ABSTRACT
Expression of thioredoxin-1 (TXN) and CXCL9 is not restricted to THRLBCL macrophages, but may be observed in histiocytes and neoplastic (HRS) cells of EBV + mixed cellularity (MC) classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) and nodular lymphocyte predominant HL. We aimed to validate and extend the above observations in 174 cHL patients evaluating the immunohistochemical expression of TXN, CXCL9 and IFN-γ. HRS-cell CXCL9 expression was higher in latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1)+, MC and Stage IV. TXN and CXCL9 expression by cHL histiocytes was more frequent in LMP1+, MC and older patients (only for CXCL9). TXN expression by HRS cells (≥80%) was independently associated with better failure-free survival. In conclusion, markers of TCHRLBCL histiocytes (TXN, CXCL9), as well as IFN-γ are also expressed by histiocyte subsets and neoplastic cells of cHL. The expression of some of them is more prominent in EBV + MC, but not restricted to this subtype. The prognostic implication of TXN needs further evaluation.
Subject(s)
Chemokine CXCL9/genetics , Hodgkin Disease/genetics , Interferon-gamma/genetics , Macrophages/metabolism , Thioredoxins/genetics , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Chemokine CXCL9/metabolism , Female , Gene Expression , Histiocytes/metabolism , Histiocytes/pathology , Hodgkin Disease/metabolism , Hodgkin Disease/mortality , Hodgkin Disease/pathology , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Interferon-gamma/metabolism , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Staging , Prognosis , Proportional Hazards Models , Thioredoxins/metabolism , Tumor Microenvironment , Young AdultABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: Until now, less than ten cases of extra-adrenal chromaffin cell tumors have been reported to be localized to the spermatic cord area. All published studies report benign tumors with a diameter <2-3âcm and no invasion of the testis. In this article, we present one case of a giant malignant paraganglioma in the testis of a patient who had initially been operated for a giant mass in the scrotum. The mass developed in approximately 4 months. This is the first study reporting the following findings: i) paraganglioma was found exclusively in the testis, invading the testicle and not the spermatic cord, ii) it was malignant with lung metastasis, and iii) its size was 17.5âcm×10âcm×9.5âcm. We present the first - giant - malignant paraganglioma. Moreover, it is the first case report of a paraganglioma in the testis. LEARNING POINTS: This is the first study reporting the following findings:Paraganglioma found exclusively in the testis, invading the testicle and not the spermatic cord.It is malignant with lung metastasis.It is of the size 17.5âcm×10âcm×9.5âcm.