Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial activity, in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of Berberis lycium Royle root bark extract.

Antioxidants are materials that scavenge or remove free radicals from living systems. The oxidation process ends in the production of free radicals. These free radicals are the chief birthplace of cancerous cells. Antioxidizing agents remove free radical intermediates by terminating oxidation processes by being oxidized themselves. On the other hand, infectious diseases affect the world on a large scale. To fight these diseases several synthetic compounds have been used. Plant based medications play important role in this regard. So, the current research aimed to investigate the antibacterial and antioxidant effect of Berberis lycium Royle root bark (BLR) extract. Berberis lycium Royle was used for phytochemical analysis and also as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the agar well diffusion method. Current study revealed that BLR was rich in phytochemicals and toxic against tested pathogenic bacteria. BLR showed the highest activity against S. pyogenes (13.3±0.8 mm). The lowest antibacterial activity was reported against E. coli (0±0 mm). In case of minimum inhibitory concentration, it was observed that BLR with 10 µg/mL concentration showed the highest activity while 2.5 µg/mL of BLR showed the least inhibitory activity. The highest In vitro antioxidant activity was recorded as 65% at 100 µg/mL. In case of in vivo antioxidant activity level of CAT, GSH and SOD were decreased while that of MDA was enhanced in groups treated with CCl4 as compared to the control group. BLR extract treatment reversed all these changes significantly. Current results indicate that BLR is effective against bacterial pathogens and also has antioxidant potential.

Evaluating the menopausal transition with the STRAW + 10 in a Brazilian cohort of women with HIV, 2015-2016.

BACKGROUND: Menopausal transition is a physiological process encompassing hormonal and body changes that impact women's health and life quality. This period may be characterized by the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW + 10) criteria using menstrual patterns. Use of the STRAW + 10 is uncertain in HIV infection. We aimed to characterize menopausal transition in women with HIV (WWH) using the STRAW + 10 criteria, hormonal measures and menopause symptoms. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study, nested to the HIV-Infected Women's Cohort, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Eligible women included those aged 30 years or older, without clinical or surgical menopause, hormonal contraception, replacement therapy and ovarian disorders. We conducted face-to-face interviews and collected blood samples for follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol measures. RESULTS: We enrolled 328 WWH (28.3% of women in the cohort). The distribution of age, hormonal levels and reported symptoms per each STRAW + 10 stage was consistent with the expected distribution in the menopausal transition. Age and FSH significantly increased and estradiol decreased from stage -2 (7 + days of menstrual delay) to stage +2 (8 + years of amenorrhea). CONCLUSIONS: The present results support use of the STRAW + 10 to characterize the menopausal transition of WWH with good clinical and immunological control.