ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Inconsistent results have been obtained with regard to headache comorbidity in multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVE: Investigate the one-year prevalence of migraine and tension-type headache (TTH) in Norwegian MS patients and relate this to clinical parameters. METHODS: A questionnaire concerning headache was administered to 756 MS patients and 1090 controls and used to determine the one-year prevalence of migraine and frequent TTH. RESULTS: No significant differences were seen between patients and controls or between patients with different disease course. Less migraine was observed in patients with Expanded Disability Status Scale score (EDSS) ≥4.0. CONCLUSIONS: This case-control study does not support an association between migraine or TTH and MS.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Periodontitis has been reported to be associated with several systemic disorders, and recently a possible relationship with multiple sclerosis (MS) was suggested. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between periodontitis and MS in a Norwegian cohort. METHODS: A case-control study in 756 MS patients and 1090 controls was conducted, and logistic regression analysis, adjusting for age, gender, place of residence, mononucleosis and smoking, was performed to investigate the association between MS and periodontitis. RESULTS: In the unadjusted analysis a higher prevalence of periodontitis was seen in MS patients, but this difference was not statistically significant after adjusting for the covariates. CONCLUSIONS: The previously suggested association between MS and periodontitis is not supported in this study. Our results underline the importance of adjusting for relevant covariates in epidemiological research.
Subject(s)
Multiple Sclerosis/epidemiology , Periodontitis/epidemiology , Smoking/epidemiology , Adult , Case-Control Studies , Comorbidity , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Norway/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The quantal release of glutamate depends on its transport into synaptic vesicles. Recent work has shown that a protein previously implicated in the uptake of inorganic phosphate across the plasma membrane catalyzes glutamate uptake by synaptic vesicles. However, only a subset of glutamate neurons expresses this vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT1). We now report that excitatory neurons lacking VGLUT1 express a closely related protein that has also been implicated in phosphate transport. Like VGLUT1, this protein localizes to synaptic vesicles and functions as a vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT2). The complementary expression of VGLUT1 and 2 defines two distinct classes of excitatory synapse.