ABSTRACT
The current study aimed to identify the chemical constituents and bioactivities of the crude ethanolic extract (CEE) and its fractions (ethyl acetate (EAF), hexane (HEF), and aqueous (AEF)) from leaves of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) grown in Vietnam. A total of 31 compounds which belong to alkanes, hydrocarbons, iodine, terpenoids, phenolics, and flavonoids were determined by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, with bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate being the most prevailing compound. The highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents were obtained in the EAF, followed by HEF, CEE, and AQF. All samples showed promising in vitro antibacterial activity, enzyme inhibition, and anticancer activity. Among the samples tested, the EAF exhibited the highest enzyme inhibition activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase (IC50 values of 51.24 µg/mL and 99.29 µg/mL, respectively), cytotoxicity activity against HeLa cells (IC50 value of 79.49 µg/mL), and antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli with MIC values of 5 mg/mL and 2.5 mg/mL, respectively. These findings suggest that the leaves of A. occidentale cultivated in Vietnam are a promising source of bioactive components and that EAF is a promising bioactive material warranting further pharmaceutical investigation.
ABSTRACT
Lung auscultation is one of the most common methods for screening of lung diseases. The increasingly high rate of respiratory diseases leads to the need for robust methods to detect the abnormalities in patients' breathing sounds. Lung sounds analysis stands out as a promising approach to automatic screening of lung diseases, serving as a second opinion for doctors as a stand-alone device for preliminary screening of lung diseases in remote areas. In previous research on lung classification using ICBHI Database on Kaggle, lung audios are converted to spectral images and fed into deep neural networks for training. There are a few studies which uses the scalogram, however they focussed on classification among different lung diseases. The use of scalograms in categorising the sound types are rarely used. In this paper, we combined scalograms and neural networks for classification of lung sound types. Padding methods and augmentation are also considered to evaluate the impacts on classification score. An ensemble learning is incorporated to increase classification accuracy by utilising voting of many models. The model trained and evaluated has shown prominent improvement of this method on classification on the benchmark ICBHI database.
Subject(s)
Lung Diseases , Respiratory Sounds , Auscultation , Humans , Lung , Lung Diseases/diagnosis , Neural Networks, Computer , Respiratory Sounds/diagnosisABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism (eSCH) is defined by subnormal serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level. There is limited evidence of metabolic changes induced by eSCH. The aim of our work was to evaluate changes in BMI and lipid parameters after radioiodine treatment in patients with grade 1 (TSH: 0.1-0.39 mlU/L) and 2 (TSH <0.1 mlU/L) eSCH. DESIGN: A retrospective study was performed on 74 patients with eSCH caused by benign autonomous nodular goiter which was treated with radioiodine. METHODS: We assessed BMI, lipids parameters, and TSH after radioiodine therapy. The 12-month follow-up time point was used to compare the primary outcome variables. TSH was measured by the electrochemiluminescence method. RESULTS: After radioiodine therapy, the absolute and relative increases in BMI at 12 months were significantly higher in the grade 2 group than in the grade 1 group (1.07 ± 0.27 kg/m2 vs. 0.26 ± 0.15 kg/m2, respectively; p = 0.023 and 4.01 ± 0.98% vs. 1.01 ± 0.56%, respectively; p = 0.026). Compared to baseline, significant increases in the levels of total cholesterol and LDL were observed after treatment in the grade 2 eSCH group (16.7 ± 4.5 mg/dL p < 0.01 and 14.3 ± 4.1 mg/dL p < 0.01, respectively) but not in the grade 1 group. In a multivariate model, a negative correlation was observed between pretreatment TSH levels and absolute BMI gain (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: After correction of eSCH, increases in BMI and LDL levels were observed only in patients with grade 2 eSCH. Pretreatment serum TSH was the main independent factor associated with BMI changes after radioiodine treatment.
