Intestinal ultrasound in pediatrics. / Ecografía intestinal en pediatría.

Ultrasonography is the imaging technique of choice for studying the digestive tract in pediatric patients from the neonatal period to adolescence. Its dynamic character, absence of radiation, and scant preparation required make ultrasonography preferable to contrast-enhanced fluoroscopy, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging. Technical advances in ultrasound, including high-resolution multifrequency probes, panoramic studies, color Doppler, Doppler with microvascularization, elastography, and contrast agents for use in children, have increased the sensitivity and specificity of this technique. Intestinal ultrasound is indicated for conditions with diverse etiologies and pathogenesis: congenital, infectious, inflammatory, tumor-related, and vascular. Knowledge of embryological development and the normal characteristics of the digestive tract help in identifying, recognizing, and interpreting the ultrasound findings of the different conditions in pediatric patients. This paper aims to show the indications for ultrasound studies of the digestive tract in children, the findings on these studies, and the management of the most common gastrointestinal conditions in pediatric patients.

El bazo pediátrico no traumático. Valoración por imagen / Non-traumatic spleen disorders in children. Assessment by imaging

Para la mayoría de radiólogos y pediatras, el bazo es el "órgano olvidado", a pesar de estar afectado en múltiples situaciones clínicas de la infancia. Mientras que en el traumatismo abdominal pediátrico es el órgano más implicado, la patología esplénica no traumática es menos conocida. El bazo se visualiza bien mediante cualquier técnica de imagen: ecografía, tomografía computarizada, resonancia magnética, y de ellas, la primera es la más utilizada en niños. Conocer las características por imagen de las anomalías esplénicas, tanto congénitas como adquiridas, permite realizar una aproximación diagnóstica correcta, evitar procedimientos quirúrgicos o biopsias innecesarias y guiar al clínico hacia un tratamiento adecuado. Nuestro objetivo es mostrar el comportamiento del bazo en edad pediátrica con las diferentes técnicas de imagen: su anatomía normal, las principales variantes anatómicas y la patología esplénica no traumática más frecuente, correlacionando con clínica, serología o histología

The spleen is considered a "forgotten organ" by most radiologists and paediatricians despite being affected in many clinical paediatric situations. While it is the organ most often affected in paediatric abdominal trauma, non-traumatic spleen disorders are less well known. The spleen is well visualised by any imaging technique: ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); the former is used most often in children. Using imaging techniques to determine the features of splenic anomalies, both congenital and acquired, enables a correct diagnostic approach, avoids unnecessary surgical procedures or biopsies, and helps the clinician to prescribe appropriate treatment. Our aim was to show the behaviour of the spleen in children using the different imaging techniques: its normal anatomy, the principal anatomical variants and the most common spleen disorder correlating with clinical symptoms, serology and histology

Non-traumatic spleen disorders in children. Assessment by imaging. / El bazo pediátrico no traumático. Valoración por imagen.

The spleen is considered a "forgotten organ" by most radiologists and paediatricians despite being affected in many clinical paediatric situations. While it is the organ most often affected in paediatric abdominal trauma, non-traumatic spleen disorders are less well known. The spleen is well visualised by any imaging technique: ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); the former is used most often in children. Using imaging techniques to determine the features of splenic anomalies, both congenital and acquired, enables a correct diagnostic approach, avoids unnecessary surgical procedures or biopsies, and helps the clinician to prescribe appropriate treatment. Our aim was to show the behaviour of the spleen in children using the different imaging techniques: its normal anatomy, the principal anatomical variants and the most common spleen disorder correlating with clinical symptoms, serology and histology.

Occurrence of mycotoxins in talkan: a cereal-based food traditional for Turkic population.

The consumption of cereal contaminated with mycotoxins poses a serious health risk for humans and animals. The present work aims to evaluate the presence of mycotoxins in talkan, a cereal-based food commonly consumed by the Turkic population. The presence of mycotoxins was investigated in a total of 50 samples obtained from Kazakhstan. After a preliminary screening using various ELISA kits, mycotoxins were confirmed and quantified by HPLC-MS/MS method. More than 28% of the samples were positive for at least one mycotoxin. The calculated probably daily intake for adults and children was 20% above the tolerable daily intake for aflatoxin B1 and deoxynivalenol, while it was above 100% for zearalenone, indicating a high risk for the Kazakh population. A total of 12 samples exhibited concentrations above the European maximum level for ochratoxin A, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol, however, these values were within the limits established by the Russia-Kazakhstan-Belarus Customs Union (TR CU 015/2011).

Divertículos caliciales en niños: hallazgos radiológicos y formas de presentación / Calyceal diverticula in children: imaging findings and presentations

El divertículo calicial (DC) es una eventración quística intraparenquimatosa tapizada por epitelio celular transitorio con una estrecha conexión infundibular con los cálices o pelvis del sistema colector renal, por lo que el término más exacto es divertículo pielocalicial. Muy raro en la edad pediátrica, puede ser sintomático y requerir tratamiento. Está infradiagnosticado por confundirse con quistes renales simples por ecografía; su diagnóstico se confirma con tomografía computarizada (TC) o resonancia magnética (RM) en fase excretora, para determinar su seguimiento y manejo. Nuestro objetivo es mostrar las diferentes formas de presentación de los DC en la edad pediátrica, haciendo hincapié en los criterios ecográficos que permiten una aproximación diagnóstica y en los hallazgos definitivos en TC y RM. También discutimos el diagnóstico diferencial con otras lesiones quísticas renales y su tratamiento

A calyceal diverticulum consists of a cystic eventration in the renal parenchyma that is lined with transitional cell epithelium with a narrow infundibular connection with the calyces or pelvis of the renal collector system; thus, the term pyelocalyceal diverticulum would be more accurate. Very rare in pediatric patients, calyceal diverticula can be symptomatic and require treatment. Calyceal diverticula are underdiagnosed because they can be mistaken for simple renal cysts on ultrasonography. To determine the approach to their follow-up and management, the diagnosis must be confirmed by excretory-phase computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This article aims to show the different ways that calyceal diverticula can present in pediatric patients; it emphasizes the ultrasonographic findings that enable the lesion to be suspected and the definitive findings that confirm the diagnosis on CT and MRI. It also discusses the differential diagnosis with other cystic kidney lesions and their treatment

Calyceal diverticula in children: imaging findings and presentations. / Divertículos caliciales en niños: hallazgos radiológicos y formas de presentación.

A calyceal diverticulum consists of a cystic eventration in the renal parenchyma that is lined with transitional cell epithelium with a narrow infundibular connection with the calyces or pelvis of the renal collector system; thus, the term pyelocalyceal diverticulum would be more accurate. Very rare in pediatric patients, calyceal diverticula can be symptomatic and require treatment. Calyceal diverticula are underdiagnosed because they can be mistaken for simple renal cysts on ultrasonography. To determine the approach to their follow-up and management, the diagnosis must be confirmed by excretory-phase computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This article aims to show the different ways that calyceal diverticula can present in pediatric patients; it emphasizes the ultrasonographic findings that enable the lesion to be suspected and the definitive findings that confirm the diagnosis on CT and MRI. It also discusses the differential diagnosis with other cystic kidney lesions and their treatment.

Grado de conocimiento de la campaña Compromiso por la Calidad y de las recomendaciones no hacer entre médicos de familia, pediatras y enfermería de Atención Primaria / Level of knowledge of Quality Commitment Campaign and of "do not do" recommendations amongst general practitioners, pediatricians and nursing Primary Care

Fundamento: Evaluar si la iniciativa campaña Compromiso por la Calidad (ICC) era suficientemente conocida entre profesionales de atención primaria (AP), y valorar el grado de conocimiento de determinadas recomendaciones de lo que no debiera hacerse dirigidas a profesionales de AP. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional basado en un muestreo de conveniencia a profesionales de medicina de familia (MF), pediatría (PED) y enfermería (ENF). Se formuló una pregunta directa sobre si se conocía la ICC y una serie de preguntas dicotómicas basadas en las recomendaciones No Hacer para valorar el nivel de conocimiento. Se consideró necesario un tamaño muestral mínimo de 288 profesionales por cada colectivo, considerando un error del 5%, nivel de confianza del 95% y p=0,75. El estudio de campo se realizó con la colaboración de diversos servicios de salud y organizaciones profesionales y científicas. Los datos se describieron como frecuencias o media (desviación típica), y se compararon mediante χ2/Fisher o ANOVA y t-test. Resultados: Respondieron 1.904 profesionales (936 MF, 682 PED y 286 ENF). De ellos, 828 (43,5%) conocían la ICC: 524 (56,0%) MF, 234 (34,3%) PED y 70 (24,5%) ENF (p<0,001). Respondieron correctamente a todas las preguntas 652 (69,7%) MF, 631 (92,5%) PED y 116 (40,6%) ENF. Cometieron significativamente más errores (p<0,001) quienes no conocían la ICC, trabajaban en el sector privado o no se consideraban responsables de la sobreutilización. Pese a no conocer la ICC, 60% MF y 90% PED contestaron correctamente a todas las preguntas del test. Conclusiones: ENF y MF podrían beneficiarse de una mayor difusión de la ICC. También quienes trabajan en el sector privado y quienes creen que los profesionales tienen escasa responsabilidad en la sobreutilización innecesaria

Background: To evaluate if the Quality Commitment Campaign (QCC) was sufficiently known among primary care professionals (PC), and second, to evaluate the knowledge about certain recommendations of what should not be done in PC. Methods: A observational study was conducted. General practitioners (GP), pediatricians (PED) and nursing (NUR) participated. A direct question was asked about whether QCC was known and a set of dichotomous questions based on the "do not do" recommendations to assess their knowledge. A sample size of 288 professionals from each group was the minimum required for a sampling error of 5%, 95% confidence level and p=0.75. The field study was conducted with the collaboration of health services and professional and scientific organizations. Data were described by frequencies and mean (standard deviation), and compared by means of χ2/Fisher or ANOVA and t-test. Results: A total of 1,904 professionals (936 GP, 682 PED and 286 NUR) answered. The QCC initiative was known by 828 (43.5%) professionals: 524 (56.0%) GP, 234 (34.3%) PED and 70 (24.5%) NUR (p<0.001). All the questions were correctly answered by 652 (69.7%) GP, 631 (92.5%) PED and 116 (40.6%) NUR. Significantly more mistakes (p<0.001) were made by those who did not know the QCC, worked in the private sector or were not considered responsible for overuse. Despite not knowing the QCC, 60% GP and 90% PED answered all the questions of the test correctly. Conclusions: NUR and GP could benefit from a greater diffusion of the QCC. As could those working in the private sector and those who believe that professionals have little responsibility for unnecessary overuse

[Level of knowledge of Quality Commitment Campaign and of "do not do" recommendations amongst general practitioners, pediatricians and nurses Primary Care]. / Grado de conocimiento de la campaña Compromiso por la Calidad y de las recomendaciones no hacer entre médicos de familia, pediatras y enfermería de Atención Primaria.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate if the Quality Commitment Campaign (QCC) was sufficiently known among primary care professionals (PC), and second, to evaluate the knowledge about certain recommendations of what should not be done in PC. METHODS: A observational study was conducted. General practitioners (GP), pediatricians (PED) and nursing (NUR) participated. A direct question was asked about whether QCC was known and a set of dichotomous questions based on the "do not do" recommendations to assess their knowledge. A sample size of 288 professionals from each group was the minimum required for a sampling error of 5%, 95% confidence level and p=0.75. The field study was conducted with the collaboration of health services and professional and scientific organizations. Data were described by frequencies and mean (standard deviation), and compared by means of ?2/Fisher or ANOVA and t-test. RESULTS: A total of 1,904 professionals (936 GP, 682 PED and 286 NUR) answered. The QCC initiative was known by 828 (43.5%) professionals: 524 (56.0%) GP, 234 (34.3%) PED and 70 (24.5%) NUR (p<0.001). All the questions were correctly answered by 652 (69.7%) GP, 631 (92.5%) PED and 116 (40.6%) NUR. Significantly more mistakes (p<0.001) were made by those who did not know the QCC, worked in the private sector or were not considered responsible for overuse. Despite not knowing the QCC, 60% GP and 90% PED answered all the questions of the test correctly. CONCLUSIONS: NUR and GP could benefit from a greater diffusion of the QCC. As could those working in the private sector and those who believe that professionals have little responsibility for unnecessary overuse.

Torsión testicular perinatal. Valoración ecográfica y diagnóstico diferencial / Perinatal testicular torsion: ultrasound assessment and differential diagnosis

La torsión testicular perinatal constituye el 10% de las torsiones testiculares en la edad pediátrica y se produce en el periodo prenatal o neonatal durante el primer mes de vida. La mayoría son extravaginales, siendo improbable la torsión intravaginal. Su manejo es controvertido debido a la baja viabilidad del testículo y a la posibilidad de torsión bilateral. La ecografía es el método de elección para su estudio. La combinación del modo B con el Doppler color o el power Doppler facilita el diagnóstico de forma rápida y segura. Revisamos la apariencia ecográfica de la torsión testicular neonatal en cada una de sus formas de presentación, el diagnóstico diferencial con otras causas de aumento de la bolsa escrotal en el neonato, y finalmente su tratamiento (AU)

Perinatal testicular torsion, defined as torsion occurring in the prenatal period or in the first month after birth, accounts for 10% of all cases of testicular torsion in pediatric patients. Most are extravaginal, and intravaginal torsion is rare. Its management is controversial, due to the low viability of the testis and the possibility of bilateral torsion. Ultrasonography is the method of choice to study testicular torsion. Combining B-mode and power Doppler imaging facilitates a fast reliable diagnosis. We review the ultrasonographic appearance of neonatal testicular torsion for each presentation, the differential diagnosis with other causes of increased scrotal volume in neonates, and its treatment (AU)

¿Es posible el manejo ambulatorio de la invaginación intestinal? / Is it possible the outpatient management of intussusception?

Introducción: la invaginación intestinal es la causa más frecuente de obstrucción intestinal en menores de tres años. Habitualmente, tras la desinvaginación, los pacientes permanecen ingresados 24-48 horas. Recientemente se ha propuesto el manejo ambulatorio mediante observación clínica durante 12 horas. Nuestro objetivo es valorar la implementación de esta actitud terapéutica. Material y métodos: revisión retrospectiva de las invaginaciones intestinales atendidas en nuestro centro durante los últimos 12 años. Resultados: se incluye 458 pacientes, el 60,3% de ellos varones. Edad media de 24,1 meses, siendo la localización ileocólica la más frecuente (77,7%). El 2,4% presentó alguna causa secundaria. Se realizó neumoenema en 370 niños, requiriendo cirugía el 10,7%. Se registraron 78 recidivas en 56 pacientes (12,2%), 15 de ellos intrahospitalariamente. El tiempo medio para la reintroducción de la alimentación y la estancia media fueron de 28,6 y 64,4 horas respectivamente, sin diferencias significativas entre aquellos que recidivaron y los que no (60,8 frente a 69 horas; t = -0,4; p = 0,689). No se registraron diferencias entre el tiempo de evolución clínica y la tasa de éxito del neumoenema (t = 0,478; p = 0,634); aunque hubo diferencias en la necesidad de intervención quirúrgica (χ² = 5,604; p = 0,018), no hubo ninguna complicación. La reintroducción precoz de la alimentación no se relacionó con más recidivas ni diferencias entre los grupos (30,2% en el grupo que recidivó y 23,1% en el grupo sin recidiva, p = 0,608). Conclusiones: el ingreso hospitalario más allá de 12 horas no disminuye la tasa de complicaciones. Por tanto, consideramos que la observación en urgencias tras la desinvaginación durante 12 horas es una medida segura y coste-efectiva (AU)

Introduction: intussusception is the most frequent cause of bowel obstruction in children under three years. Usually, after reduction, patients remain admitted for 24-48 hours. Ambulatory management has recently been proposed, based on clinical experience of follow-up of the patient's evolution in the Emergency Department of the hospital during the following 12 hours. Our objective is to evaluate the implementation of this new therapeutic attitude. Material and methods: retrospective review of all the intussusceptions treated at our center during the last 12 years. Results: 458 patients were included, 60.3% ot them were male. Mean age was 24.1 months (SD 24.6), with the ileo-colic location being the most frequent (77.7%). 2.4% had secondary causes. A pneumoenema was performed in 370 children, requiring surgery 10.7%. There were 78 relapses in 56 patients (12.2%), 15 of them during admission. The mean time to reintroduce feeding and the mean hospital stay was 28.6 and 64.4 hours respectively, with no significant difference between those who relapsed and those who did not (60.8 vs 69 hours, t = -0.4, p = 0.689). There was no relationship between a longer clinical evolution and pneumoenema succeed rate (t = 0.478, p = 0.634). Although there were differences in the need for surgical intervention (χ² = 5.604, p = 0.018), there were no complications. Early reintroduction of feeding was not related to any recurrences or differences between groups (30.2% in the relapsed group and 23.1% in the non-recurrent group, p = 0.608). Conclusions: hospital admission beyond 12 hours does not decrease the rate of complications. Therefore, we consider that outpatient observation for 12 hours after reduction is a safe and economical measure (AU)

Displasia renal multiquística: evaluación de la necesidad de la gammagrafía renal y seguridad del tratamiento conservador / Multicystic dysplastic kidney: assessment of the need for renal scintigraphy and the safety of conservative treatment

Objetivos: Evaluar la necesidad de la realización de la gammagrafía renal en el diagnóstico de la displasia renal multiquística (DRMQ), así como la seguridad de su tratamiento conservador. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de los pacientes con DRMQ unilateral en nuestro centro desde enero de 2005 hasta agosto de 2015. Calculamos el valor predictivo positivo (VPP) de la ecografía tomando la gammagrafía renal y la anatomía patológica como gold standard. Realizamos una curva de supervivencia según el método de Kaplan-Meyer para evaluar la probabilidad de resolución espontánea del RM anualmente. Resultados: Se han identificado 56 pacientes, 48 (85,7%) con diagnóstico prenatal, 38 (67,9%) fueron varones y en 33 (58,9%) el lado afecto fue el izquierdo. En 22 (39,29%) observamos anomalías urológicas asociadas, el reflujo vesicoureteral la más frecuente (8 [14,29%]). Siete pacientes (12,5%) han desarrollado insuficiencia renal, y 49 pacientes (87,5%) desarrollaron hipertrofia renal contralateral compensatoria. De los 33 pacientes que se intervinieron el resultado de anatomía patológica confirmó el diagnóstico de DRMQ en 32. En comparación con la gammagrafía el VPP de la ecografía fue del 100% y del 97% al compararla con la anatomía patológica. La tasa de involución espontánea fue del 5,4% a los 3 meses de vida, del 11,3% a los 2 años y del 38,4% a los 5 años. Conclusiones: En nuestra experiencia el tratamiento conservador de la DRMQ, hasta al menos los 5 años de edad, es seguro. Nuestros datos sugieren que la realización de la gammagrafía no es precisa en estos pacientes, lo que supone una menor exposición a la radiación, así como un ahorro económico

Objectives: To assess the need for implementing renal scintigraphy in the diagnosis of the multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) and the safety of its conservative treatment. Material and methods: A retrospective study of patients with unilateral MCDK was conducted at our centre from January 2005 to August 2015. We calculated the positive predictive value (PPV) of ultrasonography, taking renal scintigraphy and pathology as the gold standard. We calculated a survival curve according to the Kaplan-Meier method to assess the annual probability of spontaneous resolution of the multicystic kidney. Results: Fifty-six patients were identified, 48 (85.7%) of whom had a prenatal diagnosis. Thirty eight (67.9%) of the patients were males, and the left side was affected in 33 (58.9%) of the patients. We observed associated urological abnormalities in 22 (39.29%) patients, with vesicoureteral reflux the most common (8, 14.29%). Seven patients (12.5%) developed renal failure. Forty-nine (87.5%) patients developed compensatory contralateral renal hypertrophy. Of the 33 patients who underwent surgery, the pathology results confirmed the MCDK diagnosis in 32. Compared with scintigraphy and pathology, the PPV of ultrasonography was 100% and 97%, respectively. The rate of spontaneous involution was 5.4% at 3 months of life, 11.3% at 2 years and 38.4% at 5 years. Conclusions: In our experience, the conservative treatment of MCDK, until at least 5 years of age, is safe. Our data suggest that performing scintigraphy is not required for these patients, which means lower radiation exposure, as well as financial savings

Quistes de ovario neonatales. Valoración ecográfica y diagnóstico diferencial / Neonatal ovarian cysts: ultrasound assessment and differential diagnosis

Los quistes de ovario son los quistes abdominales más frecuentes en fetos y neonatos de sexo femenino. La ecografía es la técnica de imagen de elección para su diagnóstico, ya que permite además distinguirlos de otras lesiones quísticas. Aunque la mayoría de quistes de ovario neonatales (QON) involucionan en el transcurso de los primeros meses de vida, pueden presentar complicaciones durante el periodo fetal o posnatal. Las manifestaciones ecográficas de los QON van a estar en función de las mismas. El manejo es controvertido, con la tendencia actual de esperar y ver. Describimos las diferentes formas de presentación de los QON con sus patrones ecográficos y complicaciones, su diagnóstico diferencial con otras lesiones abdominales quísticas y, finalmente, su manejo terapéutico (AU)

Ovarian cysts are the most common abdominal cysts in female fetuses and newborn girls. Ultrasonography is the imaging technique of choice for diagnosing ovarian cysts because it makes it possible to differentiate them from other cystic lesions. Although most neonatal ovarian cysts regress in the first few months after birth, complications can occur during gestation or after birth. The manifestations of ovarian cysts on ultrasonography will depend on the complications. The management is controversial, although the current trend favors watchful waiting. We describe the different presentations of neonatal ovarian cysts with their complications and their patterns of findings on ultrasonography. We also discuss the differential diagnosis with other cystic abdominal lesions, and finally we discuss the therapeutic management of neonatal ovarian cysts (AU)

Perinatal testicular torsion: ultrasound assessment and differential diagnosis. / Torsión testicular perinatal. Valoración ecográfica y diagnóstico diferencial.

Perinatal testicular torsion, defined as torsion occurring in the prenatal period or in the first month after birth, accounts for 10% of all cases of testicular torsion in pediatric patients. Most are extravaginal, and intravaginal torsion is rare. Its management is controversial, due to the low viability of the testis and the possibility of bilateral torsion. Ultrasonography is the method of choice to study testicular torsion. Combining B-mode and power Doppler imaging facilitates a fast reliable diagnosis. We review the ultrasonographic appearance of neonatal testicular torsion for each presentation, the differential diagnosis with other causes of increased scrotal volume in neonates, and its treatment.

Neonatal ovarian cysts: ultrasound assessment and differential diagnosis. / Quistes de ovario neonatales. Valoración ecográfica y diagnóstico diferencial.

Ovarian cysts are the most common abdominal cysts in female fetuses and newborn girls. Ultrasonography is the imaging technique of choice for diagnosing ovarian cysts because it makes it possible to differentiate them from other cystic lesions. Although most neonatal ovarian cysts regress in the first few months after birth, complications can occur during gestation or after birth. The manifestations of ovarian cysts on ultrasonography will depend on the complications. The management is controversial, although the current trend favors watchful waiting. We describe the different presentations of neonatal ovarian cysts with their complications and their patterns of findings on ultrasonography. We also discuss the differential diagnosis with other cystic abdominal lesions, and finally we discuss the therapeutic management of neonatal ovarian cysts.

Multicystic dysplastic kidney: Assessment of the need for renal scintigraphy and the safety of conservative treatment. / Displasia renal multiquística: evaluación de la necesidad de la gammagrafía renal y seguridad del tratamiento conservador.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the need for implementing renal scintigraphy in the diagnosis of the multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) and the safety of its conservative treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study of patients with unilateral MCDK was conducted at our centre from January 2005 to August 2015. We calculated the positive predictive value (PPV) of ultrasonography, taking renal scintigraphy and pathology as the gold standard. We calculated a survival curve according to the Kaplan-Meier method to assess the annual probability of spontaneous resolution of the multicystic kidney. RESULTS: Fifty-six patients were identified, 48 (85.7%) of whom had a prenatal diagnosis. Thirty eight (67.9%) of the patients were males, and the left side was affected in 33 (58.9%) of the patients. We observed associated urological abnormalities in 22 (39.29%) patients, with vesicoureteral reflux the most common (8, 14.29%). Seven patients (12.5%) developed renal failure. Forty-nine (87.5%) patients developed compensatory contralateral renal hypertrophy. Of the 33 patients who underwent surgery, the pathology results confirmed the MCDK diagnosis in 32. Compared with scintigraphy and pathology, the PPV of ultrasonography was 100% and 97%, respectively. The rate of spontaneous involution was 5.4% at 3 months of life, 11.3% at 2 years and 38.4% at 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, the conservative treatment of MCDK, until at least 5 years of age, is safe. Our data suggest that performing scintigraphy is not required for these patients, which means lower radiation exposure, as well as financial savings.

[How do primary care patients perceive information for involving themselves in self-care?]. / ¿Cómo perciben los pacientes de las consultas de Atención Primaria la información para implicarse en su autocuidado?

BACKGROUND: Analyze if patients receive information from their GPs to engage in self-management (medication,physical exercise or diet). METHODS: A descriptive study in which 2,401 randomly selected, primary care patients were interviewed by telephone. A short scale of 6 questions was used to analyze if they received information for self-care. Statistics included analyzing differences according to age,sex, occurrence of security incidents, whether they regularly attended the physician's surgery and length of consultation time. RESULTS: A total of 2,350 patients responded (97.9%response rate). A total of 1,253 (34.6%) of respondents obtained 5 or more points on the scale (percentile 50).Receiving information about foreseeable prognosis increased satisfaction (OR 11.2 (95% 8.3-15.3). Consultation time length (p<0.01), regularly visiting physicians(p<0.01), and not suffering an adverse event (p<0.01)were associated with higher scores on the scale. CONCLUSIONS: Patients report they receive directions for the proper management of medication at home, but claim that they receive less information to engage in healthy behaviors.

¿Cómo perciben los pacientes de las consultas de Atención Primaria la información para implicarse en su autocuidado? / How do primary care patients perceive information for involving themselves in self-care?

Objetivo: Analizar la percepción que los pacientes tienen de si reciben en las consultas de medicina de su centro de salud información para implicarse en su autocuidado (gestión medicación e implicación en ejercicio físico o dieta). Método: Estudio descriptivo en el que se entrevistó telefónicamente a una muestra de 2401 pacientes de atención primaria seleccionados al azar. Se empleó una escala reducida de 6 preguntas (puntuación máxima 6 puntos). Se consideraron las diferencias en función edad, sexo, ocurrencia de incidentes para la seguridad, si acudía regularmente a consulta y duración de la consulta. Resultados: Respondieron 2350 pacientes (tasa de respuesta 97,9%). El 34,6% (N=1253) de los entrevistados obtuvieron 5 o más puntos en la escala (percentil 50). Recibir información sobre la previsible evolución incrementó la satisfacción (OR 11,2 (IC95% 8,3-15,3). La duración de la consulta (p<0,01), acudir regularmente a consulta médica (p<0,01) o no haber sufrido un evento adverso (p<0,01), se relacionaron con una mayor puntuación en la escala. Conclusiones: Los pacientes afirman recibir indicaciones para una adecuada gestión de la medicación en el hogar, pero reciben menos información para involucrarse en conductas saludables (AU)

Background: Analyze if patients receive information from their GPs to engage in self-management (medication, physical exercise or diet). Methods: A descriptive study in which 2,401 randomly selected, primary care patients were interviewed by telephone. A short scale of 6 questions was used to analyze if they received information for self-care. Statistics included analyzing differences according to age, sex, occurrence of security incidents, whether they regularly attended the physician’s surgery and length of consultation time. Results: A total of 2,350 patients responded (97.9% response rate). A total of 1,253 (34.6%) of respondents obtained 5 or more points on the scale (percentile 50). Receiving information about foreseeable prognosis increased satisfaction (OR 11.2 (95% 8.3-15.3). Consultation time length (p<0.01), regularly visiting physicians (p<0.01), and not suffering an adverse event (p<0.01) were associated with higher scores on the scale. Conclusions: Patients report they receive directions for the proper management of medication at home, but claim that they receive less information to engage in healthy behaviors (AU)

A study on toxic and essential elements in rice from the Republic of Kazakhstan: comparing the level of contamination in rice from the European Community.

Selected toxic elements (total As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Sr, U and V) and essential elements (Co, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) were analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in unpolished and milled rice collected from Kazakhstan and milled rice from Spain and Portugal to evaluate the potential health risk to the population. Arsenic species (arsenite, arsenate, arsenobetaine, dimethylarsinate and monomethilarsonate) were analyzed using HPLC-IC-MS. From 146 samples analyzed, none of them exceeded the maximum limit set by the European Legislation for Cd or Pb or values recommended by the Codex Alimentarius. Concentrations of Sr, U and V were below LOD and those of Hg, Pb, Co and Cr between

La elastografía mediante técnica Acoustic radiation force impulse es eficaz en la detección de fibrosis hepática en el niño / Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging elastography is efficacious in detecting hepatic fibrosis in children

Objetivo. Evaluar el rendimiento diagnóstico de ARFI para detectar fibrosis hepática significativa en la edad pediátrica. Material y métodos. El estudio fue aprobado por el comité de ética hospitalario, con el consentimiento informado de los pacientes o sus representantes. Estudiamos 96 niños (50 varones, 46 hembras; edad media 8 años); 16 voluntarios sin enfermedad hepática conocida y 80 con patologías que pueden evolucionar a fibrosis y cirrosis hepática. La muestra final incluyó 31 pacientes con biopsia y 16 controles sanos. En todos los casos se realizó ecografía abdominal incluyendo Doppler y elastografía con ARFI. El valor ARFI expresado como velocidad (m/s) de propagación de las ondas transversales a través del tejido se calculó promediando 16 medidas en ambos lóbulos hepáticos. Comparamos las medias con el test de ANOVA de un factor. Los tests t de Student y chi cuadrado se usaron para datos categóricos. La significación estadística se estableció para una p < 0,05. Resultados. La velocidad en niños con fibrosis ≥ F2 fue significativamente más alta (1,80 ± 0,45 m/s) que en controles y pacientes con F0-F1 (1,38 ± 0,22 m/s) (p < 0,001). La esteatosis no se relacionó con la velocidad. La actividad necroinflamatoria se relacionó muy significativamente con la velocidad (p < 0,01). Fibrosis y actividad necroinflamatoria se relacionaron muy significativamente (p < 0,0001). Conclusión. La velocidad de propagación de las ondas ARFI se relacionó significativamente en los niños con el grado de fibrosis hepática (AU)

Objective. To evaluate the diagnostic performance of acoustic radiation force impulse imaging (ARFI) in detecting significant hepatic fibrosis in children. Material and methods. Our hospital's ethics committee approved the study and all patients or their representatives provided informed written consent. We included 96 children (50 boys, 46 girls; mean age, 8 y). We also studied 16 volunteers without liver disease as controls and 80 patients with diseases that can lead to fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver. The final sample included 31 patients with biopsies and the 16 controls. All patients underwent abdominal ultrasonography including Doppler imaging and elastography with ARFI. The ARFI value, expressed as velocity (m/s) of shear wave propagation through the tissue, was calculated by averaging 16 measurements in both liver lobes. We used one-way analysis of variance to compare means between groups; we set statistical significance at P<.05. We used Student's t-tests and chi-square tests for categorical data. Results. The ARFI value in children with fibrosis ≥ F2 was higher (1.80 ± 0.45 m/s) than in controls and higher than in patients with F0-F1 (1.38 ± 0.22 m/s). The difference was significant (P<.001) for detecting F ≥ 2. Steatosis was not related with the ARFI value (Student's t-test, P>.84). Necroinflammatory activity was strongly associated with the ARFI value (Student's t-test, P<.01). Fibrosis and necroinflammatory activity were strongly associated with each other (chi-square test, P<.0001). Conclusion. The speed of shear wave propagation is significantly associated with the degree of hepatic fibrosis in children (AU)

Lesiones hepáticas ocupantes de espacio / A hepatic space-occupying lesion

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