Design, synthesis, anti-inflammatory antitumor activities, molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulations of potential naprosyn® analogs as COX-1 and/or COX-2 inhibitors.

Inflammation is a fundamental physiological process that is essential for survival of human being but at the same time is one of the major causes of human morbidity and mortality. In the past decade, numerous advances have taken place in the understanding and development of novel anti-inflammatory drugs. Therefore, investigation of newest anti-inflammatory agents is still a major challenge. In this study, novel and successfully synthesized naproxen-derivatives indicated powerful anti-inflammatory properties as potent of COX-1 and/or COX-2 inhibitors are reported. Results obtained revealed the presence of very potent derivatives with% inhibition of the oedema by 100% in addition to enzyme inhibition values that can reach 92%. The molecular docking and molecular dynamic calculations have been studied. Thus, new potent candidates for further investigation as prospective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug were proposed. Furthermore, twenty of the synthesized derivatives have been selected by the NCI, USA for anti-cancer screening and some of the tested compounds showed good% growth inhibition and some selectivity against some cell lines such as melanoma, non-small cell lung and colon cancer with GI% values ranging from 60.9 to 82.8%. Structure activity relationship has been performed and molecular modeling studies and molecular dynamic simulations have been performed for more explanation of the action of the synthesized compounds.

An epidemiological survey of bovine Babesia and Theileria parasites in cattle, buffaloes, and sheep in Egypt.

Cattle, buffaloes, and sheep are the main sources of meat and milk in Egypt, but their productivity is thought to be greatly reduced by hemoprotozoan parasitic diseases. In this study, we analyzed the infection rates of Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Theileria annulata, and Theileria orientalis, using parasite-specific PCR assays in blood-DNA samples sourced from cattle (n=439), buffaloes (n=50), and sheep (n=105) reared in Menoufia, Behera, Giza, and Sohag provinces of Egypt. In cattle, the positive rates of B. bovis, B. bigemina, T. annulata, and T. orientalis were 3.18%, 7.97%, 9.56%, and 0.68%, respectively. On the other hand, B. bovis and T. orientalis were the only parasites detected in buffaloes and each of these parasites was only found in two individual DNA samples (both 2%), while one (0.95%) and two (1.90%) of the sheep samples were positive for B. bovis and B. bigemina, respectively. Sequence analysis showed that the B. bovis Rhoptry Associated Protein-1 and the B. bigemina Apical Membrane Antigen-1 genes were highly conserved among the samples, with 99.3-100% and 95.3-100% sequence identity values, respectively. In contrast, the Egyptian T. annulata merozoite surface antigen-1 gene sequences were relatively diverse (87.8-100% identity values), dispersing themselves across several clades in the phylogenetic tree containing sequences from other countries. Additionally, the T. orientalis Major Piroplasm Surface Protein (MPSP) gene sequences were classified as types 1 and 2. This is the first report of T. orientalis in Egypt, and of type 2 MPSP in buffaloes. Detection of MPSP type 2, which is considered a relatively virulent genotype, suggests that T. orientalis infection may have veterinary and economic significance in Egypt. In conclusion, the present study, which analyzed multiple species of Babesia and Theileria parasites in different livestock animals, may shed an additional light on the epidemiology of hemoprotozoan parasites in Egypt.