Mother-child bonding, environment, and motor development of babies at risk accompanied by a follow-up / Vínculo mãe-filho, ambiente e desenvolvimento motor de bebês acompanhados em seguimento de risco

Abstract Objectives: to identify factors resulting from the correlation between mother-child bonding, environment, and infant motor development (MD). Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted with 130 mothers/guardians and their infants at risk from 3 to 12 months of age, accompanied in an outpatient clinic follow-up at a public maternity. The data were collected using a form with socioeconomic data, mother/child routine at the hospital and home environments, and three other instruments validated in Brazil: Protocolo de Avaliação do Vínculo Mãe-Filho (Mother-Child Bonding Evaluation Protocol), Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development - Infant Scale, and Escala Motora Infantil de Alberta (Alberta Infant Motor Scale). Pearson's chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and a significance level of 5% was used for the correlation. Results: the data showed a predominance of preterm babies (74.5%), low-income families (86.2%), and domestic opportunities below the adequate (93.8%) for good motor development. Regarding the mother-child bonding, 60% of the mothers showed a strong bonding with their children. A total of 62.3% of the children had typical motor development. Concerning the interaction between variables, statistical significance (p˂0.05) was observed in the correlation between bonding and typical motor development. Conclusion: despite the presence of risk factors, motor development was normal in most of the babies in this study, suggesting that the mother-child bonding favored motor development even with environmental and biological adversities.

Resumo Objetivos: identificar fatores resultantes da correlação vínculo mãe-filho, ambiente e desenvolvimento motor (DM) infantil. Métodos: estudo transversal com 130 mães/responsáveis e seus lactentes de 3 a 12 meses de vida, acompanhados em ambulatório de seguimento de risco de uma maternidade pública. Os dados foram coletados através de ficha contendo dados socioeconômicos e rotina de mãe/filho no ambiente hospitalar e domiciliar, e três outros instrumentos validados no Brasil: Protocolo de Avaliação do Vínculo Mãe-Filho, Affordances in the Home Envirornent for Motor Development - Infant Scale e Escala Motora Infantil de Alberta. Para correlação utilizou-se teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson, exato de Fisher e nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: os dados mostraram predominância de bebês prematuros (74,5%), famílias de baixa renda (86,2%) e com oportunidades domésticas abaixo do adequado (93,8%) para um bom desenvolvimento motor. No que concerne a vinculação, 60% das mães apresentou forte vinculação com seu filho. O desenvolvimento motor de 62,3% das crianças apresentouse típico. Nas interações entre variáveis, observou-se significância estatística (p<0,05) na correlação entre vínculo e desenvolvimento motor típico. Conclusão: apesar dos fatores de risco, o desenvolvimento motor apresentou-se típico na maioria dos bebês desse estudo, sugerindo que a presença de vínculo favoreceu o desenvolvimento motor mesmo com a presença de adversidades ambientais e biológicas.

Delays in obstetric care increase the risk of neonatal near-miss morbidity events and death: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the association between delays in obstetric care and neonatal near-miss mortality events and death in a public maternity referral center. METHODS: This case-control study enrolled 142 neonates, meeting the near-miss criteria of 5-min Apgar < 7, weight < 1500 g, gestational age < 32 weeks, and use of mechanical ventilation or congenital malformation, as well as 284 controls (without the near-miss criteria), at a ratio of 1:2. After follow-up, the following outcomes were reclassified: survival of the neonatal period without the near-miss criteria (true "controls"), "near-miss," and "neonatal death." Maternal sociodemographic characteristics, prenatal care, and pregnancy resolution were evaluated. Pearson's chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used. Simple logistic regression was performed to determine the association between the three delay factors with near-miss outcomes and/or neonatal death. The variables that had maintained values of p < 0.05 were subjected to multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: Comparisons revealed the following associations: for controls and near-miss events, delayed access to health services due to a lack of specialized services (odds ratio [OR], 3.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8-5.1) and inappropriate conduct with the patient (OR, 12.1; 95% CI, 1.3-108.7); for controls and death, absent or inadequate prenatal care (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.6-7.1) and delayed access to health services due to a lack of specialized services (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.1-5.6); and for near-miss events and death, absent or inadequate prenatal care (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.0-5.0). Logistic regression for the combined outcome (near-miss plus neonatal deaths) revealed absent or inadequate prenatal care (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2-2.8), lack of specialized services (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.7-4.5), and improper conduct with the patient (OR, 10.6; 95% CI, 1.2-91.8). CONCLUSIONS: The delays in obstetric care associated with the presence of near-miss and/or neonatal death included absent or inadequate prenatal care, delayed access to health services due to a lack of specialized services, and inappropriate conduct with the patient.

Increased inspiratory esophagogastric junction pressure in systemic sclerosis: an add-on to antireflux barrier.

AIM: To investigate crural diaphragm (CD) function in systemic sclerosis (SSc) using high-resolution manometry and standardized inspiratory maneuvers. METHODS: Eight SSc volunteers (average age, 40.1 years; one male) and 13 controls (average age, 32.2 years; six males) participated in the study. A high-resolution manometry/impedance system measured the esophagus and esophagogastric junction (EGJ) pressure profile during swallows and two respiratory maneuvers: sinus arrhythmia maneuver (SAM; the average of six EGJ peak pressures during 5-s deep inhalations) and threshold maneuver (TM; the EGJ peak pressures during forced inhalation under 12 and 24 cmH2O loads). Inspiratory diaphragm lowering (IDL) was taken as the displacement of the EGJ high-pressure zone during the SAM. RESULTS: SSc patients had lower mean lower esophageal sphincter pressure than controls during normal breathing (19.7±2.8 mmHg vs 32.2±2.7 mmHg, P=0.007). Sinus arrhythmia maneuver pressure was higher in SSc patients than in controls (142.6±9.4 mmHg vs 104.6±13.8 mmHg, P=0.019). Sinus arrhythmia maneuver pressure normalized to IDL was also higher in SSc patients than in controls (83.8±13.4 mmHg vs 37.5±6.9 mmHg, P=0.005). Threshold maneuver pressures normalized to IDL were also greater in SSc patients than in controls (TM 12 cmH2O: 85.1±16.4 mmHg vs 43.9±6.3 mmHg, P=0.039; TM 24 cmH2O: 85.2±16.4 mmHg vs 46.2±6.6 mmHg, P=0.065). Inspiratory diaphragm lowering in SSc patients was less than in controls (2.1±0.3 cm vs 3±0.2 cm, P=0.011). CONCLUSION: SSc patients had increased inspiratory EGJ pressure. This is an add-on to EGJ pressure and indicates that the antireflux barrier can be trained.

Inspiratory muscle training improves antireflux barrier in GERD patients.

The crural diaphragm (CD) is an essential component of the esophagogastric junction (EGJ), and inspiratory exercises may modify its function. This study's goal is to verify if inspiratory muscle training (IMT) improves EGJ motility and gastroesophageal reflux (GER). Twelve GER disease [GERD; 7 males, 20-47 yr, 9 esophagitis, and 3 nonerosive reflex disease (NERD)] and 7 healthy volunteers (3 males, 20-41 yr) performed esophageal pH monitoring, manometry, and heart rate variability (HRV) studies. A 6-cm sleeve catheter measured average EGJ pressure during resting, peak inspiratory EGJ pressures during sinus arrhythmia maneuver (SAM) and inhalations under 17-, 35-, and 70-cmH2O loads (TH maneuvers), and along 1 h after a meal. GERD patients entered a 5-days-a-week IMT program. One author scored heartburn and regurgitation before and after IMT. IMT increased average EGJ pressure (19.7 ± 2.4 vs. 29.5 ± 2.1 mmHg; P < 0.001) and inspiratory EGJ pressure during SAM (89.6 ± 7.6 vs. 125.6 ± 13.3 mmHg; P = 0.001) and during TH maneuvers. The EGJ-pressure gain across 35- and 70-cmH2O loads was lower for GERD volunteers. The number and cumulative duration of the transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations decreased after IMT. Proximal progression of GER decreased after IMT but not the distal acid exposure. Low-frequency power increased after IMT and the higher its increment the lower the increment of supine acid exposure. IMT decreased heartburn and regurgitation scores. In conclusion, IMT improved EGJ pressure, reduced GER proximal progression, and reduced GERD symptoms. Some GERD patients have a CD failure, and IMT may prove beneficial as a GERD add-on treatment.