ABSTRACT
Visual identification of muscles and depth control of needle placement are the key features of sonography-guided injection that lead to improved targeting and safety of BoNT/A injections. This method may be especially helpful to validate already established injection techniques or when learning the correct injection technique. We recommend sonography-guided injection as a simple and painless "add-on" to the currently used standard procedure of palpation. The additional expenditure for sonography-guided injection is more than offset by the improved reliability in correct needle placement.
Subject(s)
Botulinum Toxins, Type A/administration & dosage , Botulinum Toxins, Type A/therapeutic use , Cerebral Palsy/diagnostic imaging , Cerebral Palsy/drug therapy , Injections, Intramuscular/methods , Neuromuscular Agents/administration & dosage , Neuromuscular Agents/therapeutic use , Ultrasonography/methods , Age Factors , Child , Humans , Muscle, Skeletal/diagnostic imaging , Muscle, Skeletal/drug effectsABSTRACT
Hexafluorine is an amphoteric, hypertonic, polyvalent compound for decontaminating hydrofluoric acid (HF) eye and skin splashes. In a German metallurgy facility during the period of 1994-1998, all eye or skin splashes with 40% HF alone or with a 6% HF/15% HNO3 mixture were initially decontaminated with Hexafluorine within 2 min following the splash at the accident site by the victims themselves or co-workers who witnessed the accident. Eleven workers using 40% HF or a 6% HF/15% HNO3 mixture sustained eye (2 cases) or skin (10 cases) splashes (1 combined) during 1994-1998. Hexafluorine was used within 2 min, and a second Hexafluorine decontamination was done on arrival at the plant infirmary. No further medical or surgical treatment was needed, no workers developed chemical burns, and none lost work time. These II cases demonstrate the efficacy of Hexafluorine in decontaminating HF or combined HF/HNO3 splashes.