ABSTRACT
The recent increase in babies born with brain and eye malformations in Brazil is associated with Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in utero. ZIKV alters host DNA methylation in vitro. Using genome-wide DNA methylation profiling we compared 18 babies born with congenital ZIKV microcephaly with 20 controls. We found ZIKV-associated alteration of host methylation patterns, notably at RABGAP1L which is important in brain development, at viral host immunity genes MX1 and ISG15, and in an epigenetic module containing the causal microcephaly gene MCPH1. Our data support the hypothesis that clinical signs of congenital ZIKV are associated with changes in DNA methylation.
Subject(s)
DNA Methylation , Immunity/genetics , Microcephaly/virology , Neurogenesis/genetics , Zika Virus Infection , Brain/growth & development , Brain/virology , Brazil , Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics , Child, Preschool , Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/virology , Zika Virus/immunologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The current literature does not provide accurate information about the association between use of artificial nipples and sucking patterns in infants. AIMS: We aimed to investigate whether pacifier use and/or bottle-feeding were associated with nutritive sucking (NS) and non-nutritive sucking (NNS) patterns. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: 429 full-term infants/mothers. OUTCOME MEASURES: Data were collected through a questionnaire and observations of NS during breastfeeding and NNS (finger sucking). Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the adjusted associations between artificial nipple use and between NS and NNS changes. RESULTS: There were higher frequencies of changes in the NNS and NS patterns in the group that used artificial nipples. Regarding the type of artificial nipple, pacifier use had a greater influence on changes in the NNS pattern whereas the use of a baby bottle presented a greater number of associations with changes in the NS pattern. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the use of artificial nipples may be associated with changes in the sucking patterns of infants, demonstrating the possible existence of nipple confusion and its effect on breastfeeding.
Subject(s)
Bottle Feeding/adverse effects , Fingersucking , Pacifiers/adverse effects , Sucking Behavior , Adult , Bottle Feeding/statistics & numerical data , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Pacifiers/statistics & numerical data , Social ClassABSTRACT
Faz um breve relato da evoluçäo histórica da leishmaniose visceral no Estado do Maranhäo, Brasil, avaliando as possíveis causas da expansäo da referida doença no Estado, assim como as medidas de controle adotadas pelo Ministério da Saúde objetivando a diminuiçäo da incidência da mesma. (AU)
Subject(s)
Leishmaniasis, Visceral/history , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/prevention & control , Brazil , Disease Outbreaks/historyABSTRACT
Breve relato da evoluçäo histórica da leishmaniose visceral no estado do Maranhäo, Brasil, avaliando as possíveis causas da expansäo da referida doença no estado, assim como as medidas de controle adotadas pelo Ministério da Saúde, objetivando a diminuiçäo da incidência da mesma.
