Incidence of COVID-19 infection and prevalence of diabetes, obesity and hypertension according to altitude in Peruvian population.

To investigate the cumulative incidence and mortality of COVID-19 and the prevalence of comorbidities such as diabetes, obesity and hypertension in regions with different altitude levels ranging from sea level to high altitude. METHODOLOGY: Analytical study in which we correlated secondary data obtained from reports of the Ministry of Health and National Institute for Statistics and Informatic. The cumulative incidence and mortality of COVID-19 in 25 peruvian regions is reported, together with its relationnship with altitude levels during March-July 2020 using Pearsons correlation. We also aiming to assess the prevalence of diabetes, obesity and hypertension with altitude according to the ENDES 2018 data using Gamma statistics. RESULTS: COVID-19 maintained an inverse correlation with higher rates in the coastal regions and lower rates with increasing altitude in the cumulative incidence (Pearson = -0.8, p < 0.000) and mortality (Pearson = -0.77, p < 0.000), adjusted gender and age. The prevalence of diabetes and obesity showed the same inverse correlation trend with altitude (Gamma p < 0.000) but not hypertension (Gamma p = 0.13) CONCLUSIONS: The data in Peru it is suggested that physiological adaptation in a hypoxic environment at high altitude may protect persons from the severe impact of acute infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. The reduction in cumulative incidence and mortality rates with increasing altitude is the main finding. Possible mechanisms such as a decreased expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and a lower virulence because of a high altitude environment, may explain this epidemiological features. In addition, the lower prevalence of diabetes, obesity and hypertension may establish a protective epidemiology against these disease.

Prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular y riesgo metabólico en escolares, universitarios y mujeres de organizaciones sociales de base en distritos de Lima, Callao, la Libertad y Arequipa, Perú 2011 / Prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors in school students, university students, and women from community-based organizations in the districts of lima, Callao, la Libertad and Arequipa, Peru 2011

Objetivos. Determinar la prevalencia de hipertensión arterial y factores de riesgo cardiovascular y riesgo metabólico (FRCRM) en escolares, universitarios y mujeres de organizaciones sociales de base (OSB) de cuatro distritos en Perú. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal analítico realizado el 2011 en distritos de Lima, Callao, La Libertad y Arequipa, con representatividad para escolares, universitarios y mujeres de OSB. Se realizó una encuesta, mediciones antropométricas, medición de presión arterial y toma de muestra sanguínea en ayunas para determinar el nivel de glucosa y lípidos; calculando prevalencias de exceso de peso, hipertensión, hipercolesterolemia, sospecha de diabetes, entre otras. La variable resultado principal fue la prevalencia de sobrepeso. Resultados. Se incluyó 1127 personas, 283 (25,1%) escolares, 431 (38,3%) universitarios y 413 (36,6%) mujeres de las OSB, las tasas de no respuesta fueron de 3; 0 y 8% respectivamente; las edades promedio en los tres grupos fueron 14,3±0,9; 19,6±2,8; y 46,1±15,3 años respectivamente. La prevalencia de sobrepeso/obesidad (IMC ≥ 25) fue de 11,3; 20,9 y 73,4% en cada grupo; de hipertensión fue de 0,7; 1,2, y 12,8% respectivamente; de hipercolesterolemia (≥ 200 mg/dL) fue de 5,2; 11,5 y 50,1% en cada grupo; y de sospecha de diabetes fue de 1,4; 1,0 y 20,3% en los grupos de escolares, universitarios y mujeres de OSB. Conclusiones. La prevalencia de los FRCRM, en general, se incrementa en los grupos de mayor edad; en los grupos de escolares y universitarios son más frecuentes los problemas de sobrepeso y obesidad, en particular la obesidad abdominal.

Objectives. To determine the prevalence of arterial hypertension, and cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors in school students, college students and women from community-based organizations (CBO) in four districts in Peru. Materials and methods. Cross-sectional study conducted in 2011 in the districts of Lima, Callao, La Libertad and Arequipa with school students, university students and women from CBOs. A survey, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure measurements and fasting blood sampling were conducted to determine glucose and lipid levels. Thus, prevalence of overweight, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, suspected diabetes, and other variables, were calculated. The main outcome variable was prevalence of overweight. Results. 1,127 people were included: 283 (25.1%) school students, 431 (38.3%) university students, and 413 women (36.6%) from CBOs. Non-response rates were 3%, 0% and 8%, respectively. The average ages in the three groups were 14.3 ± 0.9; 19.6 ± 2.8; and 46.1 ± 15.3 years, respectively. Prevalence of overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 25) was 11.3%, 20.9%, and 73.4%; hypertension was 0.7%; 1.2%, and 12.8%; high cholesterol (≥ 200 mg/dL) was 5.2%, 11.5%, and 50.1%; and suspected diabetes was 1.4%; 1.0%, and 20.3% respectively in each group of school students, university students and women from CBOs. Conclusions. The prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors generally increased in older age groups. In school and university aged groups, the most frequent problems were overweight and obesity, particularly abdominal obesity.

[Prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors in school students, university students, and women from community-based organizations in the districts of Lima, Callao, la Libertad and Arequipa, Peru 2011]. / Prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular y riesgo metabólico en escolares, universitarios y mujeres de organizaciones sociales de base en distritos de Lima, Callao, La Libertad y Arequipa, Perú 2011.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of arterial hypertension, and cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors in school students, college students and women from community-based organizations (CBO) in four districts in Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted in 2011 in the districts of Lima, Callao, La Libertad and Arequipa with school students, university students and women from CBOs. A survey, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure measurements and fasting blood sampling were conducted to determine glucose and lipid levels. Thus, prevalence of overweight, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, suspected diabetes, and other variables, were calculated. The main outcome variable was prevalence of overweight. RESULTS: 1,127 people were included: 283 (25.1%) school students, 431 (38.3%) university students, and 413 women (36.6%) from CBOs. Non-response rates were 3%, 0% and 8%, respectively. The average ages in the three groups were 14.3 ± 0.9; 19.6 ± 2.8; and 46.1 ± 15.3 years, respectively. Prevalence of overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 25) was 11.3%, 20.9%, and 73.4%; hypertension was 0.7%; 1.2%, and 12.8%; high cholesterol (≥ 200 mg/dL) was 5.2%, 11.5%, and 50.1%; and suspected diabetes was 1.4%; 1.0%, and 20.3% respectively in each group of school students, university students and women from CBOs. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors generally increased in older age groups. In school and university aged groups, the most frequent problems were overweight and obesity, particularly abdominal obesity.

[Consumption of chispitas® multimicronutrient supplements and anemia in 6 - 35-month-old children: cross-cut study in the context of a populational health intervention in Apurimac, Peru]. / Consumo de suplementos con multimicronutrientes Chispitas® y anemia en niños de 6 a 35 meses: estudio transversal en el contexto de una intervención poblacional en Apurímac, Perú

OBJECTIVES: To assess the implementation of the Universal "Chispitas®" Multimicronutrient Supplement Program in Apurimac by determining the quantity and quality of sachets consumed and their connection with anemia, in 6 - 35-month-old children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A crosscut study was conducted by using a multistage sample in 2010. Anemia was considered to be related to altitude-adjusted hemoglobin values below 110 g/L. The consumption of multimicronutrients was classified as follows: less than 30; 30 to 59, and 60 or more sachets. The quality of consumption was considered to be adequate when the mother indicated that the child ate all his food with the supplement. The rationale for prevalence (RPa) adjusted by Poisson regression was calculated. RESULTS: 714 participants were included, 25.3% of which lived in poor houses and 59.2% in extreme poverty; 52.6% lived at over 3000 m of altitude. The prevalence of anemia was 51.3% (CI95%: 47.1-55.4%), 5.4% did not receive intervention; 60.3% consumed 60 or more sachets and 49.0% consumed them adequately. No association between the number of sachets received or consumed and anemia (p<0.05) was found. Children who consumed the supplement adequately showed lower prevalence of anemia than those who did not (RPa: 0.81; CI95%: 0.68-0.96) CONCLUSIONS: In order to reduce the prevalence of anemia, attention should not only focus on giving or consuming the necessary quantity of multimicronutrients, but also on ensuring that the consumption process is adequate, and work needs to be done in this area in order to improve this intervention.

Consumo de suplementos con multimicronutrientes Chispitas® y anemia en niños de 6 a 35 meses: estudio transversal en el contexto de una intervención poblacional en Apurímac, Perú / Consumption of chispitas® multimicronutrient supplements and anemia in 6 - 35-month-old children: cross-cut study in the context of a populational health intervention in Apurimac, Peru

Objetivos. Evaluar la implementación del programa de suplementación universal con multimicronutrientes “Chispitas®” en la región Apurímac a través de la cantidad y calidad de sobres consumidos y su relación con la anemia, en niños de 6 a 35 meses. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal usando un muestreo multietápico en el 2010. Se consideró como anemia a los valores de hemoglobina ajustados por altitud menores de 110 g/L. El consumo de multimicronutrientes se categorizó en: menor de 30; de 30 a 59, y 60 o más sobres. La calidad del consumo fue adecuada cuando la madre refería que el niño consumía toda la comida con el suplemento. Se calculó las razones de prevalencia (RPa) ajustadas por regresión de Poisson. Resultados. Se incluyó 714 participantes, 25,3% vivía en hogares pobres y 59,2% en extrema pobreza; 52,6% residía a más de 3000 m de altitud. La prevalencia de anemia fue de 51,3% (IC95%: 47,1-55,4%), 5,4% no recibió la intervención; 60,3% consumió 60 o más sobres y 49,0% los consumió en forma adecuada. No se encontró asociación entre la cantidad de sobres recibidos o consumidos y la anemia (p<0,05). Aquellos niños que consumieron el suplemento en forma adecuada tuvieron menor prevalencia de anemia que aquellos que no lo hicieron (RPa: 0,81; IC95%: 0,68-0,96) Conclusiones. No basta con entregar o consumir la cantidad necesaria de los multimicronutrientes, sino asegurar que el proceso de consumo sea adecuado para lograr una reducción de la prevalencia de anemia, aspecto que debe ser trabajado para mejorar esta intervención.

Objectives. To assess the implementation of the Universal “Chispitas®” Multimicronutrient Supplement Program in Apurimac by determining the quantity and quality of sachets consumed and their connection with anemia, in 6 - 35-month-old children. Materials and methods. A crosscut study was conducted by using a multistage sample in 2010. Anemia was considered to be related to altitude-adjusted hemoglobin values below 110 g/L. The consumption of multimicronutrients was classified as follows: less than 30; 30 to 59, and 60 or more sachets. The quality of consumption was considered to be adequate when the mother indicated that the child ate all his food with the supplement. The rationale for prevalence (RPa) adjusted by Poisson regression was calculated. Results. 714 participants were included, 25.3% of which lived in poor houses and 59.2% in extreme poverty; 52.6% lived at over 3000 m of altitude. The prevalence of anemia was 51.3% (CI95%: 47.1-55.4%), 5.4% did not receive intervention; 60.3% consumed 60 or more sachets and 49.0% consumed them adequately. No association between the number of sachets received or consumed and anemia (p<0.05) was found. Children who consumed the supplement adequately showed lower prevalence of anemia than those who did not (RPa: 0.81; CI95%: 0.68-0.96) Conclusions. In order to reduce the prevalence of anemia, attention should not only focus on giving or consuming the necessary quantity of multimicronutrients, but also on ensuring that the consumption process is adequate, and work needs to be done in this area in order to improve this intervention.

Prevalencia y factores de riesgo de hidatidosis en población general del distrito de Ninacaca-Pasco, Perú 2001 / Hydatidosis prevalence and risk factors in Peru's Ninacaca-Pasco district population 2001

OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia y factores de riesgo de hidatidosis en población general de un distrito del Perú. DISEÑO: Transversal analítico. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: A 412 pobladores del área urbana y 261 del área rural se les obtuvo una muestra serológica y se les aplico una encuesta. Se consideró caso de hidatidosis a aquel positivo a la prueba de Elisa y Western Blot. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de hidatidosis fue 9,8 por ciento en la zona rural y 8,2 por ciento en la urbana. Se halló como factores significativos de riesgo para hidatidosis: grupo etáreo de 11 a 40 años, ocupación ganadero y eliminación de aguas servidas en interiores de la vivienda (área rural); y como factor protector, la alimentación del perro con vísceras cocinadas. CONCLUSIONES: Se ha identificado como factores de riesgo para hidatidosis en un distrito del Perú la población económicamente productiva, el trabajo directo en la ganadería y la alimentación del perro con vísceras. Se sugiere implementar un programa de control del daño a nivel local y luego hacerlo extensivo a la sierra del país.