Ictal face perception disturbance, tattoos, and reclaiming the self.

We present a case of a young man with frightening ictal disturbance of face perception, or prosopometamorphopsia, arising from the left temporo-occipital region, leading to significant psychosocial impairment. A vivid forearm tattoo of the ictal experience conveyed its nature to the treating team and facilitated a psychotherapeutic process leading to significant psychosocial recovery. This case highlights the marked psychosocial and developmental impacts of epilepsy and the benefit of incorporating these into assessment and treatment.

Automated Interictal Epileptiform Discharge Detection from Scalp EEG Using Scalable Time-series Classification Approaches.

Deep learning for automated interictal epileptiform discharge (IED) detection has been topical with many published papers in recent years. All existing works viewed EEG signals as time-series and developed specific models for IED classification; however, general time-series classification (TSC) methods were not considered. Moreover, none of these methods were evaluated on any public datasets, making direct comparisons challenging. This paper explored two state-of-the-art convolutional-based TSC algorithms, InceptionTime and Minirocket, on IED detection. We fine-tuned and cross-evaluated them on a public (Temple University Events - TUEV) and two private datasets and provided ready metrics for benchmarking future work. We observed that the optimal parameters correlated with the clinical duration of an IED and achieved the best area under precision-recall curve (AUPRC) of 0.98 and F1 of 0.80 on the private datasets, respectively. The AUPRC and F1 on the TUEV dataset were 0.99 and 0.97, respectively. While algorithms trained on the private sets maintained their performance when tested on the TUEV data, those trained on TUEV could not generalize well to the private data. These results emerge from differences in the class distributions across datasets and indicate a need for public datasets with a better diversity of IED waveforms, background activities and artifacts to facilitate standardization and benchmarking of algorithms.

Neurological factors and Cesarean section in Australian women with epilepsy.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the records of the pregnancies of 2283 Australian women with epilepsy in the Australian Register of Antiepileptic Drugs in Pregnancy database to identify neurological factors relevant to the Cesarean sections carried out in these pregnancies. RESULTS: The Cesarean section rate in Australian women overall increased by an average of 0.59% annually over 20 years, from 26.0% to its calculated 2020 value of 37.3%. For the operations in women with epilepsy, the corresponding figures were 0.71% annually, and 34.4% and 48.7%. The average annual rate of increase for pre-labor operations was 0.89% to a 2020 value of 39.1%, the annual rate for operations during labor showing no statistically significant change. Multivariate regression analysis identified a number of characteristics of women with epilepsy that were statistically significantly associated with an increased likelihood of Cesarean section, but of these only seizures continuing to occur in the third trimester and having chronic illness, in particular migraine, were neurological ones. In 70 migraine-affected women, the Cesarean section rate was 51.4%, compared with 39% in the remaining pregnancies (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Having seizures in the final trimester of pregnancy and having chronic neurological illness, especially migraine, favored Cesarean section being carried out in Australian women with epilepsy, but did not adequately account for the increasing rates of occurrence of the operation over the past 20 years.

A recurrent nova super-remnant in the Andromeda galaxy.

The accretion of hydrogen onto a white dwarf star ignites a classical nova eruption1,2-a thermonuclear runaway in the accumulated envelope of gas, leading to luminosities up to a million times that of the Sun and a high-velocity mass ejection that produces a remnant shell (mainly consisting of insterstellar medium). Close to the upper mass limit of a white dwarf3 (1.4 solar masses), rapid accretion of hydrogen (about 10-7 solar masses per year) from a stellar companion leads to frequent eruptions on timescales of years4,5 to decades6. Such binary systems are known as recurrent novae. The ejecta of recurrent novae, initially moving at velocities of up to 10,000 kilometres per second7, must 'sweep up' the surrounding interstellar medium, creating cavities in space around the nova binary. No remnant larger than one parsec across from any single classical or recurrent nova eruption is known8-10, but thousands of successive recurrent nova eruptions should be capable of generating shells hundreds of parsecs across. Here we report that the most frequently recurring nova, M31N 2008-12a in the Andromeda galaxy (Messier 31 or NGC 224), which erupts annually11, is indeed surrounded by such a super-remnant with a projected size of at least 134 by 90 parsecs. Larger than almost all known remnants of even supernova explosions12, the existence of this shell demonstrates that the nova M31N 2008-12a has erupted with high frequency for millions of years.

Antiepileptic drugs and foetal malformation: analysis of 20 years of data in a pregnancy register.

PURPOSE: This paper reports additional data supplementing earlier publications based on Australian Pregnancy Register (APR) data. METHOD: Over 20 years, the APR has collected Information on pregnancies in Australian women with epilepsy (WWE), untreated WWE and those taking AEDs for other indications. Contact is by telephone, at set intervals. Treatment is not interfered with. Data are analysed using conventional statistical techniques, confidence interval methods, and logistic regression. RESULTS: By 2018, the APR contained details of 2148 pregnancies. AEDs were taken throughout 1972 of the pregnancies (91.8%). The remaining 176 (8.2%) did not receive AEDs, at least early in pregnancy. There were (i) dose-related increased incidences of pregnancies carrying foetal malformations associated with maternal intake of valproate and topiramate when topiramate was a component of AED polytherapy (P < .05), (ii) a similar dose-related trend in relation to carbamazepine intake, (iii) no evidence that levetiracetam and lamotrigine were unsafe from the foetal standpoint, (iv) insufficient data to permit conclusions regarding teratogenicity in relation to other AEDs, and (v) no evidence that pre-conception folate supplementation reduced the hazard of AED-associated foetal malformation. AED polytherapy did not increase foetal hazard unless valproate or topiramate was involved in the AED combination. Genetic factors probably contributed to the malformation hazard. Seizures occurring in earlier pregnancy probably did not contribute to the malformation hazard. CONCLUSIONS: If it were not for the importance of maintaining seizure control, the above findings suggest that it would be better to avoid using certain AEDs, particularly valproate and topiramate, during pregnancy.

Antiepileptic drug polytherapy in pregnant women with epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE: To study seizure control and rates of foetal malformation in pregnancies of women with epilepsy treated with antiepileptic drug polytherapy. METHODS: The use of conventional statistical methods to analyse the Australian Pregnancy Register records of 1810 pregnancies in women with epilepsy, 508 treated with antiepileptic drug polytherapy. RESULTS: Polytherapy-treated pregnancies were less often seizure free than monotherapy-treated ones, for both focal (36.0% vs 51.9%: P < .05) and primary generalized epilepsies (41.1% vs 69.3%; P < .05). Drug combinations with dissimilar and similar mechanisms of action achieved similar rates of seizure freedom during pregnancy (36.3% vs 38.3%). The increased rate of malformed foetuses in polytherapy pregnancies depended on valproate or topiramate being in the drug combinations. The combinations of lamotrigine and levetiracetam offered the chance of seizure control and foetal safety. CONCLUSIONS: In pregnancy, the use of antiepileptic drug combinations is not necessarily disadvantageous to mother and foetus if valproate and topiramate are avoided.

Anti-epileptic drug exposure and risk of foetal death in utero.

OBJECTIVE: To clarify whether anti-epileptic drug exposure during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of intrauterine foetal death. METHODS: Analysis of data from 2064 pregnancies with known outcomes included in the Australian Register of Antiepileptic Drugs in Pregnancy, 170 of the pregnancies being unexposed to the drugs in at least the first half of pregnancy. RESULTS: The relative risk (6.46; 95% C.I. 0.90, 46.22) of intrauterine death appeared higher, though not statistically significantly higher, in drug-exposed pregnancies compared with unexposed ones (3.44% vs 0.59%). There was no statistically significantly increased hazard associated with AED polytherapy as compared with monotherapy. Logistic regression analysis showed a statistically significantly increased and dose-related hazard of intrauterine death in relation to carbamazepine exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Intrauterine exposure to anti-epileptic drugs, particularly carbamazepine, may be associated with an increased risk of foetal death during pregnancy.

Predicting epileptic seizure control during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to assess whether the type of seizure disorder present in the prospective mother with epilepsy, her use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in early pregnancy, and her seizure control before pregnancy help predict her prospects for seizure freedom throughout pregnancy. METHODS: This paper is based on data accumulated in the Australian Pregnancy Register (APR) between 1998 and late 2016. Information was analyzed concerning epileptic seizure occurrence and AED therapy taken before and during pregnancy, using simple statistical and confidence interval (C.I.) methods, mainly relative risk (R.R.) calculations. RESULTS: After excluding pregnancies lost to follow-up, and those that ended prematurely because of spontaneous abortion or stillbirth, 1939 pregnancies were available for study. Seizures had occurred during pregnancy in 829 (42.8%), and convulsive seizures in 385 (19.9%). Seizures of any type occurred in 78.4% of pregnancies where seizures had occurred in the previous year (active epilepsy) and in 22.3% of those associated with inactive epilepsy. Seizures of any type had occurred in 54.9% of pregnancies initially unexposed to AEDs and in 45.5% of those treated with AEDs throughout. The corresponding figures for convulsive seizures during pregnancy were 31.7% and 22.3%. There was statistically significant evidence that, in women with epilepsy (WWE), having a seizure disorder that was active in the prepregnancy year and one untreated in early pregnancy was associated with decreased prospects of seizure freedom during pregnancy. Decreased chances of seizure-free pregnancies in women with focal epilepsies and those treated with multiple AEDs were probably explained by greater frequencies of active seizure disorders in these patient categories. CONCLUSIONS: Women with epilepsy who experience seizures in the year prior to pregnancy appear 3 or 4 times more likely to continue to have seizures during pregnancy than women whose seizures are fully controlled prior to pregnancy. Not taking AEDs in early pregnancy also increases the hazard for seizure occurrence in pregnancy.

Bone loss with antiepileptic drug therapy: a twin and sibling study.

Changes in areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and other predictors of bone loss were evaluated in 48 same-sex twin/age-matched sibling pairs discordant for antiepileptic drug (AED) use. AED users had reduced BMD at the hip regions. Prolonged AED users had greater aBMD loss, predicting a higher risk of bone fragility. INTRODUCTION: To investigate the longitudinal associations of bone mineral measures with antiepileptic drug (AED) use, including enzyme-inducing (EIAED) and non-enzyme-inducing (NEIAED) types, and other predictors of bone loss in a study of 48 same-sex twin/age-matched sibling pairs (40 female, 8 male) discordant for AED use. METHODS: Using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and content (BMC) at the hip regions, forearm, lumbar spine, and whole body were measured twice, at least 2 years apart. The mean within-pair difference (MWPD), MWPD%, and mean annual rate of aBMD change were adjusted for age, weight, and height. Predictors of bone loss were evaluated. RESULTS: AED users, compared to non-users, at baseline and follow-up, respectively, had reduced aBMD at the total hip (MWPD% 3.8, 4.4%), femoral neck (4.7, 4.5%), and trochanter regions (4.1, 4.6%) (p < 0.05). For the whole cohort, the annual rate of change in all aBMD/BMC (p > 0.05) regions did not differ within pairs. Nevertheless, EIAED users had greater aBMD loss than non-users (n = 20 pairs) at the total hip (1.7 vs. 0.3%, p = 0.013) and whole body regions (0.7% loss vs. 0.1% BMD gain, p = 0.019), which was not found in NEIAED-discordant pairs (n = 16). AED use >20 years predicted higher aBMD loss at the forearm (p = 0.028), whole body (p = 0.010), and whole body BMC (p = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS: AED users had reduced aBMD at the hip regions. Prolonged users and EIAED users had greater aBMD loss, predicting a higher risk of bone fragility. Further prospective studies of AED effects on bone microarchitecture are needed.

Integrated analysis of genetic variation and gene expression reveals novel variant for increased warfarin dose requirement in African Americans.

Essentials Genetic variants controlling gene regulation have not been explored in pharmacogenomics. We tested liver expression quantitative trait loci for association with warfarin dose response. A novel predictor for increased warfarin dose response in African Americans was identified. Precision medicine must take into account population-specific variation in gene regulation. SUMMARY: Background Warfarin is commonly used to control and prevent thromboembolic disorders. However, because of warfarin's complex dose-requirement relationship, safe and effective use is challenging. Pharmacogenomics-guided warfarin dosing algorithms that include the well-established VKORC1 and CYP2C9 polymorphisms explain only a small proportion of inter-individual variability in African Americans (AAs). Objectives We aimed to assess whether transcriptomic analyses could be used to identify regulatory variants associated with warfarin dose response in AAs. Patients/Methods We identified a total of 56 expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) for CYP2C9, VKORC1 and CALU derived from human livers and evaluated their association with warfarin dose response in two independent AA warfarin patient cohorts. Results We found that rs4889606, a strong cis-eQTL for VKORC1 (log10 Bayes Factor = 12.02), is significantly associated with increased warfarin daily dose requirement (ß = 1.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.46 to 1.8) in the discovery cohort (n = 305) and in the replication cohort (ß = 1.04; 95% CI 0.33 -1.7; n = 141) after conditioning on relevant covariates and the VKORC1 -1639G>A (rs9923231) variant. Inclusion of rs4889606 genotypes, along with CYP2C9 alleles, rs9923231 genotypes and clinical variables, explained 31% of the inter-patient variability in warfarin dose requirement. We demonstrate different linkage disequilibrium patterns in the region encompassing rs4889606 and rs9923231 between AAs and European Americans, which may explain the increased dose requirement found in AAs. Conclusion Our approach of interrogating eQTLs identified in liver has revealed a novel predictor of warfarin dose response in AAs. Our work highlights the utility of leveraging information from regulatory variants mapped in the liver to uncover novel variants associated with drug response and the importance of population-specific research.

Antiepileptic drugs, foetal malformations and spontaneous abortions.

BACKGROUND: Some recent studies have found an association between foetal malformations in earlier antiepileptic drug (AED)-exposed pregnancies and an increased hazard of such malformations in subsequent pregnancies. We investigated this matter further, and also considered the possible role of spontaneous abortions in previous pregnancies, in this situation. METHODS: Analysis of foetal malformation data for current and previous pregnancies in women taking AEDs and women with untreated epilepsy in the Australian Register of Antiepileptic Drugs in Pregnancy (APR) from 1999 to late 2014. RESULTS: Antiepileptic drug-treated women with either a malformed foetus or a spontaneous abortion in their previous pregnancy had a statistically significant twofold to threefold increased risk of foetal malformation in their next pregnancy, compared with similarly treated women with normal offspring in their previous pregnancy. This was not seen in the same circumstances in women with untreated epilepsy. On AED treatment, the women were more likely to have spontaneous abortions than in their previous untreated pregnancies. Possibly some of the increased abortion rate resulted from drug-related malformations that were incompatible with continuing intrauterine survival. CONCLUSIONS: In assessing the hazard of an AED-treated woman having a malformed foetus, it is important to know both the AEDs being taken and, if there had been a previous pregnancy, whether a foetal malformation or a spontaneous abortion occurred in it.

Sodium selenate treatment mitigates reduction of bone volume following traumatic brain injury in rats.

OBJECTIVES: Administration of sodium selenate to rats given traumatic brain injury (TBI) attenuates brain damage and improves long-term behavioural outcomes. We have previously provided evidence that TBI causes bone loss in rats, however the effect of sodium selenate treatment on bone quantity following TBI is unknown. METHODS: Rats were randomly assigned into sham injury or fluid percussion injury (FPI) groups and administered saline or sodium selenate for 12 weeks post-injury. Femora were analysed using histomorphometry, peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and biomechanical testing. RESULTS: Distal metaphyseal trabecular bone volume fraction of FPI-selenate rats was higher than FPI-vehicle rats (41.8%; p<0.01), however, femora from selenate-treated groups were shorter in length (4.3%; p<0.01) and had increased growth plate width (22.1%; p<0.01), indicating that selenate impaired long bone growth. pQCT analysis demonstrated that distal metaphyseal cortical thickness was decreased in TBI rats compared to shams (11.7%; p<0.05), however selenate treatment to TBI animals offset this reduction (p<0.05). At the midshaft we observed no differences in biomechanical measures. CONCLUSION: These are the first findings to indicate that mitigating TBI-induced neuropathology may have the added benefit of preventing osteoporosis and associated fracture risk following TBI.

Reversal of evoked gamma oscillation deficits is predictive of antipsychotic activity with a unique profile for clozapine.

Recent heuristic models of schizophrenia propose that abnormalities in the gamma frequency cerebral oscillations may be closely tied to the pathophysiology of the disorder, with hypofunction of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDAr) implicated as having a crucial role. Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is a behavioural measure of sensorimotor gating that is disrupted in schizophrenia. We tested the ability for antipsychotic drugs with diverse pharmacological actions to (1) ameliorate NMDAr antagonist-induced disruptions to gamma oscillations and (2) attenuate NMDAr antagonist-induced disruptions to PPI. We hypothesized that antipsychotic-mediated improvement of PPI deficits would be accompanied by a normalization of gamma oscillatory activity. Wistar rats were implanted with extradural electrodes to facilitate recording of electroencephalogram during PPI behavioural testing. In each session, the rats were administered haloperidol (0.25 mg kg(-1)), clozapine (5 mg kg(-1)), olanzapine (5 mg kg(-1)), LY379268 (3 mg kg(-1)), NFPS (sarcosine, 1 mg kg(-1)), d-serine (1800 mg kg(-1)) or vehicle, followed by the NMDAr antagonists MK-801(0.16 mg kg(-1)), ketamine (5 mg kg(-1)) or vehicle. Outcome measures were auditory-evoked, as well as ongoing, gamma oscillations and PPI. Although treatment with all the clinically validated antipsychotic drugs reduced ongoing gamma oscillations, clozapine was the only compound that prevented the sensory-evoked gamma deficit produced by ketamine and MK-801. In addition, clozapine was also the only antipsychotic that attenuated the disruption to PPI produced by the NMDAr antagonists. We conclude that disruptions to evoked, but not ongoing, gamma oscillations caused by NMDAr antagonists are functionally relevant, and suggest that compounds, which restore sensory-evoked gamma oscillations may improve sensory processing in patients with schizophrenia.

Is carbamazepine a human teratogen?

The foetal outcomes of 2,635 pregnancies recorded in the Australian Pregnancy Register were studied. In at least the initial 4months of 515 pregnancies, there had been no intrauterine exposure to antiepileptic drugs, though the women involved in 264 of these pregnancies took antiepileptic drugs in later pregnancies. Compared with these 515 drug-unexposed pregnancies, foetal malformations risks were increased more than five-fold in association with valproate monotherapy, and more than doubled in association with carbamazepine monotherapy (p<0.05). There were no statistically significant increases in malformation rates associated with other more commonly used antiepileptic drugs, while the malformation risk in relation to levetiracetam exposure was lower than that in the drug-unexposed pregnancies. The published literature has rather consistently shown raised malformation rates associated with carbamazepine monotherapy, though only once was it statistically significant. There now appears to be enough evidence to make it likely that carbamazepine possesses some teratogenic capacity. This makes it unwise to employ the malformation rate associated with carbamazepine monotherapy as a comparator when assessing the foetal hazards from exposure to newer antiepileptic drugs. Levetiracetam may prove a better comparator if adequate untreated control material is unobtainable.

Does pregnancy per se make epilepsy worse?

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether being pregnant in its own right alters epileptic seizure control. MATERIALS/METHODS: Study of 148 pregnancies in women who took no antiepileptic drugs before pregnancy and in at least the earlier half of pregnancy, 69 taking none throughout pregnancy. RESULTS: More women (P < 0.01) had seizures of any type during pregnancy (45.9%) than in the prepregnancy year (34.5%), and also convulsive seizures (30.4% vs 12.3%). After excluding potential confounding factors, viz. late prepregnancy drug withdrawal, treatment resumption in pregnancy possibly preventing seizure recurrence, the figures became seizures of any type 56.6% during and 35.5% before pregnancy and convulsive seizures 39.4% during and 18.2% before pregnancy (both P < 0.01). There was a non-statistically significant greater tendency for seizure control to be lost during pregnancy in genetic generalized than in focal epilepsies (54.2% vs 35.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Irrespective of its effects on antiepileptic drug disposition, being pregnant per se seems to impair epileptic seizure control.

Sudden unexpected death, epilepsy and familial cardiac pathology.

We evaluated the prevalence of epilepsy in a cohort of patients who suffered a sudden unexpected death (SUDEP), and determined the proportion of the deaths that were related to an identifiable underlying familial cardiac pathology. Epilepsy is common in people who experience a sudden unexpected death, with approximately a quarter having identifiable familial electrophysiological abnormalities. Familial cardiac pathology may be an important cause of SUDEP. A retrospective evaluation was performed of 74 families that were referred to the Royal Melbourne Hospital Cardiac Genetic Clinic over a 5 year period for investigation following a family member's sudden, presumed cardiac, death. This state-wide referral clinic includes all patients who have died from a sudden unexpected death in whom the cause of death is unascertained. An epilepsy diagnosis was categorised as either definite, probable, possible or unlikely. The family members underwent comprehensive clinical evaluations and investigations in an attempt to identify a familial cardiac cause for the sudden unexpected death. Our findings suggest that systematic referral to a cardiac genetics service is warranted for the first degree relatives of people with epilepsy who experience a sudden unexplained death, for further evaluation and to identify those who are at higher risk for sudden death. Interventions may then be instituted to potentially reduce this risk.

The outcomes of pregnancy in women with untreated epilepsy.

PURPOSE: To determine the outcomes in regards to seizure control and foetal malformation in pregnant women with epilepsy not treated with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). METHOD: Analysis of data from the Australian Register of AEDs in Pregnancy on 148 women with epilepsy who were not receiving AEDs before and during at least the first trimester of pregnancy. RESULTS: Seizure control was less likely to be maintained in AED-untreated pregnancies. Whether AED therapy had been ceased in preparation for pregnancy, or had not been employed for long periods before pregnancy, made no statistically significant difference to seizure control outcomes, but those who ceased therapy in preparation for pregnancy were more likely to again be taking AED therapy by term. Foetal malformation rates were reasonably similar in untreated pregnancies, and in treated pregnancies if pregnancies exposed to known AED teratogens (valproate and probably topiramate) were excluded from consideration. CONCLUSION: Leaving epilepsy untreated during pregnancy appears disadvantageous from the standpoint of seizure control: it also does not reduce the hazard of foetal malformation unless it avoids valproate or topiramate intake during pregnancy.

Binary orbits as the driver of γ-ray emission and mass ejection in classical novae.

Classical novae are the most common astrophysical thermonuclear explosions, occurring on the surfaces of white dwarf stars accreting gas from companions in binary star systems. Novae typically expel about 10(-4) solar masses of material at velocities exceeding 1,000 kilometres per second. However, the mechanism of mass ejection in novae is poorly understood, and could be dominated by the impulsive flash of thermonuclear energy, prolonged optically thick winds or binary interaction with the nova envelope. Classical novae are now routinely detected at gigaelectronvolt γ-ray wavelengths, suggesting that relativistic particles are accelerated by strong shocks in the ejecta. Here we report high-resolution radio imaging of the γ-ray-emitting nova V959 Mon. We find that its ejecta were shaped by the motion of the binary system: some gas was expelled rapidly along the poles as a wind from the white dwarf, while denser material drifted out along the equatorial plane, propelled by orbital motion. At the interface between the equatorial and polar regions, we observe synchrotron emission indicative of shocks and relativistic particle acceleration, thereby pinpointing the location of γ-ray production. Binary shaping of the nova ejecta and associated internal shocks are expected to be widespread among novae, explaining why many novae are γ-ray emitters.

The teratogenicity of the newer antiepileptic drugs - an update.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of teratogenicity from maternal intake of the more widely used newer antiepileptic drugs, especially lamotrigine, levetiracetam and topiramate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Use of confidence interval and regression methods to compare risks of foetal malformation in pregnancies in women exposed (n = 1572) and in women with epilepsy not exposed (n = 153) to antiepileptic drugs in the first trimester. RESULTS: Compared with the foetal malformation rate in women with epilepsy who were untreated in the first trimester (3.3%), the malformation rates for lamotrigine (4.6%), levetiracetam (2.4%) and topiramate (2.4%), all in monotherapy, were not statistically significantly different. However, the malformation rates for topiramate as part of polytherapy (14.1%) and for valproate in both monotherapy (13.8%) and polytherapy (10.2%) were statistically significantly higher. Regression analysis of combined monotherapy and polytherapy data showed no statistically significant increased risk of teratogenesis associated with lamotrigine or levetiracetam, but a statistically significant and dose-related risk for first trimester topiramate (P = 0.01) and valproate (P < 0.0001) exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence from this and other studies suggests that lamotrigine and levetiracetam have low risk for teratogenesis, but that topiramate exposure early in pregnancy may be associated with dose-related anatomical teratogenesis, as valproate is already known to be.

The Australian Register of antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy: changes over time in the epileptic population.

The demographic characteristics, details of pregnancies, epilepsies, and treatment of 855 pregnant women with epilepsy enrolled in the Australian Antiepileptic Drugs in Pregnancy Register during 1999-2005 were compared with the corresponding data for the 801 women enrolled from 2006-2012. We estimate that the Register captures approximately 1 in 12 of all pregnancies in Australian women with epilepsy. A number of statistically significant changes were found, with nearly all explained by factors such as re-enrolment of women who had enrolled earlier pregnancies, changes in general population behaviour, altered attitudes to prescribing valproate and using it in lower doses, and the advent of newer antiepileptic drugs which have displaced the use of older agents. It appears that the Register has continued to capture a reasonably representative sample of pregnant Australian women with epilepsy as time has passed.