ABSTRACT
El cáncer de mama es una de las enfermedades importantes en la mujer y se le dedican grandes esfuerzos científicos y económicos existiendo el propósito de la búsqueda constante de vías de mejor precocidad en el diagnóstico y con ello, mejoramiento del pronóstico. En los rangos etarios de mayor riesgo de presentar esta patología se han descrito varios factores desencadenantes como son los receptores de estrógenos (RE), progesterona (RP) y de la proteína c-erbB-2. Se utilizaron biopsias de cáncer mamario ductal y lobulillar de diagnóstico de rutina, sometidas a reacciones inmunohisto químicas con anticuerpos anti RE, anti RP y específicamente para anti c-erbB-2. El revelado fue a través de kit comercial HRP con AEC y DAB. Las imágenes fueron capturadas con microscopio Olympus CX31, cámara fotográfica digital incorporada y software Micrometrics SE Premium 2011. Los resultados permiten observar reacción positiva en color rojo intenso en las muestras reveladas con AEC y pardo cuando se utilizó DAB, en las células que expresan la marcación y que se distribuyen indistintamente en el sitio del tejido afectado por la patología. Estas técnicas son de uso clínico protocolizado en el diagnóstico de cáncer de mama, por lo cual su estandarización y visualización son de extrema importancia para el laboratorio de histopatología integrado a unidades de patologia mamaria.
Breast cancer is one of the major diseases in women and devote great economic and scientific eforts. The intention of continuing to find ways of better and early diagnosis, and improved prognosis. In the age ranges of increased risk for this disease have been described several triggers such as receptors: estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), and protein c-erbB-2. Biopses were used ductal and lobular breast cancer diagnostic routine, subjected to immunohistochemical antibodies to ER, PR and specifically anti c-erbB-2. The development was through HRP AEC and DAB commercial kit. Images were captured with Olympus CX31 microscope and digital camera and software built Micrometrics SE Premium 2011. The results allow observed positive reaction in red color in the samples developed with AEC and brown when used DAB in cells expressing the bearing and which are distributed equally at the site of pathology tissue affected. These techniques are protocolized by clinical use in diagnosing breast cancer, so its standardization and visualization are of extreme importance to the histopathology laboratory of integrated units of breast disease.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Carcinoma, Lobular/metabolism , Breast Neoplasms/metabolism , Receptors, Estrogen , /metabolism , Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology , Immunohistochemistry , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Receptors, ProgesteroneABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: The Chilean Altiplano ecosystem is conserved free from contaminants and pollutants because of the absence of major local human activities such as agriculture or other industries. We studied the effects of paraoxon on proliferation and apoptosis of testicular cells during active spermatogenesis in Dugesia gonocephala collected from a pristine river (Guacollo) in the Altiplano region nearby Visviri town, Chile. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult planarians were incubated in varying concentrations of paraoxon (0.8, 0.4, 0.04, 0.004, and 0.0004 mM) for 4 h. After 3 h of incubation, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was added. Effects on cell proliferation (BrdU) and apoptosis (Apaf-1) were determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Paraoxon concentrations of 0.4 and 0.8 mM caused 100% mortality in the respective treatment groups. The lowest tested concentration (0.0004 mM) caused a significant increase on cell proliferation in the seminiferous tubules, as well as an increase in the number of apoptotic cells. All other tested concentrations significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: Paraoxon inhibits DNA synthesis and induces apoptosis during spermatogenesis in adult planarians from a high-altitude, pollution-free environment. This could suggest its use as a biosensor or biomarker for contamination with agro pesticides.
Subject(s)
Insecticides/toxicity , Paraoxon/toxicity , Planarians/drug effects , Spermatogenesis/drug effects , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity , Animals , Apoptosis/drug effects , Apoptotic Protease-Activating Factor 1/metabolism , Bromodeoxyuridine/metabolism , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Chile , Fresh Water/chemistry , Insecticides/analysis , Paraoxon/analysis , Planarians/metabolism , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysisABSTRACT
El conducto deferente humano presenta una pared muscular gruesa, donde el componente muscular liso ocupa la parte media y más prominente. Esta composición histológica le permite al órgano desarrollar las potentes contracciones durante el proceso de la eyaculación y emisión del semen. Objetivos: Analizar la presencia y distribución de la positividad inmunohistoquímica a Neurofilamentos (NF) en las paredes del conducto deferente humano. Pacientes, Materiales y Método: De tres pacientes sometidos a orquiectomía radical por diagnóstico de Seminoma, se obtuvieron los conductos deferentes fijados en formol tamponado (pH 7,2). Mediante procedimientos histológicos de rutina, se obtuvieron secciones de 5 um de espesor en portaobjetos silanizados. Se procedió al desarrollo del protocolo de inmunohistoquímica usando anticuerpos específicos contra Neurofilamentos (NF); las imágenes se obtuvieron con cámara fotográfica digital CCD Micrometrics, en microscopio óptico Olympus CX31. Resultados: En los subcompartimientos de las secciones transversales de la pared de los conductos deferentes humanos, se observa la reacción inmunohistoquímica positiva a NF. Sin embargo, los fascículos nerviosos se concentran en la adventicia, mientras que en la mucosa y pared muscular son en extremo escasos y finos. Conclusión: En el conducto deferente existe una inervación preferencial dispuesta en la adventicia del órgano, siendo posible que la potencia de la contracción de la pared en base a la actividad muscular, requiera factores adicionales de estimulación.
The human vas deferens has a thick muscular wall, where the smooth muscle component occupies the middle and most prominent. This composition allows the organ histologic develop powerful contractions during ejaculation process and the semen. Objectives. To analyze the presence and distribution of immunologically positlve for Neurofilament (NF) on the walls of human vas deferens. Patients, Materiall and Methods.' Three patients undergoing radical orchiectomy for seminoma diagnosis were obtained vas deferens fixed in buffered formain (pH 12). By routine histological procedures, sections were obtained 5 um thick on silylated slides. We proceeded to the development of immunohistochemical protocol using specific antibodies against Neurofilament (NF); the digitized images were obtained with CCO Micrometrics digital camera, in the light microscope Olympus CX31. Results: In the subcompartments of the cross sections of the wall of human vas deferens, there is a positive immunohistochemical reaction to NF However, nerve bundles are concentrated in the adventitia, whereas in the mucosa and muscle wall are extremely rare and fine. Conclusion: In the vas deferens there willing preferential innervation in the adventitia of the court, it being possible for the power of contraction of the wall of the body based on muscle activity, stimulation requires additional factors.