Isotemporal substitution analysis of time between sedentary behavior, and physical activity on sleep quality in younger adults: a multicenter study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of replacing time spent in sedentary behavior (SB) with moderate to vigorous physical activity on sleep quality in young adults. METHODS: Multicenter cross-sectional study, carried out with students enrolled in undergraduate courses at universities in Brazil. Sleep quality was assessed using a question of the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-brief) and classified as good or poor sleep quality. SB was evaluated by self-reported total sitting time, and the level of leisure-time PA was classified according to the intensity of moderate-intensity physical activity (MPA) and vigorous-intensity physical activity (VPA), which were assessed using a self-reported questionnaire. An isotemporal replacement logistic model was used to evaluate the effects of different SB, MPA, and VPA sessions on sleep quality. RESULTS: A total of 8,059 study participants were evaluated, the majority had poor sleep quality (64.79%), were physically inactive (48.28%, defined as practicing < 150 min of MPA or < 75 min of VPA per week), and spent ≥ 9 h/day in SB (55.08%). The multivariate model showed an association between non-adherence to wake-based movement guidelines and poor sleep quality, where those with one altered behavior were 43% more likely to have poor sleep quality (OR:1.43;95%CI:1.27 to 1.60), while individuals with two altered behaviors were 97% more likely (OR:1.97;95%CI:1.73 to 2.24). In the isotemporal analysis, replacing MPA and VPA with equivalent time in SB increased the odds of poor sleep at all times assessed, with peaks of 56% for MPA and 68% for VPA. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study indicate that replacing SB with the same amount of MPA or VPA may reduce poor sleep quality.

Sedentary behavior is associated with the mental health of university students during the Covid-19 pandemic, and not practicing physical activity accentuates its adverse effects: cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Movement behaviours, such as sedentary behavior (SB) and physical inactivity, have become a public health issue due to their implications for physical and mental health. The literature indicates that the university environment influences the movement behaviors of university students, and the strategies adopted during the pandemic may have favored a decrease in the practice of physical activity and an increase in the time dedicated to SB in this population. We aimed to evaluate the association of SB and moderate to vigorous leisure-time physical activity (MVPA) with presence of symptoms of mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This is a multicenter survey conducted with undergraduate students from eight Brazilian universities between October 2021 and February 2022 using an online questionnaire. The outcome variable was symptoms of anxiety and depression, assessed by the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21. SB was assessed by total sitting time, being that individuals with ≥ 9 h/day were classified with high SB. The practice of MVPA was evaluated based on weekly frequency, duration, and type of exercise. Subsequently, the ratio between the time spent in MVPA (minutes/day) and the time spent in SB (hours/day) was calculated, being considered as cutoff point was the practice of 2.5 min of MVPA for each sedentary hour. To assess the association between the outcome and explanatory variables, multivariable logistic regression was performed. RESULTS: A total of 8,650 students participated in the study, with an average age of 23.9 years (SD: ± 6.34). In the multivariate analysis, the odds of anxiety symptoms [OR: 1.37 (95% CI: 1.24-1.50)] and depression [OR: 1.61 (95% CI: 1.47-1.77)] were higher in individuals with ≥ 9 h of SB per day. In the analysis of the relationship between MVPA and SB, not engaging in 2.5 min of MVPA per hour of SB increases the odds of anxiety symptoms [OR: 1.44 (95% CI: 1.31-1.58)] and depression [OR: 1.74 (95% CI: 1.59-1.92)]. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that SB is a risk factor associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression and that not engaging in MVPA exacerbates the negative effects of SB.

Associação entre insuficiência cardíaca e consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados em idosos: um estudo transversal / Association between heart failure and consumption of ultra-processed foods in older adults: a cross-sectional study

Resumo Objetivo Estimar a prevalência de insuficiência cardíaca (IC) e explorar sua possível associação com o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados (AUP) em idosos. Método Este estudo transversal utilizou prontuários médicos de 1.322 idosos (55% mulheres; idade média de 70,4 anos) tratados na atenção primária à saúde no estado de Roraima, Brasil. Um cardiologista diagnosticou a IC com base em testes diagnósticos como ecocardiografia, avaliação clínica e análise do histórico médico. Nutricionistas avaliaram o consumo de AUP utilizando um formulário nacional comumente utilizado nas unidades de saúde primária brasileiras. Resultados Os achados revelaram que 15,4% dos idosos tinham IC. Observaram-se associações significativas entre grupos de AUP e IC, com a probabilidade de IC variando de OR=1,97 (IC 95% =1,36-2,84) para o consumo de hambúrgueres e/ou salsichas a OR=2,59 (IC 95% =1,73-3,74) para o consumo de biscoitos, doces e guloseimas. Conclusão O consumo de AUP foi associado a uma alta prevalência de IC nessa amostra de idosos brasileiros. Formuladores de políticas e profissionais de saúde diretamente envolvidos com essa população devem colaborar em ações direcionadas e orientações para reduzir o consumo de AUP e aumentar a ingestão de alimentos não processados.

Abstract Objective To estimate the prevalence of heart failure (HF) and explore its potential association with the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) in older adults. Method This cross-sectional study utilized medical records of 1,322 older adults (55% women; mean age of 70.4 years) treated in primary health care facilities in the state of Roraima, Brazil. A cardiologist diagnosed HF based on diagnostic tests such as echocardiography, clinical evaluation, and analysis of medical history. Nutritionists assessed UPF consumption using a nationally standardized form commonly employed in Brazilian primary health care units. Results The findings revealed that 15.4% of older adults had HF. Significant associations were observed between UPF groups and HF, with the probability of HF ranging from OR=1.97 (95% CI=1.36-2.84) for the consumption of hamburgers and/or sausages to OR=2.59 (95% CI=1.73-3.74) for the consumption of filled biscuits, sweets, and treats. Conclusion The consumption of UPF was associated with a high prevalence of HF in this sample of Brazilian older adults. Policymakers and healthcare professionals directly involved with this population should collaborate on targeted interventions and guidelines to reduce UPF consumption and increase the intake of unprocessed foods.

Animated Videos Based on Food Processing for Guidance of Brazilian Adults: Validation Study.

BACKGROUND: Ultraprocessed foods (UPFs) contribute almost one-fifth of the calories consumed by the Brazilian population. This consumption has been favored by aspects such as the ease of acquisition and low cost of this food group. Initiatives focused on supporting and promoting healthy eating practices have been implemented. Among them, the availability of educational resources is an important strategy to maximize the effectiveness of these actions in the field of food and nutrition education (FNE). OBJECTIVE: This study aims to describe the development and validation process of animated videos based on the NOVA food classification for FNE actions aimed at Brazilian adults. METHODS: This methodological study was developed in the following 4 phases: planning, preproduction, production, and postproduction. In the planning phase, a literature review was con-ducted on the topic and to define the content to be covered. The design of the material was based on the cognitive theory of multimedia learning. In the preproduction phase, video scripts were developed and evaluated by 7 content specialists. In the production phase, videos were developed based on the assessed scripts and then assessed by 3 multimedia production specialists. In the postproduction phase, the videos were evaluated by 15 representatives of the target audience. All results obtained in the evaluation phases were analyzed using the content validity index (CVI). RESULTS: We developed 3 animated videos covering the following themes: food processing levels, food categories according to processing levels, and UPFs and their impact on health. In the evaluation by the content specialists, the scripts of videos 1, 2, and 3 obtained CVIs at the scale level and average method equal to 0.96, 0.98, and 0.98, respectively. When the animated videos were evaluated by multimedia production specialists and representatives of the target audience, these indexes were equal to 1.0. These results attest to the videos' adequacy and quality in communicating the addressed content. CONCLUSIONS: The animated videos developed and validated in this study proved to be adequate for their purpose. Thus, it is expected that they will be an important instrument for FNE actions aimed at an adult audience and for disseminating the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population.

Consumption of sweetened beverages is associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes in Brazilian adults (CUME project).

BACKGROUND AND AIM: To evaluate the association between the energy consumption of sweetened beverages (SBs) adjusted for daily energy intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS: This was a prospective study with 2480 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-free Cohort of Universities of Minas Gerais (CUME) participants at baseline and 2-4 years of follow-up. A longitudinal analysis was performed with generalized equation estimation to verify the effect of SB consumption, adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle variables, on the incidence of T2DM. The incidence of T2DM was 2.78%. The median calorie intake of daily SB consumption adjusted for energy was 47.7 kcal/day. Participants with the highest consumption of SBs (≥47.7 kcal/day) were 63% (odds ratio [OR] = 1.63; p value-0.049) more likely to acquire T2DM over time compared to the lowest consumption (<47.7 kcal/day). CONCLUSIONS: Higher energy consumption from SBs favored a higher incidence of T2DM among CUME participants. The results reinforce the need for marketing restrictions on these foods and taxation to reduce the consumption of these beverages to prevent T2DM and other chronic noncommunicable diseases.

The Galactagogue Effect of Maternal Ingestion of Corn-Based Preparations: A Preliminary Study.

Background: Low human milk production frequently occurs in mothers of premature children with low birth weights who require intensive care. Research Aims: To investigate whether corn-based preparations increase human milk production in women with insufficient milk volumes. Method: This was an intervention study evaluated whether there was an increase in human milk production after a mother's consumption of corn-based preparations. The participants included women with hypogalactia and mothers of infants in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units. The corn-based preparations included green corn cakes and sweet hominies. A total of 35 mother-infant pairs participated in this study. Each mother served as their own control. The study took place over 2 weeks, and data were collected at baseline and after the intervention. At baseline, a socioeconomic questionnaire was used to collect information regarding maternal food consumption, volume of milk expressed, and infant weight and length. All evaluations, except for questionnaire administration, were performed during the intervention phase, when the lactating women ingested the corn-based preparations. Results: A significantly higher average volume of milk was expressed in the intervention period (397.6 ± 182.6 mL/day) compared to baseline (343.6 ± 155.8 mL/day) on the paired t-test (p < 0.001) analysis. Neither energy nor macronutrients consumed correlated with milk volume. Conclusion: The tested corn-based preparations acted as galactagogues and could be used to stimulate milk production in lactating women.

Validação de uma tecnologia educacional para promoçãoda alimentação saudável na escola / Validation of educational technology to promote healthy eating at school. Introduction

A Educação Alimentar e Nutricional pode favorecer a formação de hábitos alimentares saudáveis no ambiente escolar. No entanto, há escassez de materiais que auxiliemaos docentes na sua inclusão de forma transversal no currículo escolar. Objectivo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi validar uma tecnologia educacional para auxiliar docentes a atuarem como promotores da alimentação saudável no ambiente escolar. Materiais e métodos. Trata-se de um estudo metodológico de validação de conteúdo e aparência de um livro de atividades para auxiliar docentes a incluírem a educação alimentar e nutricional de forma transversal no currículo escolar do Brasil. Utilizou-se o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC) e participaram 15 juízes de três especialidades: 1) juízes de conteúdo (nutricionistas); 2) juízes técnicos (pedagogos); e 3) juízes de design e marketing. Depois da primeira avaliação, foi realizado ajuste na tecnologia educacional, incorporando sugestões dos especialistas e, subsequentemente, foi avaliada pelo grupo-alvo: 35 docentes do ensino fundamental I. Finalizadas as avaliações, foram calculados o IVC, o Suitability Assessment of Materials eo alpha de Cronbach, para avaliar a qualidade e compreensão do material educativo, e confiabilidade dos instrumentos. Resultados. A proporção de concordância dos nutricionistas foi 0.99, dos pedagogos 1.0, dos especialistas em design de 84,6%, enquanto a do público alvo foi de 92,1%. Esses achados indicam que a tecnologia educacional apresenta conteúdo, estilo da escrita e aparência adequados, além de boa organização e motivação para leitura pelo grupo-alvo. Conclusão. Espera-se que o material validado seja um importante instrumento para inclusão da educação alimentar e nutricional no ambiente escolar(AU)

Food and Nutrition Education can favor the formation of healthy eating habits in the school environment. However, there is a shortage of materials that helps teachers to include it in a transversal way in the school curriculum. Objective. The present study aimed to validate an educational technology to assist teachers to act as promoters of healthy eating in the school environment. Materials and methods. This is a methodological study of content validation and appearance of an activity book to assist teachers to include food and nutrition education across the Brazilian school curriculum. The Content Validity Index (CVI) was used and 15 judges from three specialties participated: 1) content judges (nutritionists); 2) technical judges (pedagogues); and 3) design and marketing judges. After the first evaluation, an adjustment was made in the educational technology, incorporating the expert's suggestions and, subsequently, it was evaluated by the target group: 35 elementary school I teachers. After the evaluations, the CVI, the Suitability Assessment of Materials and the Cronbach's alpha were calculated to evaluate, used to guarantee the quality and understanding of the educational material, and the reliability of the instruments. Results. The proportion of agreement of nutritionists was 0.99, of the pedagogues 1.0, of the design specialists was 84.6%, while of the target audience was 92.1%. These findings indicate that educational technology has adequate content, writing style, and appearance, in addition to good organization and motivation for reading the target group. Conclusion. The validated material is expected to be an important tool for including food and nutrition education in the school environment(AU)

Dietary Selenium Intake and Type-2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study on CUME Project.

Background and Aim: Previous studies have suggested that the specific association between selenium (Se) and diabetes remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between dietary Se and type-2 diabetes (T2D) in the Brazilian cohort [Cohort of Universities of Minas Gerais (CUME)]. Methods and Results: This cross-sectional study was conducted with a large sample comprising 4,106 participants of the CUME project, a concurrent open cohort restricted to a highly educated population group, composed of graduates of federal institutions of higher education located in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Data on socioeconomic and dietary characteristics, as well as anthropometric measures, were collected from each subject for analysis. The sample was classified into energy-adjusted tertiles of dietary Se intake (µg/day). Differences in the continuous data were evaluated by the Kruskal-Wallis H-test (abnormal data), and the χ2-test assessed differences in qualitative data. As there was no relationship between T2D and Se intake in the bivariate analysis, multivariate analysis was not performed. The prevalence of T2D in the studied population was 2.8%. The mean age was 36 years. Regarding gender, 1,209 are males and 2,807 are females. Among females, the mean Se intake was 165.12 µg/day and the mean intake was 157.4 µg/day. Among males, it was 168.4 µg/day. Significant differences were observed across all Se intake tertiles in terms of age, gender, activity level, alcohol intake, energy intake, sugar, carbohydrates, lipids, fiber, and energy-adjusted meat intake. However, no significant differences were observed across all Se intake tertiles in terms of BMI, smoking status, and T2D. The results indicated that there was no significant association between dietary Se intake and the prevalence of T2D. Conclusion: Dietary Se intake was not associated with the prevalence of T2D, despite the high intake of this micronutrient in the sample. These results contradict studies that identified the association between Se intake and T2D, with values of Se intake much lower than those observed in this study. Thus, this relationship seems to remain controversial.

Controle glicêmico de idosos com diabetes: caracterização e fatores associados / Glycemic control of elderly people with diabetes: characterization and associated factors

Objetivos: avaliar o controle glicêmico de idosos com diabetes mellitus (DM) atendidos num Centro Estadual de Atenção Especializada (CEAE) e conhecer seus fatores associados. Métodos: estudo investigativo e retrospectivo realizado com idosos que possuem DM, atendidos no referido centro. As variáveis estudadas foram condições socioe-conômica, marital, dietética e bioquímica. Teste qui-quadrado e regressão logística foram utilizados para análise dos fatores associados ao controle glicêmico. Resultados: a maioria dos idosos eram do gênero feminino (75,4%), estavam com excesso de peso (74,0%), viviam sem companheiro/a (50,9%), tinham idade inferior a 70 anos (68,4%) e faziam acompanhamento no CEAE há menos de dois anos (58,7%). Observou-se maiores frequências de consumo de alimentos indicadores de alimentação saudável, no entanto, percentual considerável relatou consumo de açúcar (21,1%), banha de porco (36,8%) e preparações doces (21,0%). Aproximadamente 31,6% apresentavam mau controle glicêmico de DM, e o estado marital e consumir manteiga foram as variáveis associada a ele, indicando que os idosos que viviam sem companheiro apresentaram quase 4 vezes mais chances de estarem com mau controle glicêmico e os que consomem manteiga quase 3,5 vezes mais chance quando comparado com os que não consomem. Conclusão: grande parte dos idosos estava com mau controle glicêmico e perfil alimentar considerado não saudável, isto os coloca em risco já que um dos pilares do tratamento do diabetes é a alimentação.(AU)

Objectives: To evaluate the glycemic control of elderly people with diabetes mellitus (DM) treated at a State Center of Specialized Care (SCSC) and to know its associated factors. Methods: Investigative and retrospective study with elderly people with DM attended at that center. The variables studied were socioeconomic, marital, dietary and biochemical conditions. Chi-square test and logistic regression were used to analyze factors associated with glycemic control. Results: Most of the elderly were female (75.4%), were obese (74.0%), lived without a partner (50.9%), were younger than 70 years old (68.4%) and had been followed up at the SCSC for less than two years (59.6%). Higher frequencies of consumption of healthy eating indicators were observed. However, a considerable percentage reported consumption of sucrose (23.8%), lard (34.9%), sweets and desserts (20.6%). Approximately 31.6% have poor glycemic control. Marital status and consuming butter were the variables associated with it, indicating that elderly people, who lived without a partner, were almost four times more likely to have poor glycemic control, while those who consume butter were almost 3.5 times more chance when compared to those who did not. Conclusion: A large part of the elderly people had poor glycemic control and an unhealthy diet profile; this puts them at risk since one of the pillars of diabetes treatment is food.(AU)

Independent and combined effect of home-based progressive resistance training and nutritional supplementation on muscle strength, muscle mass and physical function in dynapenic older adults with low protein intake: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: With the aging phenomenon, there is growing interest in developing effective strategies to counteract dynapenia, the age-related loss of muscle strength. The positive effect of progressive resistance training on muscle strength is well known, however, the effect of nutritional supplementation or its synergistic effect along with exercise on muscle strength is not a consensus in the literature, especially in populations with low protein intake. METHODS: We analyzed the muscle strength (handgrip strength and sit-to-stand test), muscle mass, body mass index, insulin resistance, and physical function (gait speed, timed up & go test, and single-leg-stance test) of 69 dynapenic older adults with low protein intake, before and after the intervention period of three months. The participants were randomly allocated into four groups: resistance training, supplementation, resistance training plus supplementation, and control. RESULTS: There was a significant group x time interaction on the following outcome measures: handgrip strength (p <  0.001), gait speed (p =  0.023), and sit-to-stand test (p <  0.001). Considering the outcomes that showed a significant difference between and within groups, only the resistance training group and the resistance training plus supplementation group showed a large effect size in handgrip strength, gait speed, and sit-to-stand test, whereas the supplementation group showed a moderate effect size in gait speed. After the intervention period, there was no difference between the resistance training and the resistance training plus supplementation groups. CONCLUSION: This study reinforces the value of resistance training in improving muscle strength. The nutritional supplementation added no further benefits in this specific population. Registration number at the Brazilian registry of clinical trials: RBR-4HRQJF.

[Factors associated with dietary patterns in the second half of life]. / Fatores associados aos padrões alimentares no segundo semestre de vida.

The aim of this paper is to identify eating patterns of children aged 6, 9 and 12 months and their association with socioeconomic, behavioral, birth and nutrition variables. Cross-sectional study with children from a cohort in Viçosa-MG, with 112 children at 6 months, 149 at 9 months and 117 at 12 months. Food intake was assessed by a 24-hour recall and patterns extracted by cluster analysis. Breast milk was identified in at least one dietary pattern every month. There was a low participation of ultra-processed foods in the identified dietary patterns. At month 6, children with lower family income were less likely to belong to the dietary pattern composed of milk formulas. Already overweight/obesity was 3.69 times higher in children who made up the pattern 2 (dairy formulas, vegetables, vegetables, beef and pear). At 12 months height deficit (PR = 3.28) and bottle use (PR = 4.51) were associated with the dietary pattern composed of milk formulas and cow's milk. The dietary patterns identified reflected the important participation of breast milk in children's diets. Dietary patterns with the presence of other types of milk were associated with nutritional deviations and bottle feeding.

O objetivo deste artigo é identificar padrões alimentares de crianças com 6, 9 e 12 meses e sua associação com variáveis socioeconômicas, comportamentais, de nascimento e nutrição. Estudo transversal com crianças de uma coorte em Viçosa-MG, sendo 112 crianças com 6 meses, 149 com 9 meses e 117 com 12 meses. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por um recordatório de 24 horas e os padrões extraídos por análise de agrupamentos. O leite materno foi identificado em pelo menos um padrão alimentar em todos os meses. Houve baixa participação de alimentos ultraprocessados nos padrões alimentares identificados. No 6º mês, crianças com menor renda familiar tiveram menos chance de pertencer ao padrão alimentar composto por fórmulas lácteas. Já o sobrepeso/obesidade foi 3,69 vezes maior em crianças que compunham o padrão 2 (fórmulas lácteas, verduras, legumes, carne bovina e pera). Aos 12 meses o déficit de estatura (RP = 3,28) e o uso de mamadeira (RP = 4,51) estiveram associados ao padrão alimentar composto por fórmulas lácteas e leite de vaca. Os padrões alimentares identificados refletiram a importante participação do leite materno na alimentação das crianças. Padrões alimentares com a presença de outros tipos de leite, foram associados a desvios nutricionais e uso de mamadeiras.

Fatores associados aos padrões alimentares no segundo semestre de vida / Factors associated with dietary patterns in the second half of life

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é identificar padrões alimentares de crianças com 6, 9 e 12 meses e sua associação com variáveis socioeconômicas, comportamentais, de nascimento e nutrição. Estudo transversal com crianças de uma coorte em Viçosa-MG, sendo 112 crianças com 6 meses, 149 com 9 meses e 117 com 12 meses. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por um recordatório de 24 horas e os padrões extraídos por análise de agrupamentos. O leite materno foi identificado em pelo menos um padrão alimentar em todos os meses. Houve baixa participação de alimentos ultraprocessados nos padrões alimentares identificados. No 6º mês, crianças com menor renda familiar tiveram menos chance de pertencer ao padrão alimentar composto por fórmulas lácteas. Já o sobrepeso/obesidade foi 3,69 vezes maior em crianças que compunham o padrão 2 (fórmulas lácteas, verduras, legumes, carne bovina e pera). Aos 12 meses o déficit de estatura (RP = 3,28) e o uso de mamadeira (RP = 4,51) estiveram associados ao padrão alimentar composto por fórmulas lácteas e leite de vaca. Os padrões alimentares identificados refletiram a importante participação do leite materno na alimentação das crianças. Padrões alimentares com a presença de outros tipos de leite, foram associados a desvios nutricionais e uso de mamadeiras.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to identify eating patterns of children aged 6, 9 and 12 months and their association with socioeconomic, behavioral, birth and nutrition variables. Cross-sectional study with children from a cohort in Viçosa-MG, with 112 children at 6 months, 149 at 9 months and 117 at 12 months. Food intake was assessed by a 24-hour recall and patterns extracted by cluster analysis. Breast milk was identified in at least one dietary pattern every month. There was a low participation of ultra-processed foods in the identified dietary patterns. At month 6, children with lower family income were less likely to belong to the dietary pattern composed of milk formulas. Already overweight/obesity was 3.69 times higher in children who made up the pattern 2 (dairy formulas, vegetables, vegetables, beef and pear). At 12 months height deficit (PR = 3.28) and bottle use (PR = 4.51) were associated with the dietary pattern composed of milk formulas and cow's milk. The dietary patterns identified reflected the important participation of breast milk in children's diets. Dietary patterns with the presence of other types of milk were associated with nutritional deviations and bottle feeding.

Associação entre adiposidade, índice de massa corporal, força de preensão palmar e velocidade de marcha em idosos comunitários / Association between adiposity, body mass index, grip strength and walking speed in community-dwelling elderly

Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar a relação entre índice de massa corporal e adiposidade com força de preensão palmar e velocidade de marcha em idosos. É um estudo transversal aninhado em um estudo de intervenção com idosos comunitários assistidos por Unidades Básicas de Saúde no Município de Diamantina/MG. Foram avaliados dados socioeconômicos, antropométricos, de adiposidade, clínicos, bioquímicos, de força de preensão palmar e de velocidade de marcha. Testes de correlação de Pearson ou Spearman e regressão linear foram utilizados na análise dos dados. Foram estudados 49 idosos, com idade média de 77,21 ± 6,24 anos e predomínio de mulheres (69,29%). Valores elevados de adiposidade e índice de massa corporal ocorreram respectivamente em 69,39% e 34,69% dos idosos. A análise de regressão, estratificada por gênero e ajustada por variáveis de controle, indica que os índices de massa corporal e adiposidade não se associaram à força de preensão palmar e à velocidade de marcha dos idosos. No entanto, na análise considerando a amostra geral, a adiposidade influenciou negativamente na força de preensão palmar (para cada aumento de 1% na adiposidade, há uma redução de 0,226 kg no valor desta variável). Em relação à velocidade de marcha, a cada aumento de um ano de vida há uma redução de 0,014 m/s no valor desta variável, e o aumento de cada kg na força causa um aumento de 0,0193 m/s na velocidade de marcha. Pode-se concluir que a adiposidade e a idade influenciaram negativamente na força de preensão palmar dos idosos avaliados, e maior força influenciou positivamente na velocidade de marcha. (AU)

The objective of this research is to evaluate the relationship between body mass index and adiposity with handgrip strength and gait speed in the elderly. It is a cross-sectional study nested in an intervention study with community-based elderly people assisted by Basic Health Units in the municipality of Diamantina/MG. Socioeconomic, anthropometric, adiposity, clinical, biochemical, handgrip strength and gait velocity data were evaluated. Pearson or Spearman correlation tests and linear regression were used in data analysis. We studied 49 elderly people, with mean age of 77.21 ± 6.24 years and predominance of women (69.29%). High values of adiposity and body mass index occurred respectively in 69.39% and 34.69% of the elderly. The results of the regression analysis, stratified by gender and adjusted for control variables, indicate that body mass index and adiposity were not associated with handgrip strength and gait speed of elderly. However, in the analysis considering the general sample, adiposity negatively influenced handgrip strength (for each increase of 1% in adiposity, there is a reduction of 0.226 kg in the value of this variable). Regarding the gait speed, for every full year of life, there is a reduction of 0.014 m/s in the value of this variable, and, for each kg increased in force, there is an increase of 0.0193 m/s in gait speed. It can be concluded that adiposity and age negatively influenced the handgrip strength of the evaluated elderly, and greater strength influenced positively in gait speed. (AU)

Sociodemographic, perinatal and behavioral factors associated to types of milk consumed by children under in six months: birth coort. / Fatores sociodemográficos, perinatais e comportamentais associados aos tipos de leite consumidos por crianças menores de seis meses: coorte de nascimento.

This study evaluated factors associated with the consumption of breast milk (BM), infant formula (IF) and cow milk (CM) in children. This was a cohort study with 256 children followed-up at the 1st, 4th and 6th month of age in Viçosa (MG), Brazil. With respect to CM and IF, consumption was recorded regardless of BM intake. Regarding BM, only exclusive or predominant consumption was considered. From the 1st to the 6th month, an increase was recorded in the number of children who did not consume BM exclusively or predominantly (31.6%), as well as the consumption of CM (27.2%) and IF (9.3%). BM was associated with pacifier use at 1st month, and mother's employment status and pacifier use in the 4th and 6th month. Pacifier use was a risk factor for IF consumption in every month, while belonging to the lower income group was inversely associated in the 6th month. As for CM, the number of prenatal visits was a risk factor in every month, the mother's employment status and use of pacifier in the 4th month, family income, mother's employment status, low birth weight, number of prenatal visits and pacifier use in the 6th month. Since the 1st month, the introduction of other milk types is high, revealing that there is still much to go to ensure exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months.

Avaliar os fatores associados ao consumo de leite materno (LM), fórmulas lácteas (FL) e leite de vaca (LV). Estudo de coorte com 247 crianças acompanhadas no 1°, 4° e 6° mês de vida, em Viçosa-MG. Para o LV e FL contabilizouse o consumo independentemente da ingestão de LM. Para o LM, considerou-se apenas o consumo exclusivo ou predominante. Do 1° ao 6° mês observou-se o aumento do não consumo de LM de forma exclusiva ou predominante (31,6%), bem como do consumo de LV (27,2%) e FL (9,3%). O LM associou-se ao uso de chupeta no 1° mês, e ao trabalho materno e uso de chupeta no 4° e 6° mês. O uso de chupeta foi fator de risco para o consumo de FL em todos os meses, enquanto pertencer ao grupo de menor renda foi inversamente associado no 6° mês. Para o LV, o número de consultas pré-natal foi fator de risco em todos os meses, o trabalho materno e o uso de chupeta no 4° mês, a renda familiar, trabalho materno, baixo peso ao nascer, número de consultas pré-natal e uso de chupeta no 6° mês. Desde o 1° mês a introdução de outros tipos de leite é elevada, revelando que ainda há muito a se percorrer para a garantia do aleitamento materno exclusivo até os 6 meses.

Fatores sociodemográficos, perinatais e comportamentais associados aos tipos de leite consumidos por crianças menores de seis meses: coorte de nascimento / Sociodemographic, perinatal and behavioral factors associated to types of milk consumed by children under in six months: birth coort

Resumo Avaliar os fatores associados ao consumo de leite materno (LM), fórmulas lácteas (FL) e leite de vaca (LV). Estudo de coorte com 247 crianças acompanhadas no 1°, 4° e 6° mês de vida, em Viçosa-MG. Para o LV e FL contabilizouse o consumo independentemente da ingestão de LM. Para o LM, considerou-se apenas o consumo exclusivo ou predominante. Do 1° ao 6° mês observou-se o aumento do não consumo de LM de forma exclusiva ou predominante (31,6%), bem como do consumo de LV (27,2%) e FL (9,3%). O LM associou-se ao uso de chupeta no 1° mês, e ao trabalho materno e uso de chupeta no 4° e 6° mês. O uso de chupeta foi fator de risco para o consumo de FL em todos os meses, enquanto pertencer ao grupo de menor renda foi inversamente associado no 6° mês. Para o LV, o número de consultas pré-natal foi fator de risco em todos os meses, o trabalho materno e o uso de chupeta no 4° mês, a renda familiar, trabalho materno, baixo peso ao nascer, número de consultas pré-natal e uso de chupeta no 6° mês. Desde o 1° mês a introdução de outros tipos de leite é elevada, revelando que ainda há muito a se percorrer para a garantia do aleitamento materno exclusivo até os 6 meses.

Abstract This study evaluated factors associated with the consumption of breast milk (BM), infant formula (IF) and cow milk (CM) in children. This was a cohort study with 256 children followed-up at the 1st, 4th and 6th month of age in Viçosa (MG), Brazil. With respect to CM and IF, consumption was recorded regardless of BM intake. Regarding BM, only exclusive or predominant consumption was considered. From the 1st to the 6th month, an increase was recorded in the number of children who did not consume BM exclusively or predominantly (31.6%), as well as the consumption of CM (27.2%) and IF (9.3%). BM was associated with pacifier use at 1st month, and mother's employment status and pacifier use in the 4th and 6th month. Pacifier use was a risk factor for IF consumption in every month, while belonging to the lower income group was inversely associated in the 6th month. As for CM, the number of prenatal visits was a risk factor in every month, the mother's employment status and use of pacifier in the 4th month, family income, mother's employment status, low birth weight, number of prenatal visits and pacifier use in the 6th month. Since the 1st month, the introduction of other milk types is high, revealing that there is still much to go to ensure exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months.

Determinants of the mean growth rate of children under the age of six months: a cohort study. / Determinantes da velocidade média de crescimento de crianças até seis meses de vida: um estudo de coorte.

This study aimed to investigate some factors that contributed to higher or lower growth rate of children up to the sixth month of life. This is a cohort study with 240 children evaluated in four stages. Variables of birth, eating habits of the child, mothers' breast-feeding difficulty and pacifier use were investigated. Children's weight gain rate (grams/day) and size gain (cm/month) were measured in all assessments and compared according to the variables of interest. In the first month, weight gain rate of children born by cesarean section was smaller. By the second month, the growth rate (weight and size gain) was higher among children who were exclusively or predominantly breastfed and lower among those who consumed infant formula. Children of mothers who reported difficulty to breastfeed showed a lower growth rate until the second month. Children age four months who consumed porridge had lower weight and size gain rate. Pacifier use was associated with lower weight gain rates up the first, second and fourth month.

Determinantes da velocidade média de crescimento de crianças até seis meses de vida: um estudo de coorte / Determinants of the mean growth rate of children under the age of six months: a cohort study

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo a investigação de alguns fatores que contribuíram para uma maior ou menor velocidade de crescimento de crianças até o sexto mês de vida. Estudo de coorte com 240 crianças, avaliadas em quatro momentos. Foram investigadas variáveis de nascimento, práticas alimentares da criança, dificuldade da mãe em amamentar e uso de chupeta. A velocidade de ganho de peso (gramas/dia) e ganho de comprimento (centímetros/mês) das crianças foi calculada em todas as avaliações e comparadas de acordo com as variáveis de interesse. No primeiro mês, a velocidade de ganho de peso das crianças nascidas de parto cesáreo foi menor. Até o segundo mês, a velocidade de crescimento (ganho de peso e comprimento) foi maior entre as crianças em aleitamento exclusivo ou predominante e menor entre as que consumiam fórmula infantil. Os filhos de mães que referiram dificuldade na amamentação apresentaram menor velocidade de crescimento até o segundo mês. As crianças com quatro meses que consumiam mingau apresentaram menores velocidade de ganho de peso e comprimento. O uso de chupeta esteve associado à menores velocidades de ganho de peso até o primeiro, segundo e quarto mês.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate some factors that contributed to higher or lower growth rate of children up to the sixth month of life. This is a cohort study with 240 children evaluated in four stages. Variables of birth, eating habits of the child, mothers' breast-feeding difficulty and pacifier use were investigated. Children's weight gain rate (grams/day) and size gain (cm/month) were measured in all assessments and compared according to the variables of interest. In the first month, weight gain rate of children born by cesarean section was smaller. By the second month, the growth rate (weight and size gain) was higher among children who were exclusively or predominantly breastfed and lower among those who consumed infant formula. Children of mothers who reported difficulty to breastfeed showed a lower growth rate until the second month. Children age four months who consumed porridge had lower weight and size gain rate. Pacifier use was associated with lower weight gain rates up the first, second and fourth month.

Iron-deficiency anemia and associated factors among preschool children in Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil / Anemia ferropriva entre pré-escolares do município de Diamantina, Minas Gerais e fatores associados

ABSTRACT Objective: Study the prevalence of iron depletion and iron-deficiency anemia and their associated factors in preschool children. Methods: Cross-sectional study with five-year old preschool children from a birth cohort of the city of Diamantina, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Socioeconomic, demographic, and dietary characteristics were obtained through a questionnaire administered to each child mother or guardian. Iron depletion (normal hemoglobin and low serum ferritin levels) and iron-deficiency anemia (hemoglobin level than 11g/dL) were detected after collecting 5mL of venous blood of preschool children. Poisson regression was used to identify the factors associated with iron depletion and iron-deficiency anemia. Results: A total of 228 preschool were evaluated, corresponding to 97.4% of the children from a cohort study followed-up up to the end of their first year of life. Iron depletion and iron-deficiency anemia were detected, respectively, in 15.9% and 18.9% of the preschool children evaluated. Iron depletion was not associated with any variable studied, while low maternal education level was associated with iron-deficiency anemia (PR=1.83; P=0.03). Conclusion: Iron-deficiency anemia is considered as a mild public health problem among 5-year old children in the city of Diamantina, Minas Gerais. Higher maternal education level was a protective factor against this deficiency, and therefore it is as an important marker for the occurrence of iron-deficiency anemia in the population studied.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estudar a prevalência de depleção de ferro e anemia ferropriva em pré-escolares e conhecer seus fatores associados. Métodos: Estudo transversal com pré-escolares com cinco anos de idade de uma coorte de nascimento do município de Diamantina, Minas Gerais. Características socioeconômicas, demográficas e dietéticas foram obtidas por meio de um questionário aplicado às mães ou responsáveis na residência de cada criança. A depleção de ferro (valores normais de hemoglobina e baixos de ferritina) e anemia ferropriva (hemoglobina inferior a 11g/dL) foram identificadas após coleta de 5mL de sangue venoso dos participantes. Regressão de Poisson foi utilizada para identificar os fatores associados à depleção de ferro e à anemia ferropriva. Resultados: Foram avaliados 228 pré-escolares que corresponderam a 97,4% das crianças acompanhadas até o final do primeiro ano do estudo de coorte. A depleção de ferro e a anemia ferropriva ocorreram, respectivamente, em 15,9% e 18,9% dos participantes avaliados. Depleção de ferro não se associou a nenhuma variável estudada, enquanto menor escolaridade materna associou-se com ocorrência de anemia ferropriva (RP=1,83; P=0,03). Conclusão: A anemia ferropriva se configura como um leve problema de saúde pública em crianças com cinco anos de idade em Diamantina. Maior escolaridade materna foi fator de proteção contra a carência, se configurando, portanto, como um importante marcador para a ocorrência da anemia ferropriva na população estudada.

Diet and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx: A Case-Control Study

Objective: To investigate if an association exists between diet and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in a Brazilian population. Material and Methods: This populationbased study investigated food groups intaken by means of a quantitative food frequency questionnaire (QFFQ) validated for use in Brazil. It was included 665 individuals, being 133 cases of OSCC, selected from reference hospitals for cancer in Paraíba and 532 being part of a control group, paired by age, gender, place and smoking habit took part in the study. Food consumption related to cases and control groups were evaluated by QFFQ. The Chi-square test was carried out in order to verify if there was association between the categorical variables. The level of significance was 5%. Conditional logistic regression was performed by the Enter method in order to verify the odds ratio of independent variables that predict OSCC. Results: It was found statistical association between OSCC and: processed and variety meats (p=0.048), dairy products (p<0.001), oils and fats (p<0.001) and alcoholic beverages (p<0.001). The high consumption of cereals and tubers (OR=0.53; CI95%: 0.29-0.96; p=0.0039) acted as protection factor for OSCC. Conclusion: Data of the present research suggest that the ingestion of animal fat, food rich in salt and refined carbohydrates were associated with OSCC cases.