Operational Characteristics of Women Street Food Vendors in Rural South Africa.

Objective: To characterize the operations of the street food enterprise in the Vhembe district, focusing on business profile, sold foods, inputs, pricing, record-keeping practices and total running cost. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional face-to-face study of 511 vendors was done using a structured researcher-administered questionnaire comprising demographic and operational characteristics. Convenience sampling was used to choose the vending sites. Chi-square tests were conducted between four categorical variables (gender, age, marital status and citizenship) and operational characteristics. P-values were considered significant at p < 0.05. However, a Bonferroni adjustment decreased the significant value to p < 0.013. Results: The findings highlight the dominance of single middle-aged (35-44) women (63.1%) with some high school education. About 14% migrated from Zimbabwe. Most vendors were owners (86.1%), with 70.0% in business for at least 1-10 years. Food sold included mielie pap (stiff porridge) served with beef or chicken, sometimes with vegetables. Plate prices were R40.00 (2.6 USD) for a full plate and R30.00 (2 USD) for half a plate. The typical street food consumers were government officials, middlemen, and schoolchildren. Social media such as Whatsapp were used to communicate between the street food vendors and customers. The results highlight poor managerial skills as only 15.5% kept records, most of which were sales records (59.5%). On average, street vendors made a monthly profit of R3200.00 (213 USD) while spending R1800.00 (120 USD) on daily running expenses. There were statistically significant variations in some operational characteristics of vendor variables and gender, age, marital status, and citizenship. Conclusions: There is a need for capital and management for small businesses and food training for rural street food vendors. Therefore, government officials, policymakers, and NGOs could target street vendors to offer training and microfinance to improve their business skills while promoting food safety and consumption of nutritious foods.

Nutrition Knowledge of Caregivers Influences Feeding Practices and Nutritional Status of Children 2 to 5 Years Old in Sekhukhune District, South Africa.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine caregivers' nutrition knowledge and its influence on feeding practices and nutritional status on young children. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 120 caregiver-child pairs. A validated questionnaire was used to collect caregivers' nutrition knowledge and feeding practices. Nutritional status was estimated using anthropometric measurements. Z-scores were computed using WHO Antro software. Chi-square test was used to determine the association between caregivers' nutrition knowledge and feeding practices. Significance was set at p <0.05. RESULTS: Forty three percent of caregivers reported health professionals as their source of nutrition information. Almost all children (94.2%) were breastfed at one stage in their lives, with 62.5% introduced to solid foods before six months. Maize meal porridge (87.5%) and bread (54.2%) were consumed daily by most of the children, while 48.3% consumed meat and meat products three to four times per week. One in eight children consumed fruits daily and 5.8% vegetables daily. Forty one percent of children were stunted. Family income showed positive correlation with the nutritional status of children (weight-for-age R = 0.207, p < .05; height-for-age R°=°0.203*, p°= .026). An association was observed between the duration of breastfeeding and alternative food, to milk (R = 0.302**, p = .001), amount of fruit consumed daily (R = 0.197*, p = .031) and number of meals consumed daily (R = 0.284**, p = .048). Conclusion: Nutrition knowledge and feeding practices of the caregivers were not satisfactory.

Recommendations for Infant Feeding Policy and Programs in Dzimauli Region, South Africa: Results From the MAL-ED Birth Cohort.

BACKGROUND: There is strong evidence that exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in the first 6 months of life reduces the risk of diseases in infancy and in later life. OBJECTIVE: To understand the maternal reasoning that influences optimum infant feeding practices of caregivers in semirural communities of Limpopo province. METHODS: Nested qualitative study among mothers in an ongoing birth cohort study was conducted; structured and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Data from 234 infants after 6 months of follow-up was included for quantitative analysis. Four focus discussion groups comprising 7 to 10 caregivers were used to obtain perception of mothers on breastfeeding. A semi-structured interview guide was used to stimulate discussions. Thematic content analyses were conducted to identify the main themes that influence breastfeeding practices of caregivers. RESULTS: Over 90% of the caregivers initiated breastfeeding after delivery. However, less than 1% of mothers practiced EBF by 3 months, and none of the children were exclusively breastfed for up to 6 months. All caregivers introduced non-breast milk liquids and solids by the second month of child's life. Common reasons for introducing non-breast milk foods included insufficiency of breast milk production, going back to work or school, and influence by elderly women (mothers/mothers-in-law) and church members. CONCLUSION: Exclusive breastfeeding was not practiced in this community due to cultural and religious beliefs and misinformation. The involvement of elderly women and church members in infant feeding education and promotion programs and the dissemination of breastfeeding information through mobile phones to younger mothers are recommended.