[Temporal and Spatial Variation Characteristics of Heavy Metal in Atmospheric Deposition in China from 2000 to 2018].

Owing to the significant impact of heavy metals in atmospheric deposition on soil, clear knowledge on the present situation and temporal and spatial variation in fluxes of heavy metals in atmospheric deposition all around China is urgently needed. In this study, we collected 99 published papers on deposition fluxes of heavy metals from 2001 to 2021 based on the CNKI and Web of Science database and extracted 718 to 1672 monitoring points from these papers. The Meta-analysis method was used to calculate the weighted average of deposition fluxes of heavy metals, and the spatial-temporal characteristics in different periods from 2000 to 2018 were studied by subgroup analysis, which compared the differences between different types of areas, such as agricultural and rural areas and urban and industrial areas. The results showed that the annual fluxes of heavy metals in atmospheric deposition[mg·(m2·a)-1] in China were as follows:Zn (96.75)>Pb (23.37)>Cu (12.77)>Cr (11.04)>Ni (6.61)>As (2.97)>Cd (0.48)>Hg (0.05). Overall, the estimated value of deposition fluxes in China from 2000 to 2018 was higher than that of rural areas in England from 1995 to 1998. The deposition fluxes in industrial areas and urban areas were much higher than those in the agricultural and rural areas, especially the industrial areas where the heavy metal pollution was more serious. The deposition fluxes of As and Cd in the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan area were relatively high, whereas the atmospheric deposition of heavy metals in Northeast China, the Pearl River Delta, and North China Plain was more serious than that in the other areas. In the past 20 years, the annual deposition fluxes of Cd fluctuated around the overall average, without an obviously declining trend, whereas the deposition fluxes of Cd in the urban, agricultural, and rural areas showed a trend of growth. These results suggested that precise and risk control measures of atmospheric emissions should be established based on the characteristics of regional industrial structure, which should cover all levels, all types, and all regions. In addition, more restrictive measures should be taken to solve the current problem caused by the higher deposition flux of Cd in atmospheric deposition.

[Combined Effect of Weathered Coal Based Amendments and Soil Water Management on Methylmercury Accumulation in Paddy Soil and Rice Grains].

A pot experiment and field experiment were designed to study the changes in the grain methyl mercury content in paddy soil and rice yield by sowing soil amendments that contained weathered coal, CaCO3, and Na2SeO3 as the main raw materials, combined with water management in a paddy field (80% field capacity after the heading and flowering periods). The results showed that:① In pot experiment, the content of methylmercury in rice rhizosphere soil decreased by 86.6% and the content of methylmercury in the rice grains decreased by 65.2% compared with that of the control. In field experiment, the content of methylmercury in rice rhizosphere soil decreased by 77.4% and the content of methylmercury in rice grains decreased by 60.6% upon adding the amendment+water management compared with that of CK. ② The soil pH increased by more than 0.3 in the pot experiment and 0.2 in the field experiment compared with that of the control. Furthermore, rice yield and plant biomass did not decrease in the two parts of the experiment. It can be inferred that the soil amendment and agronomic regulation measures (water management) used in this study have the advantages of quick effects, convenient use, and remarkable control effects and without secondary pollution. More, they can effectively reduce the risk of rice methylmercury exposure.

[Determination of Total Selenium and Arsenic in Coal by Wet Digestion Hydride Generation Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry (HG-AFS)].

In the present work we presented a new method for determination of total Se and As in coal by electric hot plate-mixed acids-hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS), the wet digestion method. The detailed operation procedures of the new method are as follows: About 0. 05~0. 10 g of powdered (200 mesh) coal sample was placed in a glass beaker, 10 mL of nitric acid (HNO3) and 2 mL of perchloric acid (HClO4) were added to the beaker in sequence, then the beaker was covered with a watching glass and placed in a fume cupboard standing overnight. The beaker was placed on an electric hot plate (180 °C) for sample decomposition the next day. The beaker was moved away from the electric hot plate when white smoke arose in the beaker, the sample color turned white or grey and the solution turned clear. Three milliliter of hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution (6 mol . L-1) was added to the beaker after the temperature of the beaker returned to room temperature. The beaker was heated on the electric hot plate again, and then moved away when white smoke started arising again. One milliliter of HCI was added in the beaker after the temperature of the beaker returned to room temperature. After that, the digested sample was transferred to a 25 mL test tube which was filled with ultrapure water to the tube's full volume. This solution was used for Se determination directly. Three milliliter of the Se test solution prepared above was transferred to a 15 mL glass test tube, 1 mL of thiourea/ascorbic acid solution (2. 5 g . mL-1) and 1 mL of the concentrated HCl was added to the 15 mL test tube. The test tube was then filled with ultrapure water to its full volume. The solution was used for As determination after shaking well and 40 min standing. Finally, Se and As concentrations in these prepared solutions were measured by using the AFS-9780 instrument (Beijing Haiguang Instrument Co. , LTD, Beijing, China). Two Chinese Coal Certified Reference Materials (GBW11115 and GBW11117) were tested using this method, and the recoveries of As were 99. 7%~100. 3% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) for As and Se were 5. 6%~6. 0% and 11. 1%~13. 5%, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) of the method for Se and As determination were 0. 01 and 0. 05 µg . L-1, respectively. These results indicated that this new method was suitable for Se and As determination in coal, and it had the advantages of simple operation, high accuracy and reproducibility compared with the Chinese National Standard method.

Regional distribution of longevity population and chemical characteristics of natural water in Xinjiang, China.

Xinjiang Province, China is recognized for the longevity of its inhabitants. To study the temporal and spatial variation of longevity region and chemical characteristics of natural water of longevity region in Xinjiang, three population censuses on county-level and 51 natural water samples from Hotan Prefecture, Xinjiang were collected and analyzed. 103 natural water samples were collected from the public papers. Population statistics on county-level showed that the number of centenarians per 100,000 inhabitants (OC) in Southern Xinjiang was 7.4(year 1990), 4.9(year 2000) and 2.1 times (year 2010) more than that of Northern Xinjiang, respectively. And distribution of the longevity index (LI%), centenarity index (CI%) and number of centenarians per 10,000 over 65 year-old subjects (UC) on county-level decreased from south to north. Natural water in Northern Xinjiang was mainly fresh soft water, and it was mainly fresh hard water and brackish hard water in Southern Xinjiang. Water quality of natural water in Northern Xinjiang was superior compare to that of Southern Xinjiang, while number of centenarians 65 year-old & over per 10,000 subjects in Northern Xinjiang were less than that of Southern Xinjiang before 2010. The research indicates that keeping on drinking water with high total hardness (TH) and Mg/Ca ratio might be good for the health.