Robotic Heller's cardiomyotomy for achalasia: early outcomes for a high-volume UK centre.

INTRODUCTION: Heller's cardiomyotomy (HCM) is the gold standard treatment for achalasia. Laparoscopic HCM has been shown to be effective with low rates of symptom recurrence, though oesophageal mucosal perforation rates remain high. The aim of this prospective case series is to assess the short-term complication rates and perioperative outcomes for the first cohort of patients undergoing robotic-assisted HCM for achalasia in a single high-volume UK centre. METHODS: Data were collected from a prospective cohort of patients who underwent robotic HCM at a single high-volume UK centre. Outcomes were assessed using the Eckhard score, which was calculated after their routine postoperative clinic appointments. RESULTS: Thirteen patients underwent robotic HCM during the study period; this is the second largest reported case series in the European literature. There were no intraoperative oesophageal perforations. Six patients were discharged as day cases, six patients were discharged on the first postoperative day and one patient's hospital stay was two nights. There was a single perioperative complication of urinary retention. All patients reported improvement of symptoms following their operation, and all had a postoperative Eckhard score of less than 3, indicating their achalasia was in remission. CONCLUSIONS: This cohort has demonstrated that robotic HCM has an exceptional safety profile and results in high levels of symptom resolution, even early in the learning curve. The robotic approach may be superior to laparoscopy as it allows more precise identification and dissection of the oesophageal muscle fibres, which likely reduces the risk of inadvertent mucosal damage or incomplete myotomy.

Colorectal cancer care in the COVID-19 era: outcomes from a 'mixed site' model.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic has presented many challenges to colorectal cancer (CRC) care. Many organisations opted to perform CRC resections in 'cold' sites. Infrastructure in Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust (NHCT) necessitated co-locating CRC care with 'hot' COVID streams but with additional precautions. This study aimed to evaluate that approach for a consecutive series of CRC cases, diagnosed before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A prospectively populated data set of CRC patients diagnosed between 1 April 2019 and 30 September 2020 was used. Patients presenting before 1 April 2020 were considered 'pre-COVID' and those presenting subsequently as 'COVID era'. RESULTS: Some 344 cases were diagnosed in the 12 months 'pre-COVID' and 166 in the 6 months of the 'COVID era'. The median numbers of days from referral to diagnosis (21 vs 20, p=0.373) and operation (63 vs 61, p=0.208) were unchanged. The 'COVID era' saw an increase in the proportion of radiological diagnoses (39.5% vs 53.0%, p=0.004) with an associated decrease in endoscopic diagnoses (56.7% vs 45.8%, p=0.021). Rates of inoperable (1.5% vs 1.2%, p=0.821), obstructing (11.0% vs 16.2%, p=0.272) and perforated tumours (0.6% vs 1.5%, p=0.492) remained the same. One patient developed COVID-19 perioperatively. Rates of laparoscopic operation (59.5% vs 61.8%, p=0.751), anastomotic leak (6.4% vs 5.9%, p=0.891), re-operative surgery (10.4% vs 4.4%, p=0.138), primary stoma (40.5% vs 32.4%, p=0.244) and 90-day mortality (0.6% vs 1.5%, p=0.492) did not change. CONCLUSIONS: With appropriate infection control measures, it may be safe to continue providing standard elective and urgent CRC care without access to a 'COVID clean' site.

Endoscopic Botulinum toxin as a treatment for delayed gastric emptying following oesophagogastrectomy.

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of delayed gastric emptying (DGE) following oesophagogastrectomy with gastric conduit reconstruction is reported to be between 1.7% and 50%. This variation is due to differing practices of intraoperative pylorus drainage procedures, which increase the risk of postoperative biliary reflux and dumping syndrome, resulting in significant morbidity. The aim of our study was to establish rates of DGE in people undergoing oesophagogastrectomy without routine intraoperative drainage procedures, and to evaluate outcomes of postoperative endoscopically administered Botulinum toxin into the pylorus (EBP) for people with DGE resistant to systemic pharmacological treatment. METHODS: All patients undergoing oesophagogastrectomy between 1 January 2016 and 31 March 2018 at our unit were included. No intraoperative pyloric drainage procedures were performed, and DGE resistant to systemic pharmacotherapy was managed with EBP. RESULTS: Ninety-seven patients were included. Postoperatively, 29 patients (30%) were diagnosed with DGE resistant to pharmacotherapy. Of these, 16 (16.5%) were diagnosed within 30 days of surgery. The median pre-procedure nasogastric tube aspirate was 780ml; following EBP, this fell to 125ml (p<0.001). Median delay from surgery to EBP in this cohort was 13 days (IQR 7-16 days). Six patients required a second course of EBP, with 100% successful resolution of DGE before discharge. There were no procedural complications. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest series of patients without routine intraoperative drainage procedures. Only 30% of patients developed DGE resistant to pharmacotherapy, which was managed safely with EBP in the postoperative period, thus minimising the risk of biliary reflux in people who would otherwise be at risk following prophylactic pylorus drainage procedures.

A Case of a Chronic Pancreatic Pseudocyst Causing Atraumatic Splenic Rupture without Evidence of Acute Pancreatitis.

Atraumatic splenic rupture is a rare complication of a pancreatic pseudocyst (PP), described in the setting of chronic pancreatitis. There is common understanding, within the literature, that an inflammatory process at the tail of the pancreas may disrupt the spleen and result in such splenic complications. The authors present a case report of a 29-year-old male with a PP, associated with chronic pancreatitis. The patient had a history of excessive alcohol intake and presented to the emergency department with a short history of abdominal pain and vomiting. He denied any significant history of trauma and serum amylase levels were normal. An admission computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen confirmed the presence of a PP in direct contact with the spleen. The CT also demonstrated a heterogenous hypodense area of the splenic hilum, along with perisplenic fluid. The patient was admitted for observation. His abdominal pain progressed, and he became haemodynamically unstable. An emergency ultrasound scan (USS) at this time revealed intra-abdominal haemorrhage. A subsequent CT confirmed splenic rupture, which was managed surgically with a full recovery. Few such cases are documented within the literature and more understanding of preempting such events is needed.

A rare case of ischaemic pneumatosis intestinalis and hepatic portal venous gas in an elderly patient with good outcome following conservative management.

INTRODUCTION: Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) and hepatic portal venous gas (HPVG) are typically associated and are likely to represent a spectrum of the same disease. The causes of both entities range from benign to life-threatening conditions. Ischaemic causes are known to be fatal without emergency surgical intervention. PRESENTATION OF CASE: In this case a 93year old male experienced acute abdominal pain radiating to his back, with nausea and vomiting and a 2-week history of altered bowel habit. Examination revealed abdominal tenderness and distension. He had deranged white cell count (WCC) and renal function. Computed tomography (CT) revealed PI with associated HPVG. The cause was due to ischaemic pathology. The patient was managed conservatively with antibiotics and was discharged 7days later with resolution of his abdominal pain and WCC. DISCUSSION: The pathogenesis of HPVG secondary to PI is poorly understood but usually indicates intestinal ischaemia, thought to carry a mortality of around 75%. HPVG in the older patient usually necessitates emergency surgery however this is not always in the patient's best interest. CONCLUSION: There are few reported cases of patient survival following conservative management of PI and HPVG secondary to ischaemic pathology. This case demonstrates the possibility of managing this condition without aggressive surgical intervention especially when surgery would likely result in mortality due to frailty and morbidity. Further work is required to identify suitable patients.