Saponin Extracts Utilization as Dietary Additive in Ruminant Nutrition: A Meta-Analysis of In Vivo Studies.

The present meta-analysis aimed to determine the underlying effects of different saponins extracted from different sources on the production performance, milk yield, digestibility, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, and nitrogen utilization of ruminants. A total of 26 papers comprising 66 in vivo studies (148 data points of dietary treatments) were evaluated in the present study. The databases were statistically analyzed using the mixed model procedure of SAS, where experiments considered random effects and tannin-related factors were treated as fixed effects. Statistical procedures were then continued in comparing different sources of saponin extract through Mixed Model analysis, where experiments were also random factors and sources of saponin extract were fixed factors. The evidence revealed in the present meta-analysis that saponin supplementation of up to 40 g/kg DM appears to have no detrimental impact on feed intake across ruminant types, suggesting that it does not significantly affect diet palatability. However, the results indicated that there are species-specific responses to saponin supplementation, particularly in relation to palatability and nutrient absorption efficiency, with larger ruminants being better able to tolerate the bitterness induced by saponin extracts. Furthermore, the study found that saponin extracts can influence nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation dynamics, with different effects observed in large and small ruminants. While some saponin extracts can enhance average daily weight gain and milk yield, others can have adverse effects, highlighting the importance of considering both saponin sources and animal physiological condition when developing nutritional strategies. Additionally, optimization of ruminant production by utilizing saponin extracts is necessary to avoid negative health implications, such as increased blood creatinine levels. Different saponin extracts utilization in ruminant nutrition and environmental management, have a distinct understanding associated to their various bioactive properties. However, among the saponin sources, saponin extracted from Quilaja saponaria is more likely to improve large ruminant production performance while maintaining ruminant health and metabolism, but negatively affect small ruminants. Further research is needed to unravel the intricate effects of different saponin sources on ruminant health and productivity, emphasizing the importance of tailored dietary strategies that consider the unique physiological and metabolic characteristics of the target livestock.

Impacts of red clover and sainfoin silages on the performance, nutrient utilization and milk fatty acids profile of ruminants: A meta-analysis.

Inclusion of plants rich in secondary metabolites into grass ensiling offers multiple benefits for ruminants, from improving productive performance to health-promoting effects as well as helping to reduce environment pollution. The present meta-analysis summarizes the dietary inclusion levels of red clover silage (RCS) and sainfoin silages (SS) as well as the types of silages fed to dairy cows and small ruminants. A total of 37 in vivo studies (26 articles in dairy cows and 11 articles in small ruminants) were aggregated after being strictly selected using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A mixed model methodology was used to examine our objectives. This method declares the subject 'study' as random effects and 'inclusion level' as fixed effects. Results indicated that RCS proportion was not associated with nutrient digestibility except for a quadratic effect (p < 0.05) on neutral detergent fibre digestibility. Higher RCS inclusion linearly increased (p < 0.05) nitrogen (N) intake but had no effect on dairy cows' production. Increasing RCS proportion altered milk fatty acid profile where the concentration of conjugated linolenic acid (CLA), C18:3 α-linolenic acid (ALA) and C18:0 linearly increased (p < 0.01). In small ruminants, SS proportion had no relationship with nutrient digestibility, N metabolism and growth performance (p > 0.05). However, a combination of dietary RCS + SS resulted in significantly higher (p < 0.05) CLA and ALA concentration in cow milk and average daily gain (ADG) in small ruminants compared to diets composed from either grass silage or alfalfa silage. Altogether, this meta-analysis highlights the synergistic effects of a combination of SS + RCS inclusion in improving milk fatty acids (FA) profile of dairy cows and ADG of small ruminants.

Digestomic data of proteolysis during whether post rumen digestion after tannin supplementation.

The protein degradation of alfalfa hay after tannin supplementation was monitored during wethers digestion. Three rumen-cannulated wethers were infused a tannin solution, and water for control, through the cannula. The digestion time-points samples were collected in vivo in the rumen and in vitro in the abomasum, and the small intestine compartments. The digestomic dataset was acquired by identifying and quantifying the peptides resulting from the protein degradation, using high-resolution LC-MS/MS mass spectrometry and label-free quantitation. The digestomic dataset is the compilation of proteomic data acquired in the rumen and peptidomic data acquired in the abomasum and in the small intestine. The proteomic analysis identified 20 Medicago proteins in the rumen fluid, based on 169 peptides of which 140 are unique. The peptidomic analysis identified 28 Medicago proteins in the abomasum, based on 575 peptides of which 363 are unique, and 11 Medicago proteins in the small intestine, based on 94 peptides of which 63 are unique. This digestomic dataset of proteolysis during sheep post rumen digestion after tannin supplementation reveals the protein regions protected by tannin supplementation, and could be reused in studies related to the protein use efficiency by ruminants.

Impact of Tannin Supplementation on Proteolysis during Post-Ruminal Digestion in Wethers Using a Dynamic In Vitro System: A Plant (Medicago sativa) Digestomic Approach.

The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of tannins on plant protein during sheep digestion using a digestomic approach combining in vivo (rumen) conditions and an in vitro digestive system (abomasum and small intestine). Ruminal fluid from wethers infused with a tannin solution or water (control) was introduced into the digester, and protein degradation was followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Tannin infusion in the rumen led to a clear decrease in protein degradation-related fermentation end-products, whereas ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) protein was more abundant than in control wethers. In the simulated abomasum, peptidomic analysis showed more degradation products of RuBisCo in the presence of tannins. The effect of RuBisCo protection by tannins continued to impact Rubisco digestion into early-stage intestinal digestion but was no longer detectable in late-stage intestinal digestion. The peptidomics approach proved a potent tool for identifying and quantifying the type of protein hydrolyzed throughout the gastrointestinal tract.

Use of agro-industrial by-products containing tannins for the integrated control of gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants.

Previous studies have illustrated that different bioactive legume fodders containing condensed tannins might represent one of the options for integrated sustainable control of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in ruminants, which may help address the worldwide development of resistance to synthetic anthelmintics. More recently, impetus has been given to assess the potential antiparasitic activity of less conventional resources, represented by different agro-industrial by-products (AIBPs). This review presents in vitro and in vivo results obtained with a range of tannin-containing AIBPs of various geographical and botanical origins, namely AIBP of nuts, temperate and tropical barks, carob, coffee and cocoa. They tend to confirm the "proof of concept" for their antiparasitic effects and also for other aspects of ruminant production in an agro-ecological context. Socio-economic aspects of the exploitation of such non-conventional resources are also discussed as potential models of the circular economy, by using waste. The different modes of use of these resources are presented in this review, as well as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analyses to illustrate the advantages and limitations of on-farm use.

TITLE: Utilisation de sous-produits agro-industriels contenant des tanins pour le contrôle intégré des nématodes gastro-intestinaux chez les ruminants. ABSTRACT: Plusieurs études antérieures ont illustré le fait que des légumineuses bioactives contenant des tannins condensés peuvent représenter une des alternatives à intégrer avec d'autres options pour une maitrise durable des nématodes gastro-intestinaux en réponse au développement constant et à l'expansion continue à l'échelle mondiale des résistances aux anthelminthiques de synthèse. Des recherches plus récentes se sont intéressées au potentiel d'application de ressources moins conventionnelles que représentent des coproduits agroindustriels (CPAI). Cette revue vise à présenter des résultats in vitro et in vivo obtenus avec une gamme de CPAI d'origines géographiques et botaniques diversifiées (coproduits de l'industrie des noix, du bois (en régions tempérées et tropicales), du caroubier, du café et du cacao). Ces résultats ont confirmé la preuve de concept pour les effets antiparasitaires, et aussi pour d'autres volets de la production des ruminants dans un contexte agro écologique de l'élevage. Par ailleurs, les aspects socio-économiques d'exploitation de ces ressources, considérées jusqu'à présent comme des déchets, dans un modèle de circuits courts sont aussi évoqués. Les avantages et inconvénients des différentes modalités d'exploitation des CPAI sont aussi discutés dans le cadre d'une analyse SWOT.

Tannin supplementation modulates the composition and function of ruminal microbiome in lambs infected with gastrointestinal nematodes.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of tannin supplementation on ruminal microbiota of sixteen lambs infected and non-infected with Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Animals were fed with hay, concentrate and supplemented with Acacia mearnsii (A. mearnsii). The animals were divided into four treatments: two control groups without infection, either receiving A. mearnsii (C+) or not (C-), and two infected groups, one with A. mearnsii (I+) and another without A. mearnsii (I-). Ruminal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and metagenome sequencing of ruminal microbiota were used to evaluate the effect of tannin and infection on ruminal microbiome. For SCFA, differences were observed only with A. mearnsii. Total SCFA and acetate molar percentage were decreased in C+ and I+ (P<0.05). Butyrate, valerate and isovalerate were higher in lambs that received A. mearnsii in the diet (P<0.05). The infection changed the microbiome structure and decreased the abundance of butyrate-producing microorganisms. In addition, A. mearnsii supplementation also affected the structure the microbial community, increasing the diversity and abundance of the butyrate-producing and probiotics bacteria, amino acid metabolic pathways, purine, pyrimidine and sphingolipid metabolism. Together, our findings indicate that A. mearnsii supplementation modulates important groups related to nitrogen, amino acid, purine and pyrimidine metabolism, in rumen microbiome, affected by gastrointestinal nematodes infection in lambs.

Effects of Acacia mearnsii supplementation on nutrition, parasitological, blood parameters and methane emissions in Santa Inês sheep infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Haemonchus contortus.

Gastrointestinal nematodes are a main problem for ruminant production, reducing animal performance and increasing environmental impact per unit of animal product generated. Tannin supplementation may lead to positive results regarding aspects such as parasitic infections and methane (CH4) emissions. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of the condensed tannins (CT) extract made of powdered Acacia mearnsii bark (PAB) on nutrition, parasitic status and CH4 emissions in sheep artificially infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Haemonchus contortus. Twenty 10-month old Santa Inês lambs (24.7 ± 3.14 kg of initial body weight) were used in a 50-day trial. Animals were divided in four treatment groups according to parasitic infection and PAB supplementation: two control groups without infections, one without PAB (C-) (n = 4) and one with PAB (C+) (n = 4); two infected groups, one without PAB (I-) (n = 6) and another receiving PAB (I+) (n = 6). Initially, animals were kept in individual pens where they were fed ad libitum chopped tifton 85 hay (Cynodon spp.) and 210 g/animal/day of concentrate. On the first day of experiment, animals of I- and I+ groups were artificially infected with infective larvae (L3) of T. colubriformis and H. contortus. Lambs were weighed fortnightly to calculate average daily body weight gain (ADG). Blood and faeces samples were also collected in the same moment of weighing for the evaluation of blood parameters and faecal egg count (FEC) respectively. After 40 days of experiment, measurements of CH4 emissions in small chamber system started and following that, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) assay was carried out in metabolic cages. In the end of experimental period (50 days), lambs were slaughtered and samples of abomasum and small intestine content were collected for worm count, identification, and eggs/female count. No significant (p > 0.05) treatment effects were verified for ADG, ATTD and worm count. Blood parameters were affected in both infected groups (p < 0.05) from the 28th experimental day onwards, when these animals started to show reduced red blood cells, haemoglobin and packed cell volume when compared to C- and C+. Decreased FEC was verified in I+ when compared to I- and also, H. contortus eggs/female worm for I+ was lower than for I- (p < 0.05). Both infected groups showed higher CH4 emissions than the control groups (p < 0.05). Results highlighted the anthelmintic potential of PAB and indicated methanogenic effect of parasitic nematode infections.

Feeding lambs with silage mixtures of grass, sainfoin and red clover improves meat oxidative stability under high oxidative challenge.

This study investigated the oxidative stability of meat from lambs fed silages in which timothy grass was totally or partially replaced by sainfoin and/or red clover. Five groups of 8 lambs were fed the following silages: timothy grass (T), mixture (50:50) of timothy with either sainfoin (T-SF) or red clover (T-RC), mixture of timothy, sainfoin and red clover (50:25:25; T-SF-RC), or mixture (50:50) of sainfoin and red clover (SF-RC). Feeding the silages containing red clover (T-RC, T-SF-RC and SF-RC) decreased the deposition of vitamin E in muscle relative to the highly unsaturated fatty acids (P < .001), did not affect the oxidative stability of fresh meat, but reduced oxidative deterioration in cooked meat and in meat homogenates incubated with pro-oxidant catalysts (P < .001). The results of this study demonstrated that feeding lambs with silages containing sainfoin and red clover improve the oxidative stability of meat subjected to strong pro-oxidant conditions and suggest that these effects should be further clarified.

Comparison of the in vitro anthelmintic effects of Acacia nilotica and Acacia raddiana.

Gastrointestinal nematodes are a major threat to small ruminant rearing in the Sahel area, where farmers traditionally use bioactive plants to control these worms, including Acacia nilotica and Acacia raddiana. The main aim of this study was to screen the potential anthelmintic properties of aqueous and acetone extracts of leaves of these two plants based on three in vitro assays: (1) the egg hatch inhibition assay (EHA); (2) the larvae exsheathment inhibition assay (LEIA) using Haemonchus contortus as a model; and (3) an adult mortality test (AMT) applied on Caenorhabditis elegans. For the EHA, only A. raddiana was effective with IC50 = 1.58 mg/mL for aqueous extract, and IC50 = 0.58 mg/mL for acetonic extract. For the LEIA, all extracts inhibited the exsheathment of larvae compared to the controls, and the aqueous extract of A. nilotica was more larvicidal with IC50 = 0.195 mg/mL. In general, all responses to the substances were dose-dependent and were significantly different from the control group (p < 0.05). For the AMT, the extracts of the two Acacia species were effective but A. raddiana showed greater efficacy with 100% mortality at 2.5 mg/mL and LC50 = 0.84 mg/mL (acetonic extract). The addition of polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (PVPP) to the extracts suggested that tannins were responsible for blocking egg eclosion and inducing adult mortality but were not responsible for exsheathment inhibition. These results suggest that the leaves of these Acacia species possess ovicidal and larvicidal activities in vitro against H. contortus, and adulticidal effects against C. elegans.

Sodium Hydroxide Enhances Extractability and Analysis of Proanthocyanidins in Ensiled Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia).

Little information exists on the effects of ensiling on condensed tannins or proanthocyanidins. The acetone-butanol-HCl assay is suitable for measuring proanthocyanidin contents in a wide range of samples, silages included, but provides limited information on proanthocyanidin composition, which is of interest for deciphering the relationships between tannins and their bioactivities in terms of animal nutrition or health. Degradation with benzyl mercaptan (thiolysis) provides information on proanthocyanidin composition, but proanthocyanidins in several sainfoin silages have proved resistant to thiolysis. We now report that a pretreatment step with sodium hydroxide prior to thiolysis was needed to enable their analysis. This alkaline treatment increased their extractability from ensiled sainfoin and facilitated especially the release of larger proanthocyanidins. Ensiling reduced assayable proanthocyanidins by 29%, but the composition of the remaining proanthocyanidins in silage resembled that of the fresh plants.

Fifty thousand years of Arctic vegetation and megafaunal diet.

Although it is generally agreed that the Arctic flora is among the youngest and least diverse on Earth, the processes that shaped it are poorly understood. Here we present 50 thousand years (kyr) of Arctic vegetation history, derived from the first large-scale ancient DNA metabarcoding study of circumpolar plant diversity. For this interval we also explore nematode diversity as a proxy for modelling vegetation cover and soil quality, and diets of herbivorous megafaunal mammals, many of which became extinct around 10 kyr bp (before present). For much of the period investigated, Arctic vegetation consisted of dry steppe-tundra dominated by forbs (non-graminoid herbaceous vascular plants). During the Last Glacial Maximum (25-15 kyr bp), diversity declined markedly, although forbs remained dominant. Much changed after 10 kyr bp, with the appearance of moist tundra dominated by woody plants and graminoids. Our analyses indicate that both graminoids and forbs would have featured in megafaunal diets. As such, our findings question the predominance of a Late Quaternary graminoid-dominated Arctic mammoth steppe.