ABSTRACT
Blooms of the harmful algae species Karenia brevis are frequent off the southwest coast of Florida despite having relatively slow growth rates. The regional frequency of these harmful algal blooms led to the examination of the dominant estuarine outflows for effects on both K. brevis and the phytoplankton community in general. There is comparatively little information on the growth rates of non-Karenia taxonomic groups other than diatoms. A seasonally based series (Fall, Winter, and Spring) of bioassay experiments were conducted to determine the nutrient response of the coastal phytoplankton community. Treatments included estuarine waters (Tampa Bay, Charlotte Harbor, and the Caloosahatchee River) applied in a 1:25 dilution added to coastal water to mimic the influence of estuarine water in a coastal environment. Other treatments were 5-15 µM additions of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and silica (Si) species, amino acids, and N (urea) + P added to coastal water. Incubations were conducted under ambient conditions with shading for 48 h. Analyses of dissolved and particulate nutrients were coupled with HPLC analysis of characteristic photopigments and taxonomic assignments of biomass via CHEMTAX. The coastal phytoplankton community, dominated by diatoms, cyanophytes and prasinophytes, was significantly different both by bioassay and by season, indicating little seasonal fidelity in composition. Specific growth rates of chlorophyll a indicated no significant difference between any controls, any estuarine treatment, P, or Si treatments. Conditions were uniformly N-limited with the highest growth rates in diatom biomass. Despite differing initial communities, however, there were seasonally reproducible changes in community due to the persistent growth or decline of the various taxa, including haptophytes, cyanophytes, and cryptophytes. For the one bioassay in which K. brevis was present, the slow growth of K. brevis relative to diatoms in a mixed community was evident, indicating that identifying the seasonally based behavior of other taxa in response to nutrients is critical for the simulation of phytoplankton competition and the successful prediction of the region's harmful algal blooms.
Subject(s)
Cyanobacteria , Diatoms , Dinoflagellida , Phytoplankton/metabolism , Seasons , Chlorophyll A/metabolism , Florida , Diatoms/metabolism , Nutrients , WaterABSTRACT
Given the well-known linkage between diabetes mellitus (DM) and tuberculosis (TB), the World Health Organization recommends bidirectional screening. Here we report the first screening effort of its kind from a chest clinic in the Ampara district of Sri Lanka. Of 112 TB patients registered between January 2013 and October 2014, eight had pre-existing DM. Of those remaining, 83 (80%) underwent fasting plasma glucose testing, of whom two (2%) and 17 (20%) were found to have diabetes and impaired fasting glucose, respectively. All of these were enrolled in care. Screening TB patients for DM was found to be feasible at the district level. Further studies at the provincial/country level are required before making any decision to scale up bidirectional screening.
Etant donné le lien bien connu entre diabète (DM) et tuberculose (TB), l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé recommande un dépistage bidirectionnel. Nous rapportons ici le premier effort de dépistage de ce type au Sri Lanka dans un centre de maladies respiratoires du district d'Ampara. Sur 112 patients TB enregistrés entre janvier 2013 et octobre 2014, huit avaient un DM préexistant. Parmi les autres, 83 (80%) ont eu une glycémie à jeun et parmi eux, respectivement deux (2%) et 17 (20%) ont eu un diabète et une glycémie à jeun trop élevée; tous ont été enrôlés dans un programme de soins. Le dépistage du DM chez des patients TB s'est avéré faisable au niveau du district. D'autres études au niveau provincial/national sont nécessaires avant de décider l'extension de la stratégie.
Dado el vínculo reconocido entre la diabetes (DM) y la tuberculosis (TB), la Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda la detección sistemática bidireccional. En el presente estudio se comunica la primera campaña de detección de este tipo emprendida en Sri Lanka, en un consultorio de neumología del distrito de Ampara. De los 112 pacientes notificados al registro de TB de enero del 2013 a octubre del 2014, en ocho prexistía el diagnóstico de DM. De los casos restantes (80%), en 83 se practicó la glucemia plasmática en ayunas y se puso en evidencia el diagnóstico de DM en dos de ellos (2%) y 17 pacientes presentaron una glucemia basal alterada (20%); todos los pacientes ingresaron a un programa de atención. Se confirmó que es factible practicar la detección sistemática de la DM en los pacientes con diagnóstico de TB a escala distrital. Será necesario realizar estudios a escala de la provincia y del país antes de adoptar decisiones de ampliación de escala de la medida.
ABSTRACT
Two benzophenanthrene alkaloids, 8-acetonyldihydronitidine and 8-acetonyldihydroavicine were isolated from Zanthoxylum tetraspermum stem bark along with liriodenine, sesamin, lichexanthone and (+)-piperitol-gamma,gamma-dimethylallylether. The species endemic to Sri Lanka, Z. caudatum, contained sesamin, savinin, liriodenine, decarine and 8-O-desmethyl-N-nornitidine. 8-Acetonyldihydronitidine and 8-acetonyldihydroavicine showed significant antibacterial activity while the former along with liriodenine was strongly antifungal. Savinin exhibited potent spermicidal activity. Both savinin and sesamin exhibited significant insecticidal activity.
