Feasibility and Acceptability of a Remotely Delivered Executive Function Intervention That Combines Computerized Cognitive Training and Metacognitive Strategy Training in Chronic Stroke.

Executive dysfunction after stroke is associated with limitations in daily activities and disability. Existing interventions for executive dysfunction show inconsistent transfer to everyday activities and require frequent clinic visits that can be difficult for patients with chronic mobility challenges to access. To address this barrier, we developed a telehealth-based executive function intervention that combines computerized cognitive training and metacognitive strategy. The goal of this study was to describe intervention development and to provide preliminary evidence of feasibility and acceptability in three individuals who completed the treatment protocol. The three study participants were living in the community and had experienced a stroke >6 months prior. We assessed satisfaction (Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-8 [CSQ-8]), credibility (Credibility and Expectancy Questionnaire), and feasibility (percent of sessions completed). All three subjects rated the treatment in the highest satisfaction category on the CSQ-8, found the treatment to be credible, and expected improvement. Participants completed a median of 96% of computerized cognitive training sessions and 100% of telehealth-delivered metacognitive strategy training sessions. Individuals with chronic stroke may find a remotely delivered intervention that combines computerized cognitive training and metacognitive strategy training to be feasible and acceptable. Further evaluation with larger samples in controlled trials is warranted.

Stroke Rehabilitation and Motor Recovery.

OBJECTIVE: Up to 50% of the nearly 800,000 patients who experience a new or recurrent stroke each year in the United States fail to achieve full independence afterward. More effective approaches to enhance motor recovery following stroke are needed. This article reviews the rehabilitative principles and strategies that can be used to maximize post-stroke recovery. LATEST DEVELOPMENTS: Evidence dictates that mobilization should not begin prior to 24 hours following stroke, but detailed guidelines beyond this are lacking. Specific classes of potentially detrimental medications should be avoided in the early days poststroke. Patients with stroke who are unable to return home should be referred for evaluation to an inpatient rehabilitation facility. Research suggests that a substantial increase in both the dose and intensity of upper and lower extremity exercise is beneficial. A clinical trial supports vagus nerve stimulation as an adjunct to occupational therapy for motor recovery in the upper extremity. The data remain somewhat mixed as to whether robotics, transcranial magnetic stimulation, functional electrical stimulation, and transcranial direct current stimulation are better than dose-matched traditional exercise. No current drug therapy has been proven to augment exercise poststroke to enhance motor recovery. ESSENTIAL POINTS: Neurologists will collaborate with rehabilitation professionals for several months following a patient's stroke. Many questions still remain about the ideal exercise regimen to maximize motor recovery in patients poststroke. The next several years will likely bring a host of new research studies exploring the latest strategies to enhance motor recovery using poststroke exercise.

Vagus Nerve Stimulation Paired With Rehabilitation for Upper Limb Motor Impairment and Function After Chronic Ischemic Stroke: Subgroup Analysis of the Randomized, Blinded, Pivotal, VNS-REHAB Device Trial.

BACKGROUND: Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) paired with rehabilitation improved upper extremity impairment and function in a recent pivotal, randomized, triple-blind, sham-controlled trial in people with chronic arm weakness after stroke. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine whether treatment effects varied across candidate subgroups, such as younger age or less injury. METHODS: Participants were randomized to receive rehabilitation paired with active VNS or rehabilitation paired with sham stimulation (Control). The primary outcome was the change in impairment measured by the Fugl-Meyer Assessment Upper Extremity (FMA-UE) score on the first day after completion of 6-weeks in-clinic therapy. We explored the effect of VNS treatment by sex, age (≥62 years), time from stroke (>2 years), severity (baseline FMA-UE score >34), paretic side of body, country of enrollment (USA vs UK) and presence of cortical involvement of the index infarction. We assessed whether there was any interaction with treatment. FINDINGS: The primary outcome increased by 5.0 points (SD 4.4) in the VNS group and by 2.4 points (SD 3.8) in the Control group (P = .001, between group difference 2.6, 95% CI 1.03-4.2). The between group difference was similar across all subgroups and there were no significant treatment interactions. There was no important difference in rates of adverse events across subgroups. CONCLUSION: The response was similar across subgroups examined. The findings suggest that the effects of paired VNS observed in the VNS-REHAB trial are likely to be consistent in wide range of stroke survivors with moderate to severe upper extremity impairment.

Cognitive impairment predicts engagement in inpatient stroke rehabilitation.

Patient engagement during inpatient rehabilitation is an important component of rehabilitation therapy, as lower levels of engagement are associated with poorer outcomes. Cognitive deficits may impact patient engagement during inpatient stroke rehabilitation. Here, we assess whether patient performance on the cognitive tasks of the 30-min National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke - Canadian Stroke Network (NINDS-CSN) screening battery predicts engagement in inpatient stroke rehabilitation. Prospective data from 110 participants completing inpatient stroke rehabilitation at an academic medical center were utilized for the present analyses. Cognitive functioning was assessed at inpatient stroke rehabilitation admission using the NINDS-CSN cognitive battery. Patient engagement was evaluated at discharge from an inpatient rehabilitation unit using the Hopkins Rehabilitation Engagement Rating Scale. The results demonstrate that the NINDS-CSN cognitive battery, specifically subtests measuring executive functioning, attention and processing speed, predicts patient engagement in inpatient stroke rehabilitation. Cognitively impaired patients undergoing rehabilitation may benefit from modifications and interventions to increase engagement and improve functional outcomes.

The Structural and Functional Neuroanatomy of Post-Stroke Depression and Executive Dysfunction: A Review of Neuroimaging Findings and Implications for Treatment.

Post-stroke depression and executive dysfunction co-occur and are highly debilitating. Few treatments alleviate both depression and executive dysfunction after stroke. Understanding the brain network changes underlying post-stroke depression with executive dysfunction can inform the development of targeted and efficacious treatment. In this review, we synthesize neuroimaging findings in post-stroke depression and post-stroke executive dysfunction and highlight the network commonalities that may underlie this comorbidity. Structural and functional alterations in the cognitive control network, salience network, and default mode network are associated with depression and executive dysfunction after stroke. Specifically, post-stroke depression and executive dysfunction are both linked to changes in intrinsic functional connectivity within resting state networks, functional over-connectivity between the default mode and salience/cognitive control networks, and reduced cross-hemispheric frontoparietal functional connectivity. Cognitive training and noninvasive brain stimulation targeted at these brain network abnormalities and specific clinical phenotypes may help advance treatment for post-stroke depression with executive dysfunction.

Recovery in glioblastoma multiforme during inpatient rehabilitation is equivalent in first versus repeat resection: A 10-year retrospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: Inpatient rehabilitation improves function in people with brain tumors, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) but there are limited data on the impact of multiple resections on outcomes. We hypothesize that outcomes will be more favorable for those patients with a single resection when compared to those with more than one resection. OBJECTIVE: To examine functional outcomes in inpatient rehabilitation for people with GBM who underwent one or more resections prior to admission. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: Inpatient rehabilitation unit within a large, urban, academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Patients who were admitted to our institution for the treatment of initial GBM or GBM recurrence necessitating surgical resection or repeat resection. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Total FIM Change, Total Functional Independence Measure (FIM) Efficiency, Motor and Cognitive FIM efficiency, and proportion discharged home. RESULTS: From 2006 to 2016, 94 persons with GBM were admitted. Eight were readmissions classified as "repeat" and another seven transferred to the medical floor and excluded. Of the 79 patients included, 56 were first and 23 second resections, with a group mean age of 62.7 + 12.2 years and were 51% male. On analysis of covariance, change in FIM score from admission to discharge was insignificant between groups, adjusted for age and acute care length of stay (17.1 vs. 17.4, F[1, 75] = 0.027, P = .871). Likewise, the proportion of home discharge was not significant between groups (chi-square, 75.0% vs. 78.3%, P = .758). CONCLUSIONS: Patients who have undergone second resections for GBM are reasonable candidates for admission to the inpatient rehabilitation units despite carrying a poor prognosis and having multiple exposures to surgical morbidity. Factors to take into account are that candidates considered for a second resection may be relatively younger or healthier and therefore may perform better from a functional standpoint. In addition, postoperative steroid administration may play a role in the similarities the authors noted. A larger, multicenter study should validate our findings (limited by sample size and a single location) and identify factors predicting a successful outcome.

Discharge Rehabilitation Measures Predict Activity Limitations in Patients With Stroke 6 Months After Inpatient Rehabilitation.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify rehabilitation measures at discharge from acute inpatient stroke rehabilitation that predict activity limitations at 6 mos postdischarge. DESIGN: This is a retrospective analysis of a prospective, longitudinal, observational cohort study. It was conducted in an acute inpatient rehabilitation unit at an urban, academic medical center. Activity limitations in patients ( N = 141) with stroke of mild-moderate severity were assessed with the activity measure for post-acute care at inpatient stroke rehabilitation discharge and 6-mo follow-up. Rehabilitation measures at discharge were investigated as predictors for activity limitations at 6 mos. RESULTS: Measures of balance (Berg Balance Scale), functional limitations in motor-based activities (functional independence measure-motor subscore), and motor impairment (motricity index), in addition to discharge activities measure for post-acute care scores, strongly predicted activity limitations in basic mobility and daily activities at 6 mos (51% and 41% variance explained, respectively). Functional limitations in cognition (functional independence measure-cognitive subscore) and executive function impairment (Trail Making Test-part B), in addition to the discharge activities measure for post-acute care score, modestly predicted limitations in cognitively based daily activities at 6 mos (12% of variance). CONCLUSIONS: Standardized rehabilitation measures at inpatient stroke rehabilitation discharge can predict future activity limitations, which may improve prediction of outcome post-stroke and aid in postdischarge treatment planning.

Estimated Regional White Matter Hyperintensity Burden, Resting State Functional Connectivity, and Cognitive Functions in Older Adults.

OBJECTIVE: White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are linked to deficits in cognitive functioning, including cognitive control and memory; however, the structural, and functional mechanisms are largely unknown. We investigated the relationship between estimated regional disruptions to white matter fiber tracts from WMH, resting state functional connectivity (RSFC), and cognitive functions in older adults. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Community. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-eight cognitively-healthy older adults. MEASUREMENTS: Tasks of cognitive control and memory, structural MRI, and resting state fMRI. We estimated the disruption to white matter fiber tracts from WMH and its impact on gray matter regions in the cortical and subcortical frontoparietal network, default mode network, and ventral attention network by overlaying each subject's WMH mask on a normative tractogram dataset. We calculated RSFC between nodes in those same networks. We evaluated the interaction of regional WMH burden and RSFC in predicting cognitive control and memory. RESULTS: The interaction of estimated regional WMH burden and RSFC in cortico-striatal regions of the default mode network and frontoparietal network was associated with delayed recall. Models predicting working memory, cognitive inhibition, and set-shifting were not significant. CONCLUSION: Findings highlight the role of network-level structural and functional alterations in resting state networks that are related to WMH and impact memory in older adults.

Detecting change in community participation with the Enfranchisement scale of the community participation indicators.

OBJECTIVE: This study determined the sensitivity to change of the Enfranchisement scale of the Community Participation Indicators in people with stroke. DATA SOURCES: We analyzed data from two studies of participants with stroke: an intervention study and an observational study. MAIN MEASURES: The Enfranchisement Scale contains two subscales: the Importance subscale (feeling valued by and contributing to the community; range: 14-70) and the Control subscale (choice and control: range: 13-64). DATA ANALYSIS: Assessments were administered 6 months apart. We calculated minimum detectable change and minimal clinically important difference. RESULTS: The Control subscale analysis included 121 participants with a mean age of 61.2 and mild-moderate disability (Functional Independence Measure, mean = 97.9, SD = 24.7). On the Control subscale, participants had a mean baseline score of 51.4 (SD = 10.4), and little mean change (1.3) but with large variation in change scores (SD = 11.5). We found a minimum detectable change of 9 and a minimum clinically important difference of 6. The Importance subscale analysis included 116 participants with a mean age of 60.7 and mild-moderate disability (Functional Independence Measure, mean = 98.9, SD = 24.5). On the Importance subscale, participants had a mean baseline score of 44.1 (SD = 12.7), and again demonstrated little mean change (1.08) but with large variation in change scores (SD = 12.6). We found a minimum detectable change of 11 and a minimum clinically important difference 7. CONCLUSIONS: The Control subscale required 9 points of change, and the Importance subscale required 11 points of change, to achieve statistically and clinically meaningful changes, suggesting adequate sensitivity to change.

Differential Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Health Care Utilization Disruption for Community-Dwelling Individuals With and Without Acquired Brain Injury.

OBJECTIVE: To delineate health care disruption for individuals with acquired brain injury (ABI) during the peak of the pandemic and to understand the impact of health care disruption on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: General community. PARTICIPANTS: Volunteer sample of adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI; n=33), adults with stroke (n=66), and adults without TBI or stroke (n=108) with access to the internet and personal technology (N=207). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Not applicable. RESULTS: Participants with TBI and stroke reported high rates of disruption in care specific to their diagnosis (53%-54.5%), while participants across all groups reported disruption for major medical care (range, 68.2%-80%), general health care (range, 60.3%-72.4%), and mental health care (range, 31.8%-83.3%). During the pandemic, participants with TBI and stroke used telehealth for care specific to their diagnosis (40.9%-42.4%), whereas all participants used telehealth for major medical care (range, 50%-86.7%), general health care (range, 31.2%-53.3%), and mental health care (range, 53.8%-72.7%). Disruption in TBI or stroke care and type of ABI explained 27.1% of the variance in HRQoL scores (F2,95=16.82, P<.001, R 2=0.262), and disruption in mental health care explained 14.8% of the variance (F1,51=8.86, P=.004, R 2=0.148). CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with and without ABI experienced pronounced disruption in health care utilization overall. However, individuals who experienced a disruption in care specific to TBI or mental health care were most vulnerable to decreased HRQoL. Telehealth was a viable alternative to in-person visits for individuals with and without ABI, but limitations included difficulty with technology, difficulty with comprehensive examination, and decreased rapport with providers.

Young individuals with stroke in rehabilitation: a cohort study.

Stroke in younger populations is a public health crisis and the prevalence is rising. Little is known about the progress of younger individuals with stroke in rehabilitation. Characterization of the course and speed of recovery is needed so that rehabilitation professionals can set goals and make decisions. This was a cohort study with data extracted from electronic medical records. Participants were 408 individuals diagnosed with stroke who participated in inpatient rehabilitation in an urban, academic medical center in the USA. The main predictor was age which was categorized as (18-44, 45-64, 65-74 and 75+). Outcomes included baseline-adjusted discharge functional independence measure (FIM) scores and FIM efficiency. In linear regression models for FIM scores, the reference category was the youngest age group. The oldest group was discharged with significantly lower FIM total (B = -8.84), mobility (B = -4.13), self-care (B = -4.07) and cognitive (B = -1.57) scores than the youngest group after controlling for covariates. The 45-64 group also finished with significantly lower FIM total (B = -6.17), mobility (B = -2.61) and self-care (B = -3.01) scores than youngest group. FIM efficiencies were similar for all ages in each of the FIM scales. Younger individuals with stroke make slightly greater functional gains compared to older individuals with stroke, but other factors, such as admission scores, are more important and the rates of recovery may be similar.

Cognitive impairment and functional change in COVID-19 patients undergoing inpatient rehabilitation.

Cognitive impairment is increasingly recognized as a sequela of COVID-19. It is unknown how cognition changes and relates to functional gain during inpatient rehabilitation. We administered the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) at admission to 77 patients undergoing inpatient rehabilitation for COVID-19 in a large US academic medical center. Forty-five patients were administered the MoCA at discharge. Functional gain was assessed by change in the quality indicator for self-care (QI-SC). In the full sample, 80.5% of patients exhibited cognitive impairment on admission, which was associated with prior delirium. Among 45 patients with retest data, there were significant improvements in MoCA and QI-SC. QI-SC score gain was higher in patients who made clinically meaningful changes on the MoCA, an association that persisted after accounting for age and delirium history. Cognitive impairment is frequent among COVID-19 patients, but improves over time and is associated with functional gain during inpatient rehabilitation.

Vagus nerve stimulation paired with rehabilitation for upper limb motor function after ischaemic stroke (VNS-REHAB): a randomised, blinded, pivotal, device trial.

BACKGROUND: Long-term loss of arm function after ischaemic stroke is common and might be improved by vagus nerve stimulation paired with rehabilitation. We aimed to determine whether this strategy is a safe and effective treatment for improving arm function after stroke. METHODS: In this pivotal, randomised, triple-blind, sham-controlled trial, done in 19 stroke rehabilitation services in the UK and the USA, participants with moderate-to-severe arm weakness, at least 9 months after ischaemic stroke, were randomly assigned (1:1) to either rehabilitation paired with active vagus nerve stimulation (VNS group) or rehabilitation paired with sham stimulation (control group). Randomisation was done by ResearchPoint Global (Austin, TX, USA) using SAS PROC PLAN (SAS Institute Software, Cary, NC, USA), with stratification by region (USA vs UK), age (≤30 years vs >30 years), and baseline Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremity (FMA-UE) score (20-35 vs 36-50). Participants, outcomes assessors, and treating therapists were masked to group assignment. All participants were implanted with a vagus nerve stimulation device. The VNS group received 0·8 mA, 100 µs, 30 Hz stimulation pulses, lasting 0·5 s. The control group received 0 mA pulses. Participants received 6 weeks of in-clinic therapy (three times per week; total of 18 sessions) followed by a home exercise programme. The primary outcome was the change in impairment measured by the FMA-UE score on the first day after completion of in-clinic therapy. FMA-UE response rates were also assessed at 90 days after in-clinic therapy (secondary endpoint). All analyses were by intention to treat. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03131960. FINDINGS: Between Oct 2, 2017, and Sept 12, 2019, 108 participants were randomly assigned to treatment (53 to the VNS group and 55 to the control group). 106 completed the study (one patient for each group did not complete the study). On the first day after completion of in-clinic therapy, the mean FMA-UE score increased by 5·0 points (SD 4·4) in the VNS group and by 2·4 points (3·8) in the control group (between group difference 2·6, 95% CI 1·0-4·2, p=0·0014). 90 days after in-clinic therapy, a clinically meaningful response on the FMA-UE score was achieved in 23 (47%) of 53 patients in the VNS group versus 13 (24%) of 55 patients in the control group (between group difference 24%, 6-41; p=0·0098). There was one serious adverse event related to surgery (vocal cord paresis) in the control group. INTERPRETATION: Vagus nerve stimulation paired with rehabilitation is a novel potential treatment option for people with long-term moderate-to-severe arm impairment after ischaemic stroke. FUNDING: MicroTransponder.

Changes in the Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care Domains in Persons With Stroke During the First Year After Discharge From Inpatient Rehabilitation.

OBJECTIVE: To describe functional changes after inpatient stroke rehabilitation using the Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care (AM-PAC), an assessment measure sensitive to change and with a low risk of ceiling effect. DESIGN: Retrospective, longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: Inpatient rehabilitation unit of an urban academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Among 433 patients with stroke admitted from 2012-2016, a total of 269 (62%) were included in our database and 89 of 269 patients (33.1%) discharged from inpatient stroke rehabilitation had complete data. Patients with and without complete data were very similar. The group had a mean age of 68.0±14.2 years, National Institutes of Health Stroke Score of 8.0±8.0, and rehabilitation length of stay of 14.7±7.4 days, with 84% having an ischemic stroke and 22.5% having a recurrent stroke. INTERVENTION: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in function across the first year after discharge (DC) were measured in a variety of ways. Continuous mean scores for the basic mobility (BM), daily activity (DA), and applied cognitive domains of the AM-PAC were calculated at and compared between inpatient DC and 6 (6M) and 12 months (12M) post DC. Categorical changes among individuals were classified as "improved," "unchanged," or "declined" between the 3 time points based on the minimal detectable change, (estimated) minimal clinically important difference, and a change ≥1 AM-PAC functional stage (FS). RESULTS: For the continuous analyses, the Friedman test was significant for all domains (P≤.002), with Wilcoxon signed-rank test significant for all domains from DC to 6M (all P<.001) but with no change in BM and DA between 6M and 12M (P>.60) and a decline in applied cognition (P=.002). Despite group improvements from DC to 6M, for categorical changes at an individual level 10%-20% declined and 50%-70% were unchanged. Despite insignificant group differences from 6M-12M, 15%-25% improved and 20%-30% declined in the BM and DA domains. CONCLUSIONS: Despite group gains from DC to 6M and an apparent "plateau" after 6M post stroke, there was substantial heterogeneity at an individual level. Our results underscore the need to consider individual-level outcomes when evaluating progress or outcomes in stroke rehabilitation.

Standardized Outcome Measures in Stroke Rehabilitation and Falls After Discharge: A Cohort Study.

INTRODUCTION: Individuals with stroke discharged from inpatient rehabilitation units (IRUs) are at increased risk for falls. In IRUs, standardized outcome measures (SOMs) have been used to predict falls, but the results have been mixed. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between SOMs and the risk of falls in individuals with stroke within 6 months of discharge from an IRU. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study with 6-month follow-up. SETTING: IRU that was part of a large, urban academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals with stroke who underwent rehabilitation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported falls within 6 months of discharge. RESULTS: The study included 105 participants who were discharged to their homes after inpatient rehabilitation and who responded to a 6-month follow-up (57% response rate) phone call. Twenty-nine participants (28%) reported falling. Significant odds ratios (ORs), adjusted for age, sex, and stroke severity, were found for the following measures: Berg Balance Scale (OR 0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92-0.99), Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care basic mobility (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81-0.97), Motricity Index (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.94-0.98), Functional Independence Measure mobility subscale (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.80-0.98), and Trunk Control Test (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.95-0.99). Areas under the curve ranged from .64 to .71. In samples of 82 to 90 patients who could complete the tests, gait speed, the Functional Reach Test, the 6-minute Walk Test, and Timed Up and Go did not result in significant ORs. CONCLUSIONS: At discharge, SOMs were associated with the odds of falls within 6 months. The multifactorial nature of falls will continue to make prediction challenging but SOMs can be helpful. Lower extremity strength deserves more attention as a risk factor.

The Effect of Repeated abobotulinumtoxinA (Dysport®) Injections on Walking Velocity in Persons with Spastic Hemiparesis Caused by Stroke or Traumatic Brain Injury.

BACKGROUND: Botulinum toxin (BoNT) injections were shown to improve muscle tone of limbs in patients with spasticity. However, limited data are available regarding the effects of repeated BoNT injections on walking ability. OBJECTIVE: To assess changes in walking velocity (WV), step length, and cadence under different test conditions after repeated treatment with abobotulinumtoxinA (aboBoNT-A; Dysport) in spastic lower limb muscles. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of an open-label, multiple-cycle extension (National Clinical Trials number NCT01251367) to a phase III, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, single-treatment cycle study, in adults with chronic hemiparesis (NCT01249404). SETTING: Fifty-two centers across Australia, Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, and the United States. PATIENTS: 352 Ambulatory adults (18-80 years) with spastic hemiparesis and gait dysfunction caused by stroke or traumatic brain injury, with a comfortable barefoot WV of 0.1 to 0.8 m/s. INTERVENTIONS: Up to four aboBoNT-A treatment cycles, administered to spastic lower limb muscles. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Changes from baseline in comfortable and maximal barefoot and with shoes WV (m/s), step length (m/step), and cadence (steps/minutes). RESULTS: At Week 12 after four injections, WV improved by 0.08 to 0.10 m/s, step length by 0.03 to 0.04 m/step, and cadence by 3.9 to 6.2 steps/minutes depending on test condition (all P < .0001 to .0003 vs baseline). More patients (7% to 17%) became unlimited community ambulators (WV ≥0.8 m/s) across test conditions compared with baseline, with 39% of 151 patients classified as unlimited community ambulators in at least one test condition and 17% in all four test conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Clinically meaningful and statistically significant improvements in WV, step length, and cadence under all four test conditions were observed in patients with spastic hemiparesis after each aboBoNT-A treatment cycle.

COVID-19 pandemic. What should Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine specialists do? A clinician's perspective.

COVID-19 pandemic is rapidly spreading all over the world, creating the risk for a healthcare collapse. While acute care and intensive care units are the main pillars of the early response to the disease, rehabilitative medicine should play an important part in allowing COVID-19 survivors to reduce disability and optimize the function of acute hospital setting. The aim of this study was to share the experience and the international perspective of different rehabilitation centers, treating COVID-19 survivors. A group of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation specialists from eleven different countries in Europe and North America have shared their clinical experience in dealing with COVID-19 survivors and how they have managed the re-organization of rehabilitation services. In our experience the most important sequelae of severe and critical forms of COVID-19 are: 1) respiratory; 2) cognitive, central and peripheral nervous system; 3) deconditioning; 4) critical illness related myopathy and neuropathy; 5) dysphagia; 6) joint stiffness and pain; 7) psychiatric. We analyze all these consequences and propose some practical treatment options, based on current evidence and clinical experience, as well as several suggestions for management of rehabilitation services and patients with suspected or confirmed infection by SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 survivors have some specific rehabilitation needs. Experience from other centers may help colleagues in organizing their services and providing better care to their patients.

Updated Approach to Stroke Rehabilitation.

This article summarizes stroke rehabilitation, with a particular focus on rehabilitation from acute diagnosis to chronic impairments of stroke. The emphasis is on both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic intervention and interdisciplinary collaboration.