologic characteristics of the gastrointestinal lesions and peripheral eosinophilia induced in rats fed iron lactate were very similar to those in some cases of eosinophilic gastroenterocolitis in humans and other animals.

Developmental study on reduction and kinks of the tail in a new mutant knotty-tail mouse.

The knotty-tail (knt/knt) mouse has a short and knotty tail. The tail deformity is caused by a decrease in the number of caudal vertebrae and a deformity of them in the distal part of the tail. The objective of the study was to determine how reduction and kinks of the tail region were formed during secondary body formation. By day 12.0 pc, the somitogenesis of knt/knt embryos was completed; the number of caudal somites more or less agreed with those of the caudal vertebrae in knt/knt mice and were similar to those of knt/+ embryos. On the other hand, the somitogenesis of knt/+ embryos continued up to day 12.5 pc. The somites below about the sixth caudal somite were wedge-shaped with a dorsal apex in knt/knt embryos. The location of abnormal somites also corresponded well to that of deformed caudal vertebrae. Abnormal somitogenesis was always preceded by abnormalities in the presomitic region. Under gross observation, this could be seen to become markedly thickened, and histologically its dorsoventral diameter increased in the transverse plane on days 10.5-12.0 pc. In the mesenchyme there was often obvious cell death at the boundary of the unsegmented area and the tail bud after day 10.5 pc. These results suggested that the shortness of tail was primarily caused by the agenesis of distal caudal vertebrae following the agenesis of distal caudal somites, and partly by the disappearance of the presomitic part due to cell death, while the tail kinks were caused by the deformation of each caudal vertebra following disturbances of the caudal somites. Also, it is highly probable that the prominent cell death at the boundary of the unsegmented area and the tail bud may involve a defect or deformity of somites in this mutant.