Dynamics and local ordering of pentachloronitrobenzene: a molecular-dynamics investigation.

Plastic phases are constituted by molecules whose centers of mass form a long range ordered crystalline lattice, but rotate in a more or less constrained way. Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) is a quasi-planar hexa-substituted benzene formed by a benzene ring decorated with a -NO2 group and five chlorine atoms that displays below the melting point a layered structure of rhombohedral (R3̄) planes in which the molecules can rotate around a six-fold-like axis. Dielectric spectroscopy [Romanini et al., The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2016, 120, 10614] of this highly anisotropic phase revealed a complex relaxation dynamics with two coupled primary α processes, initially ascribed to the in-plane and out-of-plane components of the molecular dipole. In this work, we perform a series of molecular dynamics simulations together with single crystal X-ray synchrotron diffraction experiments to investigate the puzzling dynamics of PCNB. We conclude that the molecule undergoes very fast movements due to the high flexibility of the -NO2 group, and two slower movements in which only the in-plane rotation of the whole ring is involved. These two movements are related to fast attempts to perform a 60° in-plane rotation, and a diffusive motion that involves the rotation of the molecule completely decorrelating the dipole orientation. We have also investigated whether a homogeneous or a heterogeneous scenario is better suited to describe the restricted orientational disorder of this anisotropic phase both from a structural and dynamical point of view.

Critical Influence of Water on the Polymorphism of 1,3-Dimethylurea and Other Heterogeneous Equilibria.

It is shown that the presence of hundreds of ppm of water in 1,3-dimethylurea (DMU) powder led to the large depression of the transition temperature between the two enantiotropically related polymorphic forms of DMU (Form II → Form I) from 58 °C to 25 °C, thus explaining the reported discrepancies on this temperature of transition. Importantly, this case study shows that thermodynamics (through the construction of the DMU-water temperature-composition phase diagram) rather than kinetics is responsible for this significant temperature drop. Furthermore, this work also highlights the existence of a monohydrate of DMU that has never been reported before with a non-congruent fusion at 8 °C. Interestingly, its crystal structure, determined from X-ray powder diffraction data at sub-ambient temperature, consists of a DMU-water hydrogen bonded network totally excluding homo-molecular hydrogen bonds (whereas present in forms I and II of DMU).

New Lidocaine-Based Pharmaceutical Cocrystals: Preparation, Characterization, and Influence of the Racemic vs. Enantiopure Coformer on the Physico-Chemical Properties.

This study describes the preparation, characterization, and influence of the enantiopure vs. racemic coformer on the physico-chemical properties of a pharmaceutical cocrystal. For that purpose, two new 1:1 cocrystals, namely lidocaine:dl-menthol and lidocaine:d-menthol, were prepared. The menthol racemate-based cocrystal was evaluated by means of X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, Raman, thermal analysis, and solubility experiments. The results were exhaustively compared with the first menthol-based pharmaceutical cocrystal, i.e., lidocaine:l-menthol, discovered in our group 12 years ago. Furthermore, the stable lidocaine/dl-menthol phase diagram has been screened, thoroughly evaluated, and compared to the enantiopure phase diagram. Thus, it has been proven that the racemic vs. enantiopure coformer leads to increased solubility and improved dissolution of lidocaine due to the low stable form induced by menthol molecular disorder in the lidocaine:dl-menthol cocrystal. To date, the 1:1 lidocaine:dl-menthol cocrystal is the third menthol-based pharmaceutical cocrystal, after the 1:1 lidocaine:l-menthol and the 1:2 lopinavir:l-menthol cocrystals reported in 2010 and 2022, respectively. Overall, this study shows promising potential for designing new materials with both improved characteristics and functional properties in the fields of pharmaceutical sciences and crystal engineering.

From an antiferromagnetic insulator to a strongly correlated metal in square-lattice MCl2(pyrazine)2 coordination solids.

Electronic synergy between metal ions and organic linkers is a key to engineering molecule-based materials with a high electrical conductivity and, ultimately, metallicity. To enhance conductivity in metal-organic solids, chemists aim to bring the electrochemical potentials of the constituent metal ions and bridging organic ligands closer in a quest to obtain metal-d and ligand-π admixed frontier bands. Herein, we demonstrate the critical role of the metal ion in tuning the electronic ground state of such materials. While VCl2(pyrazine)2 is an electrical insulator, TiCl2(pyrazine)2 displays the highest room-temperature electronic conductivity (5.3 S cm-1) for any metal-organic solid involving octahedrally coordinated metal ions. Notably, TiCl2(pyrazine)2 exhibits Pauli paramagnetism consistent with the specific heat, supporting the existence of a Fermi liquid state (i.e., a correlated metal). This result widens perspectives for designing molecule-based systems with strong metal-ligand covalency and electronic correlations.

Scalemic mixtures preparation for optimized composition of ibuprofen solid dosage forms.

The stable and metastable phase diagrams between the sinister and the rectus ibuprofen enantiomers were established by means of thermal analysis and X-ray powder diffraction experiments as a function of temperature. The results obtained allow proving for the first time the existence, for the stable system, of a solid solution by mixing the racemic ibuprofen with one of its enantiomers for low concentration of the enantiomer. Since the rectus ibuprofen is a non-active pharmaceutical agent which can be partially bio-converted into the sinister enantiomer, the present work offers a new approach for scalemic mixtures preparation in order to improve the benefit/risk ratio related to ibuprofen solid dosage form administration.

Comparative Physical Study of Three Pharmaceutically Active Benzodiazepine Derivatives: Crystalline versus Amorphous State and Crystallization Tendency.

Chemical derivatization and amorphization are two possible strategies to improve the solubility and bioavailability of drugs, which is a key issue for the pharmaceutical industry. In this contribution, we explore whether both strategies can be combined by studying how small differences in the molecular structure of three related pharmaceutical compounds affect their crystalline structure and melting point (Tm), the relaxation dynamics in the amorphous phase, and the glass transition temperature (Tg), as well as the tendency toward recrystallization. Three benzodiazepine derivatives of almost same molecular mass and structure (Diazepam, Nordazepam and Tetrazepam) were chosen as model compounds. Nordazepam is the only one that displays N-H···O hydrogen bonds both in crystalline and amorphous phases, which leads to a significantly higher Tm (by 70-80 K) and Tg (by 30-40 K) compared to those of Tetrazepam and Diazepam (which display similar values of characteristic temperatures). The relaxation dynamics in the amorphous phase, as determined experimentally using broadband dielectric spectroscopy, is dominated by a structural relaxation and a Johari-Goldstein secondary relaxation, both of which scale with the reduced temperature T/Tg. The kinetic fragility index is very low and virtually the same (mp ≈ 32) in all three compounds. Two more secondary relaxations are observed in the glass state: the slower of the two has virtually the same relaxation time and activation energy in all three compounds, and is assigned to the inter-enantiomer conversion dynamics of the flexible diazepine heterocycle between isoenergetic P and M conformations. We tentatively assign the fastest secondary relaxation, present only in Diazepam and Tetrazepam, to the rigid rotation of the fused diazepine-benzene double ring relative to the six-membered carbon ring. Such motion appears to be largely hindered in glassy Nordazepam, possibly due to the presence of the hydrogen bonds. Supercooled liquid Tetrazepam and Nordazepam are observed to crystallize into their stable crystalline form with an Avrami exponent close to unity indicating unidimensional growth with only sporadic nucleation, which allows a direct assessment of the crystal growth rate. Despite the very similar growth mode, the two derivatives exhibit very different kinetics for a fixed value of the reduced temperature and thus of the structural relaxation time, with Nordazepam displaying slower growth kinetics. Diazepam does not instead display any tendency toward recrystallization over short periods of time (even close to Tm). Both these observations in three very similar diazepine derivatives provide direct evidence that the kinetics of recrystallization of amorphous pharmaceuticals is not a universal function, at least in the supercooled liquid phase, of the structural or the conformational relaxation dynamics, and it is not simply correlated with related parameters such as the kinetic fragility or activation barrier of the structural relaxation. Only the crystal growth rate, and not the nucleation rate, shows a correlation with the presence or absence of hydrogen bonding.

Crystalline tetrazepam as a case study on the volume change on melting of molecular organic compounds.

The volume change on melting is a rarely studied quantity and it is not well understood even if it must reflect the changes in interaction between the solid and the liquid state. It is part of the solid-state information for materials and pharmaceuticals and it is important for the reliability of polymorph stability study results. Using the crystal structure of monoclinic tetrazepam at 150 K and at room temperature, in addition to powder X-ray diffraction as a function of the temperature, the specific volume of tetrazepam has been determined over a large temperature domain. In combination with a pressure-temperature curve for the melting of tetrazepam, its volume change on melting could be determined. With this information and previous data from the literature, the assumption that the volume of the solid increases on average with 11% on melting has been investigated. It can be concluded that this value is not constant; however so far, no simple relationship has been found to relate the solid state to its volume change on melting and using 11% remains best practice. A comparison of the tetrazepam crystal structure with diazepam and nordiazepam has been provided too.

Metal-organic magnets with large coercivity and ordering temperatures up to 242°C.

Magnets derived from inorganic materials (e.g., oxides, rare-earth-based, and intermetallic compounds) are key components of modern technological applications. Despite considerable success in a broad range of applications, these inorganic magnets suffer several drawbacks, including energetically expensive fabrication, limited availability of certain constituent elements, high density, and poor scope for chemical tunability. A promising design strategy for next-generation magnets relies on the versatile coordination chemistry of abundant metal ions and inexpensive organic ligands. Following this approach, we report the general, simple, and efficient synthesis of lightweight, molecule-based magnets by postsynthetic reduction of preassembled coordination networks that incorporate chromium metal ions and pyrazine building blocks. The resulting metal-organic ferrimagnets feature critical temperatures up to 242°C and a 7500-oersted room-temperature coercivity.

A Redox-Active Bridging Ligand to Promote Spin Delocalization, High-Spin Complexes, and Magnetic Multi-Switchability.

A dinuclear CoII complex, [Co2 (tphz)(tpy)2 ]n+ (n=4, 3 or 2; tphz: tetrapyridophenazine; tpy: terpyridine), has been assembled using the redox-active and strongly complexing tphz bridging ligand. The magnetic properties of this complex can be tuned from spin-crossover with T1/2 ≈470 K for the pristine compound (n=4) to single-molecule magnet with an ST =5/2 spin ground state when once reduced (n=3) to finally a diamagnetic species when twice reduced (n=2). The two successive and reversible reductions are concomitant with an increase of the spin delocalization within the complex, promoting remarkably large magnetic exchange couplings and high-spin species even at room temperature.

New Melting Data of the Two Polymorphs of Prednisolone.

Prednisolone is known to exist in two anhydrous solid polymorphic forms. The substance is known to degrade upon melting, resulting in erroneous melting data, as shown by the widely scattered results reported in the literature. In this article, thermal analyses carried out at different scan rates show that the onset temperature and the enthalpy value of the signal increase with the scan rate and reach plateau values for high scan rates. Owing to flash scanning calorimetry, the plateau value for the temperature has been identified as the "true" temperature of melting of both polymorphs. This consistent set of new thermodynamic data on the two solid forms leads to the conclusion that both forms are unambiguously enantiotropes of each other. The solid-solid transition has been observed experimentally for the first time and has been confirmed by calculation.

Dynamic characterization of crystalline and glass phases of deuterated 1,1,2,2 tetrachloroethane.

A thorough characterization of the γ, ß, and glass phases of deuterated 1,1,2,2 tetrachloroethane (C2D2Cl4) via nuclear quadrupole resonance and Molecular Dynamic Simulations (MDSs) is reported. The presence of molecular reorientations was experimentally observed in the glass phase and in the ß phase. In the ß phase, and from MDS, these reorientations are attributed to two possible movements, i.e., a 180° reorientation around the C2 molecular symmetry axis and a reorientation of the molecule between two non-equivalent positions. In the glass phase, the spin-lattice relaxation time T1 is of the order of 16 times lower than in the crystalline phase and varies as T(-1) below 100 K in good agreement with the strong quadrupolar relaxation observed in amorphous materials and in the glassy state of molecular organic systems. The activation energy of molecular reorientations in the glass phase (19 kJ/mol) is comparable to that observed in the glassy crystal of a "molecular cousin" compound, Freon 112 (C2F2Cl4), for the secondary ß-relaxation. Moreover, the on-site orientational motion of tetrachloroethane molecules offers a new indirect evidence of the prominent role of such orientational disorder in glassy dynamics.

X-ray structural investigation of nonsymmetrically and symmetrically alkylated [1]benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene derivatives in bulk and thin films.

A detailed structural study of the bulk and thin film phases observed for two potential high-performance organic semiconductors has been carried out. The molecules are based on [1]benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene (BTBT) as conjugated core and octyl side groups, which are anchored either symmetrically at both sides of the BTBT core (C8-BTBT-C8) or nonsymmetrically at one side only (C8-BTBT). Thin films of different thickness (8-85 nm) have been prepared by spin-coating for both systems and analyzed by combining specular and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. In the case of C8-BTBT-C8, the known crystal structure obtained from single-crystal investigations is observed within all thin films, down to a film thickness of 9 nm. In the case of C8-BTBT, the crystal structure of the bulk phase has been determined from X-ray powder diffraction data with a consistent matching of experimental and calculated X-ray diffraction patterns (Rwp = 5.8%). The packing arrangement of C8-BTBT is similar to that of C8-BTBT-C8, that is, consisting of a lamellar structure with molecules arranged in a "herringbone" fashion, yet with lamellae composed of two head-to-head (or tail-to-tail as the structure is periodic) superimposed molecules instead of only one molecule for C8-BTBT-C8. As for C8-BTBT-C8, we demonstrate that the same phase is observed in bulk and thin films for C8-BTBT whatever the film thickness investigated.

Polymorphism in 2-X-adamantane derivatives (X = Cl, Br).

The polymorphism of two 2-X-adamantane derivatives, X = Cl, X = Br, has been studied by X-ray powder diffraction and normal- and high-pressure (up to 300 MPa) differential scanning calorimetry. 2-Br-adamantane displays a low-temperature orthorhombic phase (space group P212121, Z = 4) and a high-temperature plastic phase (Fm3̅m, Z = 4) from 277.9 ± 1.0 K to the melting point at 413.4 ± 1.0 K. 2-Cl-adamantane presents a richer polymorphic behavior through the temperature range studied. At low temperature it displays a triclinic phase (P1̅, Z = 2), which transforms to a monoclinic phase (C2/c, Z = 8) at 224.4 ± 1.0 K, both phases being ordered. Two high-temperature orientationally disordered are found for this compound, one hexagonal (P63/mcm, Z = 6) at ca. 241 K and the highest one, cubic (Fm3̅m, Z = 4), being stable from 244 ± 1.0 K up to the melting point at 467.5 ± 1.0 K. No additional phase appears due to the increase in pressure within the studied range. The intermolecular interactions are found to be weak, especially for the 2-Br-adamantane compound for which the Br···Br as well as C-Br···H distances are larger than the addition of the van der Waals radii, thus confirming the availability of this compound for building up diamondoid blocks.

Site-selective synthesis of Janus-type metal-organic framework composites.

Herein, bipolar electrochemistry is applied in a straightforward way to the site-selective in situ synthesis of metal-organic framework (MOF) structures, which have attracted tremendous interest in recent years because of their significant application potential, ranging from sensing to gas storage and catalysis. The novelty of the presented work is that the deposit can be intentionally confined to a defined area of a substrate without using masks or templates. The intrinsic site-selectivity of bipolar electrochemistry makes it a method of choice to generate, in a highly controlled way, hybrid particles that may have different functionalities combined on the same particle. The wireless nature of electrodeposition allows the potential for mass production of such Janus-type objects.

Physicochemical stability of solid dispersions of enantiomeric or racemic ibuprofen in stearic acid.

The aim of this study was to investigate the solid dispersion phase behavior of s- or rs-ibuprofen in stearic acid. By means of thermal analysis, we have demonstrated the total immiscibility, in solid state, of the corresponding binary mixtures. This indicates that no specific interactions exist between the chosen excipient and active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) that lead to eutectic systems. Furthermore, based on calorimetric and X-ray diffraction experiments, we have showed that upon cooling of the molten state, only stearic acid recrystallizes in the presence of s-ibuprofen, whereas a quaternary phase mixture is obtained for the racemic ibuprofen/stearic acid preparation. The solubility of stearic acid in s-ibuprofen liquid in all proportions was also determined. Overall, the results presented here offer an approach for the study of API/excipient interactions.

From high-temperature orientationally disordered mixed crystals to low-temperature complex formation in the two-component system (CH3)3CBr + Cl3CBr.

The phase diagram of the two-component systems (CH(3))(3)CBr + Cl(3)CBr has been experimentally determined by means of differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray powder diffraction techniques from the low-temperature ordered phases to the liquid state. Before melting, both components have the same orientationally disordered (OD) face-centered cubic (FCC) and rhombohedral (R) phases, and the two-phase equilibria [FCC + L] and [R + FCC] are accounted for by means of the existence of an isomorphic relationship between the OD phases of pure compounds. The thermodynamic assessment of such equilibria enables us to get the excess properties of the involved OD phases and to rationalize the existence of a maximum and a minimum in the [R + FCC] equilibrium on the basis of the contribution of the entropic term in the excess Gibbs energy function. At low temperature, two complexes, (CH(3))(3)CBr:Cl(3)CBr (1:1) and (CH(3))(3)CBr:2Cl(3)CBr (1:2), appear. The structures of 1:1 and 1:2 complexes have been determined to be monoclinic (P2(1)/n, c, Z = 4) and hexagonal (P6(3), Z = 6). Within both "ordered" structures, the Cl(3)CBr entities of the asymmetric unit were found to be disordered so that sites have fractional occupancies of 0.75 and 0.25 for Cl and Br atoms, in the same way that it occurs for the low-temperature monoclinic (C2/c, Z = 32) phase of Cl(3)CBr. Finally, the existence of complexes is connected with the special intermolecular interactions appearing between a methyl group and a halogen, as previously inferred by Calvet et al. [T. Calvet et al. J. Chem. Phys. 1999, 110, 4841].

Lidocaine/L-menthol binary system: cocrystallization versus solid-state immiscibility.

We present the synthesis, structure determination, and thermodynamic properties of a never reported cocrystal prepared with lidocaine and L-menthol. The temperature-composition phase diagram of the lidocaine/L-menthol binary system was achieved using differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction experiments. The present study demonstrates that the only way to perform a phase equilibrium survey of the lidocaine/L-menthol system is to prepare the binary mixtures from the cocrystal, an equimolar stoichiometric compound of L-menthol and lidocaine. We describe a process that is crucial to elaborate pharmaceutical agents that remain in their thermodynamical stable state throughout their preparation, manufacture, and storage for effective use.

Competing intermolecular interactions in the high-temperature solid phases of even saturated carboxylic acids (C10H19O2H to C20H39O2H).

Structural knowledge of the high-temperature phases of saturated carboxylic acids (C(n)H(2n-1)O(2)H) from C(6)H(11)O(2)H to C(23)H(45)O(2)H is now complete. Crystal structures of the high-temperature phases of even acids from decanoic (C(10)H(19)O(2)H) to eicosanoic (C(20)H(39)O(2)H) are reported. The crystal structures of the six compounds were determined from powder X-ray diffraction data following direct space methods and refined by the Rietveld method combined with force field geometry optimization. The combination proved to be a valuable approach to obtain structures that are chemically sensible and in close agreement with the powder pattern. At the end of the process solid-state DFT calculations were applied to improve the overall accuracy of the system but in this case DFT did not render better structures. The high-temperature solid phases of even carboxylic acids are all P2(1)/c with Z=4, the molecules are united into dimers via strong hydrogen bonds. Two major types of interactions govern the crystal packing of carboxylic acids, hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions. A survey of the intermolecular interactions has revealed that hydrogen bonds are the dominant interaction for acids with less than 23 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain while van der Waals interactions dominate the packing for acids with more than 23 carbon atoms.

From the two-component system CBrCl3+CBr4 to the high-pressure properties of CBr4.

The experimental phase diagram of the CBrCl3+CBr4 system has been determined by means of X-ray powder diffraction and thermal analysis techniques from 200 K to the liquid state. Before melting, the two components have the same orientationally disordered (OD) face-centered cubic phase, and solid-liquid equilibrium is explained by simple isomorphism. The application of multiple crossed isopolymorphism formalism to the low-temperature solid-solid equilibria has enabled the inference of an OD rhombohedral metastable (at normal pressure) phase for CBr4. Experimental determination of the pressure-volume-temperature and construction of the pressure-temperature phase diagrams for CBr4 reveal the existence of a high-pressure phase, the rhombohedral symmetry of which is inferred by means of the thermodynamic assessment of the experimental phase diagram and demonstrated by means of high-pressure neutron diffraction measurements. The procedure used in this work confirms the connection between the appearance of metastable phases at normal pressure and their existence at high-pressure.