ABSTRACT
We examined the results of 1.3 million drug tests performed on patients being monitored for compliance with pain medications and substance abuse rehabilitation to determine if the 2016 CDC prescribing guidelines had any impact on opiate benzodiazepine use. We observed that the combination of the opiate drugs morphine, oxycodone, and hydrocodone with the benzodiazepine metabolites oxazepam, alphahydroxyalprazolam, and 7-aminoclonazepam showed many patients were on a combination of these drugs. This ranged from approximately 9 to 16%. There was considerable variability between opiate drug pairs, but there was a general trend to fewer patients on the combination of opiate-benzodiazepine over the 2016 to 2019 time frame.
Subject(s)
Drug Therapy, Combination/trends , Guideline Adherence/trends , Opioid-Related Disorders/metabolism , Benzodiazepines/adverse effects , Benzodiazepines/therapeutic use , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Drug Interactions/physiology , Drug Therapy, Combination/adverse effects , Guideline Adherence/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Hydrocodone/adverse effects , Morphine/adverse effects , Opiate Alkaloids/adverse effects , Opiate Alkaloids/therapeutic use , Oxycodone/adverse effects , Pain/drug therapy , Pharmaceutical Preparations , United StatesABSTRACT
Fentanyl has been associated with many drug overdose deaths; its presence in many street drugs has been postulated to be increasing. We examined 1.3 million urine drug tests from April 2016 to April 2019 for fentanyl and other drugs. The highest relationship was observed with heroin. Approximately 30%-40% of the drug tests positive for the heroin metabolite 6-monacetylmorphine (6-MAM) were also positive for fentanyl. There was a large variance over time, but the percent positive in 2016 and 2019 were similar. In contrast, there was a definite increase in the presence of fentanyl with cocaine and methamphetamine. There was not a large increase over time associated with methadone, buprenorphine, and marijuana.
Subject(s)
Behavior Control/methods , Drug Overdose/diagnosis , Fentanyl/urine , Pain/drug therapy , Pharmaceutical Preparations/administration & dosage , Rehabilitation/methods , Substance Abuse Detection/methods , Drug Overdose/epidemiology , Drug Overdose/urine , HumansABSTRACT
Cocaine is a common drug of abuse. To detect its use, a screening detection concentration for the cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine is commonly set at 150 ng/mL and its confirmatory cut-off is set at 100 ng/mL. Studies have suggested that these cut-offs may be set too high, allowing some patients with this substance abuse problem to be missed or improperly monitored. With the advent of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technology it is possible to reliably detect and quantify lower concentrations of its metabolite benzoylecgonine as part of a larger drug panel. One purpose of the study was to establish if there was a significant increase in detection of cocaine use with a ten-fold more sensitive cut-off. A very sensitive dilute and shoot assay for benzoylecgonine was developed with a lower limit of quantitation of 5 ng/mL. Validation of the 5 ng/mL cut-off was achieved by plotting all the positive cocaine observations as a frequency distribution on a logarithmic scale. The number of positive results with measurable concentrations below the typical industry 100 ng/mL cut-off level but above the high sensitivity 5 ng/mL cut-off level was observed to be 51.9% of the observed positives. The lower cut-off also allowed a re-evaluation of the window of detection after cessation of use. It was observed to be between 17 and 22 days. © 2016 Precision Diagnostics, LLC. Drug Testing and Analysis published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.