The Role of Obesity in the Development of Preeclampsia.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This comprehensive review provides an in-depth exploration of the complex relationship between obesity and preeclampsia (PE) and emphasizes the clinical implications of this association. It highlights the crucial role of screening tools in assessing individual risk and determining the need for additional antenatal care among women with obesity. The review investigates various markers for identifying the risk of developing PE, while emphasizing the significance of interventions such as exercise, weight management, and a balanced diet in reducing the incidence of preeclampsia and improving outcomes for both mother and fetus. RECENT FINDINGS: Actually, there is a global pandemic of obesity, particularly among women of childbearing age and pregnant women. PE, which is characterized by maternal hypertension, proteinuria, and complications, affects 2-4% of pregnancies worldwide, posing significant risks to maternal and perinatal health. Women with obesity face an elevated risk of developing PE due to the systemic inflammation resulting from excess adiposity, which can adversely affect placental development. Adipose tissue, rich in proinflammatory cytokines and complement proteins, contributes to the pathogenesis of PE by promoting the expression of antiangiogenic factors in the mother. This review emphasizes the need for appropriate screening, interventions, and a holistic approach to reduce the incidence of preeclampsia and enhance maternal-fetal well-being, thus providing valuable insights into the multifaceted association between obesity and PE.

Asociación entre aldosterona plasmática y apneas del sueño en hipertensión arterial / Association between plasma aldosterone and sleep apneas and arterial hypertension

RESUMEN Introducción: La hipertensión arterial y las apneas e hipopneas obstructivas del sueño son patologías de alta prevalencia frecuentemente relacionadas, fundamentalmente en pacientes con hipertensión arterial resistente. En los pacientes con esta afección, los niveles de aldosterona se correlacionan con la gravedad de la apnea obstructiva del sueño y su bloqueo reduce la gravedad. Se ha afirmado que la apnea obstructiva del sueño podría aumentar la secreción de esta hormona y que este podría llegar a ser uno de los mecanismos involucrados en el aumento de la presión arterial. Sin embargo, poca evidencia demuestra su relación con la gravedad de la apnea obstructiva del sueño en la población con sospecha de hipertensión arterial. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre aldosterona plasmática y la apnea obstructiva del sueño en pacientes con sospecha de hipertensión arterial sin tratamiento farmacológico. Material y método: Se diseñó un estudio prospectivo, observacional y descriptivo. El diagnóstico de hipertensión arterial se realizó mediante monitoreo ambulatorio de la presión arterial. La sospecha clínica de apnea obstructiva del sueño fue evaluada mediante poligrafía respiratoria domiciliaria autoadministrada y se definió gravedad según el índice de apneas e hipopneas por hora de registro. La medición de aldosterona plasmática se realizó en una extracción matinal en la misma evaluación. Resultados: Se incluyeron 109 pacientes. La apnea obstructiva del sueño presentó mayor nivel basal de aldosterona independientemente que fuesen o no hipertensos (p < 0,05) y existió un incremento escalonado a medida que aumentaba la gravedad de la apnea obstructiva del sueño en pacientes normotensos (p < 0,05), mientras que, en el grupo de hipertensión arterial, se halló el mismo patrón, pero sin diferencias significativas. Conclusión: Se pudo observar un aumento proporcional de los valores de aldosterona, glucemia y riesgo cardiovascular a medida que se incrementaba la gravedad de la apnea del sueño.

ABSTRACT Background: Hypertension and obstructive sleep apneas and hypopneas are highly prevalent, frequently associated diseases, mainly in patients with resistant hypertension. In these patients, aldosterone levels correlate with obstructive sleep apnea severity and its blockade reduces seriousness. It has been reported that obstructive sleep apnea could intensify aldosterone secretion and this could be one of the mechanisms that increase blood pressure. However, there is little evidence demonstrating its relationship with the severity of obstructive sleep apnea in the population with suspected hypertension. Objective: The aim of this study was to establish the association between plasma aldosterone and obstructive sleep apnea in patients with suspected hypertension without pharmacological treatment. Methods: This was a prospective, descriptive observational study. Hypertension was diagnosed by ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure. The clinical suspicion of obstructive sleep apnea was evaluated by self-administered home respiratory polygraphy and severity was defined according to the apnea-hypopnea index per registry hour. Plasma aldosterone was assessed from a morning blood sample in the same evaluation session. Results: A total of 109 patients were included in the study. Baseline aldosterone was higher in patients with obstructive sleep apnea independently of whether they were or not hypertensive (p <0.05). A stepwise aldosterone increase was found as obstructive sleep apnea was more severe in normotensive patients (p <0.05), while in the hypertensive group, the same pattern was found, but without significant differences. Conclusion: A proportional increase in aldosterone, blood glucose and cardiovascular risk was found with increased sleep apnea severity.

Caracterización de patrones hemodinámicos en pacientes con hipertensión arterial y apneas obstructivas de sueño: Estudio piloto utilizando cardiografía por impedancia / Characterization of Hemodynamic Patterns in Patients with Arterial Hypertension and Obstructive Sleep Apneas. Pilot Study Using Impedance Cardiography

Introducción: La hipertensión arterial y las apneas obstructivas del sueño constituyen patologías de alta prevalencia frecuentemente relacionadas. Comprender los perfiles hemodinámicos permitiría orientar el tratamiento basado en los cambios producidos por la combinación de ambas patologías. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo; piloto y exploratorio, con el objetivo de caracterizar los patrones hemodinámicos de los pacientes derivados al Centro de Hipertensión Arterial que se encontraban sin tratamiento farmacológico al momento de la consulta. El patrón hemodinámico y el contenido fluido torácico fueron evaluados mediante cardiografía por impedancia. Además, se registraron los valores de presión arterial tanto de consultorio como de monitoreo ambulatorio de 24 horas y la sospecha de apneas del sueño fue evaluada objetivamente mediante poligrafía respiratoria domiciliaria. Resultados: Se incluyeron 58 pacientes. El diagnóstico de apneas del sueño fue confirmado en 84.5% de los casos (46.5% moderada a severa) y el de hipertensión arterial en el 65.2%. Los hallazgos de este estudio mostraron una disminución progresiva de la proporción de patrón normodinámico y contenido fluido torácico normal, en relación al incremento de la severidad del trastorno respiratorio del sueño (p 0.5). Más aún, la presión de consultorio, sistólica y diastólica, mostraron un incremento progresivo en relación al incremento en la severidad de la apnea del sueño (p 0.05 y 0.01). Conclusión: El trastorno respiratorio del sueño moderado- severo se relacionó con incremento de las cifras tensionales en reposo y una tendencia que no alcanzo significación estadística en el hallazgo de patrones hemodinámicos alterados.

Characterization of Hemodynamic Patterns in Patients with Arterial Hypertension and Obstructive Sleep Apneas: Pilot Study Using Impedance Cardiography

Introduction: Arterial hypertension and obstructive sleep apneas are high prevalence diseases frequently associated. Understanding the hemodynamic profiles would allow treatment administration basing on the changes produced by the combination of both diseases. Materials and Methods: A prospective, exploratory pilot study was conducted with the purpose of characterizing the hemodynamic patterns of patients referred to the Arterial Hypertension Center who were without pharmacological treatment at the time of consultation. The hemodynamic pattern and thoracic fluid content were evaluated by impedance cardiography. In addition, office and 24-hour ambulatory monitoring of arterial pressure values were recorded; and the suspicion of sleep apnea was objectively assessed by means of home respiratory polygraphy. Results: 58 patients were included. The diagnosis of sleep apnea was confirmed in 84.5% of the cases (46.5% moderate to severe), and arterial hypertension in 65.2%. The findings of this study showed a progressive decrease in the proportion of the normodynamic pattern and normal thoracic fluid content, in relation to the increase in the severity of the respiratory sleep disorder (p 0.5). Furthermore, office systolic and diastolic pressure showed a progressive increase in relation to the increase in the severity of sleep apnea (p 0.05 and 0.01). Conclusion: The moderate-severe respiratory sleep disorder was related to an increase in resting blood pressure and a trend that did not reach statistical significance in the findings of altered hemodynamic patterns.

Performance of questionnaires aimed at detecting sleep disorders in patients attending a hypertension center.

Introduction: Hypertension (HT) and obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSA) are prevalent and frequently related pathologies. The predictive value of screening questionnaires in cardiovascular settings is not totally clear and could be useful to select candidates for the sleep test. Materials and Methods: We performed a prospective study in adults with suspected HT referred to a day-care hospital. Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Berlin, and STOP-BANG (SBQ) questionnaire were checked against data from home-based respiratory polygraphy (RP). We calculated sensitivity (S) and specificity (Sp), positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV), and the area under the ROC curve (AUC-ROC) for each questionnaire and their combinations. Results: We analyzed 382 patients; 234 men (61.3%) and 148 women, mean age: 54.5 ± 13.7 years, body mass index (BMI): 33.1 ± 7.8 kg/m2, ESS: 7.4 ± 4.7. Seventy-eight percent had an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) >5 events per hour (eV/h) and 58% presented >15 eV/h (mean: 17.5 ± 9.3 eV/h). With regard to clinically significant OSA (AHI > 15 eV/h), 5 SBQ components showed S: 100% (CI: 97-100) and Sp: 98% (CI: 95-99) with a NPV of 100, a PPV of 97.8, and an AUC-ROC of 0.90 (p < 0.0001). ESS > 10 + high-risk Berlin did not perform as effectively. Conclusion: In a population of HT patients, SBQ > 5 performed better at identifying patients with >15 eV/hour with a high discrimination power.

Prevalence of sleep apnea and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with hypertension in a day hospital model.

INTRODUCTION: To identify patients at risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome at a specialized hypertension center, we administered questionnaires and used respiratory polygraphy (RP). RESULTS: We studied 168 patients (64.8% men and 35.2% women). Patients' body mass index (BMI) was 34.7 ± 6.79 and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) scores were 8.01 for male and 8.92 for women (p = 0.69). RP recordings revealed AHI (Apnea-Hypopnea Index) of 18.03 ± 15.7, an ODI (Oxygen Desaturation Index) of 18.6 ± 15.2, and a time oxygen saturation <90% (%) of 20.8 ± 24.3. Around 44% of patients had an AHI of >15 events/h, and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) was recommended to 69 patients (41.07%). Pulse wave velocity (PWV) showed high values in AHI > 15/h (p = 0.050), and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) did not correlate with AHI > 15; right IMT: 0.83 ± 1.3 versus 0.78 ± 0.13 mm (p = 0.41) and 0.82 ± 0.16 versus 0.78 ± 0.19 mm (p = 0.40). However, we find correlation with carotid plaque (p = 0.046). The ACC/AHA calculator revealed a gradual increase in the risk of cardiovascular events: 8.7% with AHI < 5/h, and 30.3% in severe OSA. CONCLUSIONS: In hypertension (HT) patients, RP revealed a high prevalence of OSA associated with carotid artery disease, high PWV, and increased cardiovascular risk.