ABSTRACT
African swine fever is a hemorrhagic disease of pigs with high mortality rates. Since its first characterization in 1921, there has been sufficient information about African swine fever virus (ASFV) and related diseases. The virus has been found and maintained in the sylvatic cycle involving ticks and domestic and wild boars in affected regions. The ASFV is spread through direct and indirect contact with infected pigs, their products and carrier vectors especially Ornithodoros ticks. Severe economic losses and a decline in pig production have been observed in ASFV affected countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Europe. At the end of 2018, the ASFV adversely affected China, the world's leading pork-producer. Control strategies for the disease remained challenging due to the unavailability of effective vaccines and the lack of successful therapeutic measures. However, considerable efforts have been made in recent years to understand the biology of the virus, surveillance and effective control measures. This review emphasizes and summarizes the current state of information regarding the knowledge of etiology, epidemiology, transmission, and vaccine-based control measures against ASFV.
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Cadmium (Cd) toxicity induces significant disruptions in growth and development, plants have developed strategies to alleviate metal toxicity promoting establishment even during herbivores infestation. The study demonstrates that W. trilobata maintains growth and development under the combined stress of Cd exposure and herbivore invasion by Spodoptera litura, in contrast to W. chinensis. Cd toxicity markedly reduce shoot elongation and total fresh biomass, and a significant decrease in the dry weight of the shoot biomass and leaf count by 19%, 18%, 16%, and 19% in W. trilobata compared to controls. An even more pronounced decrease of 35%, 43%, 45% and 43% was found in W. chinensis. Compared to W. chinensis, W. trilobata showed a higher increase in phytohormone production including abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid (GA3), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and methyl jasmonic acid (JA-me) under both Cd and herbivory stress as compared with respective controls. In addition, leaf ultra-structure also showed the highest damage to cell membranous structures by Cd-toxicity in W. chinensis. Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis revealed numerous genes viz., EMSY, MCCA, TIRI, BED-type, ABA, JAZ, CAB-6, CPSI, LHCII, CAX, HNM, ABC-Cd-trans and GBLP being differentially expressed between Cd-stress and herbivory groups in both W. trilobata and W. chinensis, with a particular emphasis on genes associated with metal transport and carbohydrate metabolism. Analyses employing the Gene Ontology (GO) system, the Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) categorization, and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, highlight the functional and evolutionary relationships among the genes of the Phenylpropanoid and Flavonoid biosynthesis pathways and brassinosterod metabolism, associated with plant growth and development under Cd-toxicity and herbivory. W. trilobata opposite of W. chinensis, significantly improve plant growth and mitigates Cd toxicity through modulation of metabolic processes, and regulation of responsible genes, to sustain its growth under Cd and herbivory stress, which can be used in stress improvement in plants for sustainable ecosystem biodiversity and food security.
ABSTRACT
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest and most diverse transmembrane receptor family in the cell. They are involved in regulating a wide range of biological processes, including behavior, reproduction, and development. However, GPCRs have not yet been identified in Zeugodacus cucurbitae. The current study focuses on the GPCRs identification, classification, distribution, and their expression analysis under ß-cypermethrin stress to uncover novel targets for pest management and assist in the development of effective strategies for controlling the melon fly population. We identified 80 GPCRs genes including 50 GPCRs identified in family A, 17 GPCRs identified in family B, 8 identified in family C, and 5 identified in family F. Z. cucurbitae GPCRs showed significant differences in both the number of genes in families or subfamilies, as well as the sequencing of the genes. Interestingly, newly identified GPCRs genes are expressed differently at various developmental stages of Z. cucurbitae. Further, we evaluated these 80 GPCRs using Realtime quantitative PCR to confirm their expression between ß-cypermethrin-resistant (RS) strain and susceptible strain (SS) of Z. cucurbitae. We identified 50 GPCR genes were highly overexpressed in a RS. Among these genes, eight genes were strongly induced by the 30% lethal concentration (LC) while two genes were significantly increased by the 50% LC of ß-cypermethrin. This first genome-wide profiling and characterization of GPCRs could lay foundation for unraveling detoxification mechanism and target site modifications which may improve the insect resistance and could be effective insecticide targets for Z. cucurbitae management.
Subject(s)
Insecticides , Pyrethrins , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled , Pyrethrins/pharmacology , Pyrethrins/toxicity , Animals , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism , Insecticides/pharmacology , Insecticides/toxicity , Insecticide Resistance/genetics , Tephritidae/genetics , Tephritidae/drug effects , Insect Proteins/genetics , Insect Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Changing climate is causing erratic rainfall and prolonged drought periods, thus posing serious threats to crop productivity. Owing to severity of drought events, it is imperative to take proactive measures to enhance the resilience of drought sensitive crops like rice. Therefore, the present study was carried out to improve the drought stress tolerance in rice through gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) application. METHODS: The experiment was included four GABA concentrations i.e., 0 mM as control, 1 mM, 1.5 mM, and 2 mM, two water levels i.e., 100% and 50% field capacity (referred as FC100 for well-watered and FC50 for drought conditions, respectively), and two fragrant rice cultivars i.e., Super Basmati and Basmati-515. RESULTS: The findings unveiled a comprehensive improvement in various parameters with GABA application in fragrant rice under both well-watered (FC100) and water-limited (FC50) conditions, compared to the control. Specifically, GABA induced enhancements were observed in plant height, root length, fresh weight, dry weight, total soluble protein content, and total free amino acid content across both cultivars. Moreover, GABA application significantly improved peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities, alongside elevating anthocyanin levels, while concurrently reducing H2O2 contents in both FC100 and FC50 treatments. Furthermore, the positive impact of GABA extended to morphological traits, with notable increases in panicle length, total tillers and productive tillers per hill, branch and grain numbers per panicle, and 1000-grain weight for Super Basmati and Basmati 515 cultivars under both water regimes, compared to Ck. Similarly, the grain yield increased by 31.01% and 27.32% under FC100 and 36.85% and 27.71% under FC50 in Super Basmati and Basmati-515, respectively, in response to GABA application, compared to Ck. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) revealed significant variances attributed to Dim1 and Dim2, with 86.1% and 4.0% of the variance, respectively, across three bi-plots encompassing rice cultivars, water levels, and GABA treatments. Notably, all tested indices, except for H2O2 and non-productive tillers per hill, exhibited positive correlations amongst themselves and with rice yield, further emphasizing the beneficial effects of GABA application on fragrant rice under well-watered and drought conditions. CONCLUSIONS: GABA significantly improved fragrant rice performance under both well-watered (FC100) and water-limited (FC50) conditions. Moreover, integrating GABA application into rice cultivation practices could not only improve the crop resilience to drought stress but also potentially benefiting the future food and nutritional security globally. However, however; further research is needed to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the functionality of GABA in fragrant rice, particularly under drought conditions.
Subject(s)
Droughts , Oryza , gamma-Aminobutyric Acid , Oryza/physiology , Oryza/growth & development , Oryza/drug effects , Oryza/metabolism , gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism , Water/metabolismABSTRACT
Kashmir cattle, which were kept by local pastoralists for centuries, are exceptionally resilient and adaptive to harsh environments. Despite its significance, the genomic characteristics of this cattle breed remain elusive. This study utilized whole genome sequences of Kashmir cattle (n = 20; newly sequenced) alongside published whole genomes of 32 distinct breeds and seven core cattle populations (n = 135). The analysis identified ~25.87 million biallelic single nucleotide polymorphisms in Kashmir cattle, predominantly in intergenic and intron regions. Population structure analyses revealed distinct clustering patterns of Kashmir cattle with proximity to the South Asian, African and Chinese indicine cattle populations. Genetic diversity analysis of Kashmir cattle demonstrated lower inbreeding and greater nucleotide diversity than analyzed global breeds. Homozygosity runs indicated less consanguineous mating in Kashmir cattle compared with European taurine breeds. Furthermore, six selection sweep detection methods were used within Kashmir cattle and other cattle populations to identify genes associated with vital traits, including immunity (BOLA-DQA5, BOLA-DQB, TNFAIP8L, FCRL4, AOAH, HIF1AN, FBXL3, MPEG1, CDC40, etc.), reproduction (GOLGA4, BRWD1, OSBP2, LEO1 ADCY5, etc.), growth (ADPRHL1, NRG2, TCF12, TMOD4, GBP4, IGF2, RSPO3, SCD, etc.), milk composition (MRPS30 and CSF1) and high-altitude adaptation (EDNRA, ITPR2, AGBL4 and SCG3). These findings provide essential genetic insights into the characteristics and establish the foundation for the scientific conservation and utilization of Kashmir cattle breed.
Subject(s)
Phylogeny , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Animals , Cattle/genetics , Whole Genome Sequencing/veterinary , Genetic Variation , Breeding , IndiaABSTRACT
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.591478.].
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Biochar, an environmentally friendly material, was found to passivate lead (Pb) in contaminated soil effectively. This study utilized spectroscopic investigations and partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) analysis to examine the impact of coconut-fiber biochar (CFB) on the translocation, accumulation, and detoxification mechanisms of Pb in soil-rice systems. The results demonstrated a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in bioavailable Pb concentration in paddy soils with CFB amendment, as well as reduced Pb concentrations in rice roots, shoots, and brown rice. Synchrotron-based micro X-ray fluorescence analyses revealed that CFB application inhibited the migration of Pb to the rhizospheric soil region, leading to reduced Pb uptake by rice roots. Additionally, the CFB treatment decreased Pb concentrations in the cellular protoplasm of both roots and shoots, and enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes in rice plants, improving their Pb stress tolerance. PLS-PM analyses quantified the effects of CFB on the accumulation and detoxification pathways of Pb in the soil-rice system. Understanding how biochar influences the immobilization and detoxification of Pb in soil-rice systems could provide valuable insights for strategically using biochar to address hazardous elements in complex agricultural settings.
Subject(s)
Oryza , Soil Pollutants , Oryza/metabolism , Cocos , Lead/analysis , Soil/chemistry , Soil Pollutants/metabolism , Charcoal/chemistry , Cadmium/metabolismABSTRACT
Cadmium (Cd) pollution is on the rise due to rapid urbanization, which emphasize the potential adverse effects on plant biodiversity and human health. Wedelia as a dominant invasive species, is tested for its tolerance to Cd-toxicity and herbivore infestation. We investigate defense mechanism system of invasive Wedelia trilobata and its native congener Wedelia chinensis against the Cd-pollution and Spodoptera litura infestation. We found that Cd-toxicity significantly increase hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydroxyl ions (O2â¢) in W. chinensis 20.61%, 4.78% and 15.68% in leave and 27.44%, 25.52% and 30.88% in root, respectively. The photosynthetic pigments (Chla, Chla and Caro) and chlorophyll florescence (Fo and Fv/Fm) declined by (60.23%, 58.48% and 51.96%), and (73.29% and 55.75%) respectively in W. chinensis and (44.76%, 44.24% and 44.30%), and (54.66% and 45.36%) in W. trilobata under Cd treatment and S. litura. Invasive W. trilobata had higher enzymatic antioxidant SOD 126.9/71.64%, POD 97.24/94.92%, CAT 53.99/25.62% and APX 82.79/50.19%, and nonenzymatic antioxidant ASA 10.47/16.87%, DHA 15.07/27.88%, GSH 15.91/10.03% and GSSG 13.56/17.93% activity in leaf/root, respectively. Overall, W. trilobata accumulate higher Cd content 55.41%, 50.61% and 13.95% in root, shoot and leaf tissues respectively, than its native congener W. chinensis. While, nutrient profile of W. chinensis reveals less uptake of Fe, Cu and Zn than W. trilobata. W. trilobata showed efficient alleviation of oxidative damage through upregulating the genes related to key defense such as SOD, POD, CAT, APX, GR, PROL, FLV, ABA and JAZ, and metal transporter in leaves, shoot and root tissues, respectively. Conclusively, W. trilobata efficiently employed Cd-triggered defense for successful invasion, even under S. litura infestation, in Cd-contaminated soil.
Subject(s)
Wedelia , Humans , Wedelia/physiology , Cadmium/toxicity , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Herbivory , Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology , Superoxide DismutaseABSTRACT
The diversity-invasibility hypothesis predicts that native plant communities with high biodiversity should be more resistant to invasion than low biodiversity communities. However, observational studies have found that there is often a positive relationship between native community diversity and invasibility. Pollutants were not tested for their potential to cause this positive relationship. Here, we established native communities with three levels of diversity (1, 2 and 4 species) and introduced an invasive plant [Symphyotrichum subulatum (Michx.) G. L. Nesom] to test the effects of different pollutant treatments (i.e., unpolluted control, microplastics (MPs) alone, cadmium (Cd) alone, and their combination) on the relationship between native community diversity and community invasibility. Our results indicate that different MPs and Cd treatments altered the invasibility of native communities, but this effect may depend on the type of pollutant. MPs single treatment reduced invasion success, and the degree of reduction increased with increasing native community diversity (Diversity 2: - 14.1 %; Diversity 4: - 63.1 %). Cd single treatment increased the aboveground biomass of invasive plants (+ 40.2 %) and invasion success. The presence of MPs inhibited the contribution of Cd to invasion success. Furthermore, we found that the complementarity and selection effects of the native community were negatively correlated with invasion success, and their relative contributions to invasion success also depended on the pollutant type. We found new evidence of how pollutants affect the relationship between native community diversity and habitat invasibility, which provides new perspectives for understanding and managing biological invasions in the context of environmental pollution. This may contribute to promoting the conservation of biodiversity, especially in ecologically sensitive and polluted areas.
Subject(s)
Cadmium , Environmental Pollutants , Cadmium/toxicity , Microplastics , Plastics , Ecosystem , Biodiversity , Plants , Introduced SpeciesABSTRACT
Antimony (Sb) is a serious toxic and non-essential metalloid for animals, humans, and plants. The rapid increase in anthropogenic inputs from mining and industrial activities, vehicle emissions, and shoot activity increased the Sb concentration in the environment, which has become a serious concern across the globe. Hence, remediation of Sb-contaminated soils needs serious attention to provide safe and healthy foods to humans. Different techniques, including biochar (BC), compost, manures, plant additives, phyto-hormones, nano-particles (NPs), organic acids (OA), silicon (Si), microbial remediation techniques, and phytoremediation are being used globally to remediate the Sb polluted soils. In the present review, we described sources of soil Sb pollution, the environmental impact of antimony pollution, the multi-faceted nature of antimony pollution, recent progress in remediation techniques, and recommendations for the remediation of soil Sb-pollution. We also discussed the success stories and potential of different practices to remediate Sb-polluted soils. In particular, we discussed the various mechanisms, including bio-sorption, bio-accumulation, complexation, and electrostatic attraction, that can reduce the toxicity of Sb by converting Sb-V into Sb-III. Additionally, we also identified the research gaps that need to be filled in future studies. Therefore, the current review will help to develop appropriate and innovative strategies to limit Sb bioavailability and toxicity and sustainably manage Sb polluted soils hence reducing the toxic effects of Sb on the environment and human health.
Subject(s)
Antimony , Soil Pollutants , Humans , Antimony/toxicity , Soil , Soil Pollutants/analysis , Biodegradation, Environmental , MiningABSTRACT
Plants exposed to a variety of abiotic and biotic stressors including environmental pollution and global warming pose significant threats to biodiversity and ecosystem services. Despite substantial literature documenting how plants adapt to distinct stressors, there still is a lack of knowledge regarding responses to multiple stressors and how these affects growth and development. Exposure of plants to concurrent biotic and abiotic stressors such as cadmium and drought, leads to pronounced inhibition in above ground biomass, imbalance in oxidative homeostasis, nutrient assimilation and stunted root growth, elucidating the synergistic interactions of multiple stressors culminating in adverse physiological outcomes. Impact of elevated heavy metal and water deficit exposure extends beyond growth and development, influencing the biodiversity of the microenvironment including the rhizosphere nutrient profile and microbiome. These findings have significant implications for plant-stress interactions and ecosystem functioning that prompt immediate action in order to eliminate effect of pollution and address global environmental issues to promote sustainable tolerance for multiple stress combinations in plants. Here, we review plant tolerance against stress combinations, highlighting the need for interdisciplinary approaches and advanced technologies, such as omics and molecular tools, to achieve a comprehensive understanding of underlying stress tolerance mechanisms. To accelerate progress towards developing stress-tolerance in plants against multiple environmental stressors, future research in plant stress tolerance should adopt a collaborative approach, involving researchers from multiple disciplines with diverse expertise and resources.
Subject(s)
Ecosystem , Stress, Physiological , Plants , Rhizosphere , BiodiversityABSTRACT
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes acute viral encephalitis in humans and reproductive disorders in pigs. JEV emerged during the 1870s in Japan, and since that time, JEV has been transmitted exclusively throughout Asia, according to known reporting and sequencing records. A recent JEV outbreak occurred in Australia, affecting commercial piggeries across different temperate southern Australian states, and causing confirmed infections in humans. A total of 47 human cases and 7 deaths were reported. The recent evolving situation of JEV needs to be reported due to its continuous circulation in endemic regions and spread to non-endemics areas. Here, we reconstructed the phylogeny and population dynamics of JEV using recent JEV isolates for the future perception of disease spread. Phylogenetic analysis shows the most recent common ancestor occurred about 2993 years ago (YA) (95% Highest posterior density (HPD), 2433 to 3569). Our results of the Bayesian skyline plot (BSP) demonstrates that JEV demography lacks fluctuations for the last two decades, but it shows that JEV genetic diversity has increased during the last ten years. This indicates the potential JEV replication in the reservoir host, which is helping it to maintain its genetic diversity and to continue its dispersal into non-endemic areas. The continuous spread in Asia and recent detection from Australia further support these findings. Therefore, an enhanced surveillance system is needed along with precautionary measures such as regular vaccination and mosquito control to avoid future JEV outbreaks.
Subject(s)
Encephalitis Virus, Japanese , Encephalitis, Japanese , Humans , Animals , Swine , Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/genetics , Encephalitis, Japanese/epidemiology , Phylogeny , Bayes Theorem , Australia/epidemiology , GenotypeABSTRACT
Environmental pollution by diverse organic pollutants is a serious issue facing humanity, and the scientific community is working hard to find a solution to climatic change due to pollution. Along the same lines, we have tried to find a material/method which is economical and less laborious for achieving the same desired objectives. In this work, the surface modification of titanium dioxide to be used as a photocatalyst was carried out with different concentrations of alkyl silane agent APTES (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane) and studied their impact on the degradation of representative compound, i.e., methylene blue. The surface-modified TiO2-APTES nanoparticles were obtained via the solvothermal process. The APTES in different molar (0.21-0.41 M) concentrations was obtained by dissolving APTES in ethanol. The obtained samples were characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy, and UV-visible spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity was inferred from the degradation ability of functionalized nanoparticles for methylene blue and evaluated by UV-visible spectroscopy. Our results demonstrated a significant 70% degradation rate of methylene blue.
Subject(s)
Environmental Restoration and Remediation , Methylene Blue , Methylene Blue/chemistry , Silanes , Environmental Monitoring , Titanium/chemistry , Organic Chemicals , CatalysisABSTRACT
Acetic acid and furfural (AF) are two major inhibitors of microorganisms during lignocellulosic ethanol production. In our previous study, we successfully engineered Zymomonas mobilis 532 (ZM532) strain by genome shuffling, but the molecular mechanisms of tolerance to inhibitors were still unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the responses of ZM532 and its wild-type Z. mobilis (ZM4) to AF using multi-omics approaches (transcriptomics, genomics, and label free quantitative proteomics). Based on RNA-Seq data, two differentially expressed genes, ZMO_RS02740 (up-regulated) and ZMO_RS06525 (down-regulated) were knocked out and over-expressed through CRISPR-Cas technology to investigate their roles in AF tolerance. Overall, we identified 1865 and 14 novel DEGs in ZM532 and wild-type ZM4. In contrast, 1532 proteins were identified in ZM532 and wild-type ZM4. Among these, we found 96 important genes in ZM532 involving acid resistance mechanisms and survival rates against stressors. Furthermore, our knockout results demonstrated that growth activity and glucose consumption of mutant strains ZM532∆ZMO_RS02740 and ZM4∆ZMO_RS02740 decreased with increased fermentation time from 42 to 55 h and ethanol production up to 58% in ZM532 than that in ZM532∆ZMO_RS02740. Hence, these findings suggest ZMO_RS02740 as a protective strategy for ZM ethanol production under stressful conditions.
Subject(s)
Acetic Acid , Zymomonas , Acetic Acid/metabolism , Zymomonas/genetics , Furaldehyde/metabolism , DNA Shuffling , Fermentation , Ethanol/metabolismABSTRACT
The legacy effects of invasive plant species can hinder the recovery of native communities, especially under nitrogen deposition conditions, where invasive species show growth advantages and trigger secondary invasions in controlled areas. Therefore, it is crucial to thoroughly investigate the effects of nitrogen deposition on the legacy effects of plant invasions and their mechanisms. The hypotheses of this study are as follows: (1) Nitrogen deposition amplifies the legacy effects of plant invasion. This phenomenon was investigated by analysing four potential mechanisms covering community system structure, nitrogen metabolism, geochemical cycles, and microbial mechanisms. The results suggest that microorganisms drive plant-soil feedback processes, even regulating or limiting other factors. (2) The impact of nitrogen deposition on the legacy effects of plant invasions may be intensified primarily through enhanced nitrogen metabolism via microbial anaerobes bacteria. Essential insights into invasion ecology and ecological management have been provided by analysing how nitrogen-fixing bacteria improve nitrogen metabolism and establish sustainable methods for controlling invasive plant species. This in-depth study contributes to our better understanding of the lasting effects of plant invasions on ecosystems and provides valuable guidance for future ecological management.
ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted to assess the effects of water and nitrogen applications at the booting stage on yield, grain quality, and nutrient use efficiencies in fragrant rice in the early (March-July) and late (July-November) seasons of 2013. The experiment was comprised of two fragrant rice cultivars, i.e., Nongxiang 18 and Basmati; three nitrogen levels, i.e., 0 kg N ha-1 (N0), 30 kg N ha-1 (N1), and 60 kg N ha-1 (N2); and three water levels, i.e., 2-4 cm water layer well-watered (W0), water with a soil water potential of -15 ± 5 kPa (W1), and water with a soil water potential of -25 ± 5 kPa (W2), which were randomized in a split-split plot design. Results showed that Basmati produced a higher grain yield than Nongxiang 18 (16.20 and 9.61% in the early and late season, respectively), whereas the W1 exhibited the maximum grain yield and harvest index. The moderate application of nitrogen (N1) at the booting stage resulted in higher grain yield, nevertheless, cultivar, water, and nitrogen revealed different trends for some of the grain quality attributes, i.e., brown rice rate, milled rice rate, head milled rice rate, protein content, and amylose content as well as nutrient uptake and use efficiencies in the double rice production system. Basmati had a higher nitrogen harvest index (NHI; 18.28-20.23%) and P harvest index (PHI; 3.95-12.42%) but lower physiological P use efficiency for biomass (PPUEB; 7.66-23.66%) and physiological K use efficiency for biomass (PKUEB; 2.53-7.10%) than Nongxiang 18 in both seasons. Furthermore, the grain number per panicle, biomass yield, grain P uptake, and the whole plant P uptake were significantly related to the grain yield of fragrant rice. In both seasons, the interaction of water and nitrogen (W × N) had a significant effect on panicle number, grain quality attributes, and N, P uptake of straw, as well as the physiological N, P use efficiency for grain and the physiological N, K use efficiency for biomass. Overall, results suggest that moderate nitrogen and irrigation input at the booting stage could be feasible to improve the productivity and quality of the double rice production system with improved nutrient use efficiency under the agro-climatic conditions of South China.
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In this study, we synthesized polystyrene coated persulfate polyacrylonitrile beads (PC-PSPANBs) to control persulfate (PS) release for targeted PAHs' degradation in a batch reactor. Initially, the persulfate release rate (ksr = 20.553 h-1) from PSPANBs was fast, but coating the PSPANBs with polystyrene controlled PS release rate (ksr= 2.841 h-1), nearly ten times slower than without coating. When Fe(II) activated PC-PSPANBs applied for 12 h degradation of acenaphthene (ACE), 2-methlynaphthalene (2-MN) and dibenzofuran (DBF), the optimum percent removal efficiencies (% R.Es) were as ACE (82.12%) > DBF (68.57%) > 2-MN (58.80%) and the optimum degradation rate constants (kobs) were found as ACE (11.348 h-1) > 2-MN (3.441 h-1) > DBF (1.101 h-1). The effect of SO42- and Cl- on ACE degradation showed that % R.E and kobs were enhanced with increasing anionic concentrations. The maximum % R.E was achieved for SO42- (76.24%) > Cl- (65.51%), but the highest kobs was in case of Cl- (1.536 h-1) > SO42- (0.510 h-1). The effectiveness of PS release longevity was also found because net degradations of ACE and DBF after first spiking were 12 mg L-1 and 16 mg L-1, while after second spiking were 18 mg L-1 and 10 mg L-1, respectively.
Subject(s)
Chlorides , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Oxidation-Reduction , Polystyrenes , Sulfates , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysisABSTRACT
Ovary development is an important determinant of the procreative capacity of female animals. Here, we performed genome-wide sequencing of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and mRNAs on ovaries of 1, 3 and 8 months old Hu sheep to assess their expression profiles and roles in ovarian development. We identified 37,309 lncRNAs, 45,404 messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and 330 novel micro RNAs (miRNAs) from the transcriptomic analysis. Six thousand, seven hundred and sixteen (6716) mRNAs and 1972 lncRNAs were significantly and differentially expressed in ovaries of 1 month and 3 months old Hu sheep (H1 vs H3). These mRNAs and target genes of lncRNAs were primarily enriched in the TGF-ß and PI3K-Akt signalling pathways which are closely associated with ovarian follicular development and steroid hormone biosynthesis regulation. We identified MSTRG.162061.1, MSTRG.222844.7, MSTRG.335777.1, MSTRG.334059.16, MSTRG.188947.6 and MSTRG.24344.3 as vital genes in ovary development by regulating CTNNB1, CCNA2, CDK2, CDC20, CDK1 and EGFR expressions. A total of 2903 mRNAs and 636 lncRNAs were differentially expressed in 3 and 8 months old ovaries of Hu sheep (H3 vs H8); and were predominantly enriched in PI3K-Akt, progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, estrogen metabolism, ovulation from the ovarian follicle and oogenesis pathways. These lncRNAs were also found to regulate FGF7, PRLR, PTK2, AMH and INHBA expressions during follicular development. Our result indicates the identified genes participate in the development of the final stages of follicles and ovary development in Hu sheep.
Subject(s)
Gene Expression Profiling , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental , Genome , MicroRNAs/genetics , Ovary/growth & development , Ovary/metabolism , RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics , Sheep/genetics , Animals , Female , Gene Ontology , Gene Regulatory Networks , MicroRNAs/metabolism , RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vaccine-preventable disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), which is primarily prevalent in Asia. JEV is a Flavivirus, classified into a single serotype with five genetically distinct genotypes (I, II, III, IV, and V). JEV genotype III (GIII) had been the most dominant strain and caused numerous outbreaks in the JEV endemic countries until 1990. However, recent data shows the emergence of JEV genotype I (GI) as a dominant genotype and it is gradually displacing GIII. The exact mechanism of this genotype displacement is still unclear. The virus can replicate in mosquito vectors and vertebrate hosts to maintain its zoonotic life cycle; pigs and aquatic wading birds act as an amplifying/reservoir hosts, and the humans and equines are dead-end hosts. The important role of pigs as an amplifying host for the JEV is well known. However, the influence of other domestic animals, especially birds, that live in high abundance and close proximity to the human is not well studied. Here, we strive to briefly highlight the role of birds in the JEV zoonotic transmission, discovery of birds as a natural reservoirs and amplifying host for JEV, species of birds susceptible to the JEV infection, and the proposed effect of JEV on the poultry industry in the future, a perspective that has been neglected for a long time. We also discuss the recent in vitro and in vivo studies that show that the newly emerged GI viruses replicated more efficiently in bird-derived cells and ducklings/chicks than GIII, and an important role of birds in the JEV genotype shift from GIII to GI.
Subject(s)
Birds/virology , Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/pathogenicity , Encephalitis, Japanese/transmission , Encephalitis, Japanese/virology , Mosquito Vectors/virology , Animals , Genotype , HumansABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Carpet grass [Axonopus compressus (L.)] is an important warm-season perennial grass around the world and is known for its adaptability to varied environmental conditions. However, Carpet grass lacks enough data in public data banks, which confined our comprehension of the mechanisms of environmental adaptations, gene discovery, and development of molecular markers. In current study, the DEGs (differentially expressed genes) in Axonopus compressus under drought stress (DS) were identified and compared with CK (control) by RNA-Seq. RESULTS: A total of 263,835 unigenes were identified in Axonopus compressus, and 201,303 (also added to the numbers of the remaining 2 databases) a sequence of unigenes significantly matched in at least one of the seven databases. A total of 153,697 (58.25%) unigenes classified to 144 KEGG pathways, and 7444 unigenes were expressed differentially between DS and CK, of which 4249 were up-regulated and 3195 were down-regulated unigenes. Of the 50 significantly enriched GO terms, 18, 6, and 14 items were related to BP, CC, and MF respectively. Analysis of KEGG enrichment revealed 2569 DEGs involved in 143 different pathways, under drought stress. 2747 DEGs were up-regulated and 2502 DEGs were down-regulated. Moreover, we identified 352 transcription factors (TFs) in Axonopus compressus, of which 270 were differentially expressed between CK and DS. The qRT-PCR validation experiment also supports the transcriptional response of Axonopus compressus against drought. Accuracy of transcriptome unigenes of Axonopus compressus was assessed with BLAST, which showed 3300 sequences of Axonopus compressus in the NCBI. CONCLUSION: The 7444 unigenes were found to be between DS and CK treatments, which indicate the existence of a strong mechanism of drought tolerance in Axonopus compressus. The current findings provide the first framework for further investigations for the particular roles of these unigenes in Axonopus compressus in response to drought.