A Fermented Wheat Germ Extract Contains Protein Components Active against NSCLC Xenografts In Vivo.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) continues to be the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Although advances have been made in the past decade to treat such tumors, most options induce multiple side effects, and many patients discontinue therapy due to toxicity. Thus, the need remains for non-toxic, effective NSCLC therapies, especially in an elderly patient population. Our lab has previously identified a protein fraction from the nutraceutical Avemar®-dubbed fermented wheat germ protein (FWGP)-with demonstrated efficacy in lymphoma models both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we show that FWGP also has anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo against lung cancer. In vitro cytotoxicity against multiple lung cancer cell lines yielded IC50 values comparable to those previously established with the parent product, Avemar. Further, significant A549 xenograft growth inhibition occurred in athymic nu/nu mice receiving FWGP in both pre-radiated and non-radiated models when compared to the untreated control. Encouragingly, mice treated with FWGP experienced no toxicities as detected by weight reduction or blood chemistry analysis. These data support the further study of FWGP as a potential non-toxic therapy for lung cancer and other oncologic indications.

A purified, fermented, extract of Triticum aestivum has lymphomacidal activity mediated via natural killer cell activation.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) affects over 400,000 people in the United States; its incidence increases with age. Treatment options are numerous and expanding, yet efficacy is often limited by toxicity, particularly in the elderly. Nearly 70% patients eventually die of the disease. Many patients explore less toxic alternative therapeutics proposed to boost anti-tumor immunity, despite a paucity of rigorous scientific data. Here we evaluate the lymphomacidal and immunomodulatory activities of a protein fraction isolated from fermented wheat germ. Fermented wheat germ extract was produced by fermenting wheat germ with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A protein fraction was tested for lymphomacidal activity in vitro using NHL cell lines and in vivo using mouse xenografts. Mechanisms of action were explored in vitro by evaluating apoptosis and cell cycle and in vivo by immunophenotyping and measurement of NK cell activity. Potent lymphomacidal activity was observed in a panel of NHL cell lines and mice bearing NHL xenografts. This activity was not dependent on wheat germ agglutinin or benzoquinones. Fermented wheat germ proteins induced apoptosis in NHL cells, and augmented immune effector mechanisms, as measured by NK cell killing activity, degranulation and production of IFNγ. Fermented wheat germ extract can be easily produced and is efficacious in a human lymphoma xenograft model. The protein fraction is quantifiable and more potent, shows direct pro-apoptotic properties, and enhances immune-mediated tumor eradication. The results presented herein support the novel concept that proteins in fermented wheat germ have direct pro-apoptotic activity on lymphoma cells and augment host immune effector mechanisms.

The HB22.7-vcMMAE antibody-drug conjugate has efficacy against non-Hodgkin lymphoma mouse xenografts with minimal systemic toxicity.

In this study, HB22.7, an anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody, was used for specific, targeted delivery of monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) to non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). MMAE was covalently coupled to HB22.7 through a valine-citrulline peptide linker (vc). Maleimide-functionalized vcMMAE (mal-vcMMAE) was reacted with thiols of the partially reduced mAb. Approximately 4 molecules of MMAE were conjugated to HB22.7 as determined by residual thiol measurement and hydrophobic interaction chromatography-HPLC (HIC-HPLC). HB22.7-vcMMAE antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) retained its binding to Ramos NHL cells and also exhibited potent and specific in vitro cytotoxicity on a panel of B cell NHL cell lines with IC50s of 20-284 ng/ml. HB22.7-vcMMAE also showed potent efficacy in vivo against established NHL xenografts using the DoHH2 and Granta 519 cell lines. One dose of the ADC induced complete and persistent response in all DoHH2 xenografts and 90 % of Granta xenografts. Minimal toxicity was observed. In summary, HB22.7-vcMMAE is an effective ADC that should be evaluated for clinical translation.

Efficacy of Combined Histone Deacetylase and Checkpoint Kinase Inhibition in a Preclinical Model of Human Burkitt Lymphoma.

Checkpoint kinase inhibition has been studied as a way of enhancing the effectiveness of DNA-damaging agents. More recently, histone deacetylase inhibitors have shown efficacy in several cancers, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma. To evaluate the effectiveness of this combination for the treatment of lymphoma, we examined the combination of AR42, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, and checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2) inhibitor II in vitro and in vivo. The combination resulted in up to 10-fold increase in potency in five Burkitt lymphoma cell lines when compared with either drug alone. Both drugs inhibited tumor progression in xenograft models, but the combination was more effective than either agent alone, resulting in regression of established tumors. No toxicity was observed. These results suggest that the combination of histone deacetylase inhibition and checkpoint kinase inhibition represent an effective and nontoxic treatment option that should be further explored in preclinical and clinical studies.

Histone deacetylase inhibition enhances the lymphomacidal activity of the anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody HB22.7.

HB22.7, an anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody has shown consistent preclinical activity against non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have demonstrated efficacy in lymphoma and can modulate cell surface receptor expression. To augment the lymphomacidal activity of HB22.7 we examined the combination of AR42 (an HDACi) and HB22.7 in vitro and in vivo. The combination resulted in 10-fold increased potency in 6 NHL cell lines when compared to either drug alone. Both drugs reduced tumor progression in xenografts, but the combination was significantly more efficacious and resulted in regression of established tumors, without toxicity. AR42 inhibited HB22.7-mediated CD22 internalization, suggesting that increased efficacy could be due to higher availability of CD22. Overall, the synergistic effects of HB22.7 and AR42 on in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo anti-tumor activity make this combination an attractive option for further pre-clinical and clinical evaluation.

Lenalidomide plus rituximab can produce durable clinical responses in patients with relapsed or refractory, indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

This phase II study evaluated the safety and efficacy of lenalidomide in combination with rituximab in patients with relapsed/refractory, indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Patients were treated with daily lenalidomide in 28-d cycles and weekly rituximab for 4 weeks. Lenalidomide was continued until progression or unacceptable toxicity. Twenty-two patients were assessed for FCGR3A polymorphisms. Thirty patients were enrolled; 27 were evaluable for response. The overall response rate (ORR) was 74% including 44% complete responses (CR); median progression-free survival (PFS) was 12·4 months. The 13 rituximab refractory patients had an ORR of 61·5% (four CR/unconfirmed CR). The ORR was 77% in the 22 follicular lymphoma patients (nine CR/unconfirmed CR). At a median follow-up time of 43 months, the median duration of response and time to next therapy were 15·4 and 37·4 months, respectively. Most common grade 3/4 adverse events were lymphopenia (45%), neutropenia (55%), fatigue (23%) and hyponatraemia (9%). The ORR and PFS in patients with low-affinity FCGR3A polymorphisms (F/F and F/V) suggest that lenalidomide may improve the activity of rituximab in these patients. These data suggest that combining lenalidomide with rituximab can produce durable responses with acceptable toxicity in patients with indolent NHL.

Implementation of timeline reforms speeds initiation of National Cancer Institute-sponsored trials.

BACKGROUND: The National Cancer Institute (NCI) organized the Operational Efficiency Working Group in 2008 to develop recommendations for improving the speed with which NCI-sponsored clinical trials move from the idea stage to a protocol open to patient enrollment. METHODS: Given the many stakeholders involved, the Operational Efficiency Working Group advised a multifaceted approach to mobilize the entire research community to improve their business processes. New staff positions to monitor progress, protocol-tracking Web sites, and strategically planned conference calls were implemented. NCI staff and clinical teams at Cooperative Groups and Cancer Centers strived to achieve new target timelines but, most important, agreed to abide by absolute deadlines. For phase I-II studies and phase III studies, the target timelines are 7 months and 10 months, whereas the absolute deadlines were set at 18 and 24 months, respectively. Trials not activated by the absolute deadline are automatically disapproved. RESULTS: The initial experience is encouraging and indicates a reduction in development times for phase I-II studies from the historical median of 541 days to a median of 442 days, an 18.3% decrease. The experience with phase III studies to date, although more limited (n = 25), demonstrates a 45.7% decrease in median days. CONCLUSIONS: Based upon this progress, the NCI and the investigator community have agreed to reduce the absolute deadlines to 15 and 18 months for phase I-II and III trials, respectively. Emphasis on initiating trials rapidly is likely to help reduce the time it takes for clinical trial results to reach patients in need of new treatments.

Targeting CD22 in B-cell malignancies: current status and clinical outlook.

CD22 is a B-cell-specific transmembrane glycoprotein found on the surface of most B cells; it modulates B-cell function, survival and apoptosis. CD22 has emerged as an ideal target for monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapy of B-cell malignancies including most lymphomas and many leukemias. Epratuzumab, an anti-CD22 mAb, has been developed in various forms, including as an unlabeled (naked) mAb, as a radioimmunotherapeutic, as an antibody drug conjugate (ADC), and as a vehicle for CD22-targeted nanoparticles. While clinical trials with unlabeled epratuzumab have demonstrated modest results, its combination with rituximab in phase II studies has been more encouraging. Based on the potential for CD22 to become internalized, CD22-targeted constructs carrying radioisotopes or toxins have generated promising results. Radioimmunotherapy, utilizing 9°Y-labeled epratuzumab, was shown to be highly effective in patients with follicular lymphoma, generating a complete response (CR) rate of 92 % and progression-free survival of more than 2 years. ADC therapy is a promising therapeutic approach to B-cell malignancies which includes the direct conjugation of mAbs with cytotoxic agents. Phase II studies of inotuzumab ozogamicin, an ADC which combines anti-CD22 mAb with calicheamicin, an enediyne antibiotic which mediates apoptosis, in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia have produced an overall response rate (ORR) of greater than 50 % in treatment-refractory patients. Phase I trials of moxetumomab pasudotox, an ADC which combines anti-CD22 with PE38, a fragment of Pseudomonas exotoxin A, have been completed in hairy cell leukemia with a ORR of 86 %. Finally, a review of CD22-targeted nanoparticles, that include a doxorubicin-containing lipid complex that uses synthetic high-affinity CD22 ligand mimetics as well as anti-CD22 mAb-coated pegylated liposomas doxorubin (PLD), has demonstrated promising results in pre-clinical models of human lymphoma. Moreover, novel anti-CD22 mAb that block CD22 ligand binding as well as second generation ADC that utilize biodegradable linkers and more potent toxins hold great hope for the future of CD22-targeted therapeutics that may translate into better outcomes for patients with CD22-positive malignancies.

Efficacy of a CD22-targeted antibody-saporin conjugate in a xenograft model of precursor-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Targeted therapies, such as those using imatinib and rituximab, have revolutionized the treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive and CD20-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) respectively, yet these therapies are effective in only a subset of patients and remission is generally not durable. The next generation of targeted therapies includes the use of antibodies conjugated to potent cytotoxic agents and are classified as antibody drug conjugates (ADC). For B-lineage ALL, CD22 is an ideal target for ADC therapy because it is expressed on the majority of B-lineage ALL cells and because antibody binding mediates receptor internalization. HB22.7-SAP is a conjugate of our anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody (mAb), HB22.7, and the ribosome inhibiting protein, saporin (SAP). In vitro, HB22.7-SAP effectively bound to CD22 on the surface of pre-B ALL cell lines and exhibited potent and specific cytotoxicity. In a NOD/SCID xenograft mouse model of pre-B ALL, when compared to the vehicle-treated control, HB22.7-SAP increased the median survival time from 20 days to over 50 days without significant toxicity.

Efficacy and toxicity of a CD22-targeted antibody-saporin conjugate in a xenograft model of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) can deliver potent drugs to cancer cells by employing the specificity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). ADCs have demonstrated significant anticancer activity and, in 2011, brentuximab vedotin has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of Hodgkin's and anaplastic large cell lymphomas. CD22 is an ideal target for ADC against B-cell malignancies because of its lineage-specific expression and rapid internalization upon antibody binding. In this study, we evaluated the anti-CD22 mAb HB22.7 as a vehicle for the targeted delivery of the potent toxin saporin (SAP). In vitro, HB22.7-SAP was cytotoxic against a panel of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) cell lines representing the most common types of the disease. Moreover, in a xenograft model of NHL, HB22.7-SAP significantly inhibited the growth of established lesions and completely prevented tumor development when treatment was initiated within 24 h from tumor-cell inoculation. HB22.7-SAP had no significant in vivo toxicity. In conclusion, HB22.7 constitutes a potential platform for CD22-targeted ADCs.

CD22 antigen is broadly expressed on lung cancer cells and is a target for antibody-based therapy.

Most patients with lung cancer still die from their disease, necessitating additional options to improve treatment. Here, we provide evidence for targeting CD22, a cell adhesion protein known to influence B-cell survival that we found is also widely expressed in lung cancer cells. In characterizing the antitumor activity of an established anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody (mAb), HB22.7, we showed CD22 expression by multiple approaches in various lung cancer subtypes, including 7 of 8 cell lines and a panel of primary patient specimens. HB22.7 displayed in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity against CD22-positive human lung cancer cells and tumor xenografts. In a model of metastatic lung cancer, HB22.7 inhibited the development of pulmonary metastasis and extended overall survival. The finding that CD22 is expressed on lung cancer cells is significant in revealing a heretofore unknown mechanism of tumorigenesis and metastasis. Our work suggests that anti-CD22 mAbs may be useful for targeted therapy of lung cancer, a malignancy that has few tumor-specific targets.

Disulfide cross-linked micelles for the targeted delivery of vincristine to B-cell lymphoma.

Vincristine (VCR) is a potent anticancer drug, but its clinical efficacy is limited by neurotoxicity. The field of drug delivery may provide an opportunity to increase the therapeutic index of VCR by delivering the drug specifically to tumor sites while sparing normal tissue. We have recently developed a telodendrimer (PEG(5k)-Cys(4)-L(8)-CA(8)) capable of forming disulfide cross-linked micelles (DCMs) which can encapsulate a variety of chemotherapeutics. In the present study, we encapsulated VCR into these micelles (DCM-VCR) and used them to treat lymphoma bearing mice. DCM-VCR particles have a size of 16 nm, which has been shown to be optimal for their accumulation into tumor via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Compared to our first-generation non-cross-linked micelles (NCMs), DCM-VCR demonstrated greater stability and slower drug release under physiological conditions. In addition, DCM-VCR exhibited a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of 3.5 mg/kg while the MTD for conventional VCR was only 1.5 mg/kg. Using a near-infrared cyanine dye (DiD) as the surrogate drug, we showed that DCM-VCR accumulated at the tumor site starting 1 h after injection and persisted up to 72 h in lymphoma xenografted nude mice. In an in vivo efficacy study, high dose (2.5 mg/kg) DCM-VCR produced the greatest reduction in tumor volume. High dose DCM-VCR was well tolerated with no significant changes in complete blood count, serum chemistry and histology of the sciatic nerve. Mice treated with an equivalent dose (1 mg/kg) of conventional VCR and DCM-VCR controlled tumor growth equally; however, in combination with on-demand addition of the reducing agent N-acetylcysteine, DCM-VCR exhibited a superior antitumor effect compared to conventional VCR.

The HB22.7 Anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody enhances bortezomib-mediated lymphomacidal activity in a sequence dependent manner.

Most non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) initially respond to chemotherapy, but relapse is common and treatment is often limited by chemotherapy-related toxicity. Bortezomib, is a highly selective proteasome inhibitor with anti-NHL activity; it is currently FDA approved for second-line treatment of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Bortezomib exerts its activity in part through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and also by the induction of apoptosis.We previously validated CD22 as a potential target in treating NHL and have shown that the anti-CD22 ligand blocking antibody, HB22.7, has significant independent lymphomacidal properties in NHL xenograft models. We sought to determine whether or not these agents would work synergistically to enhance cytotoxicity. Our results indicate that treatment of NHL cell lines with HB22.7 six hours prior to bortezomib significantly diminished cell viability. These effects were not seen when the agents were administered alone or when bortezomib was administered prior to HB22.7. Additionally, HB22.7 treatment prior to bortezomib increased apoptosis in part through enhanced ROS generation. Finally, in a mouse xenograft model, administration of HB22.7 followed 24 hours later by bortezomib resulted in 23% smaller tumor volumes and 20% enhanced survival compared to treatment with the reverse sequence. Despite the increased efficacy of HB22.7 treatment followed by bortezomib, there was no corresponding decrease in peripheral blood cell counts, indicating no increase in toxicity. Our results suggest that pre-treatment with HB22.7 increases bortezomib cytotoxicity, in part through increased reactive oxygen species and apoptosis, and that this sequential treatment combination has robust efficacy in vivo.

The Bs20x22 anti-CD20-CD22 bispecific antibody has more lymphomacidal activity than do the parent antibodies alone.

Previous studies have shown that bispecific antibodies that target both CD20 and CD22 have in vivo lymphomacidal properties. We developed a CD20-CD22 bispecific antibody (Bs20x22) from anti-CD20 and the anti-CD22 monoclonal antibodies (mAb), rituximab and HB22.7, respectively. Bs20x22 was constructed using standard methods and was shown to specifically bind CD20 and CD22. In vitro cytotoxicity assays showed that Bs20x22 was three times more effective than either parent mAb alone and twice as effective as a combination of both parent mAb used at equimolar concentrations. Bs20x22 was also nearly four times more effective at inducing apoptosis than either mAb alone. Examination of the MAPK and SAPK signaling cascades revealed that Bs20x22 induced significantly more p38 phosphorylation than either mAb alone. In an in vivo human NHL xenograft model, treatment with Bs20x22 resulted in significantly greater tumor shrinkage and improved overall survival when compared to either mAb alone or treatment with a combination of HB22.7 and rituximab. The effect of the initial tumor volume was assessed by comparing the efficacy of Bs20x22 administered before xenografts grew versus treatment of established tumors; significantly, greater efficacy was found when treatment was initiated before tumors could become established.

Efficacy, biodistribution, and pharmacokinetics of CD22-targeted pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in a B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma xenograft mouse model.

PURPOSE: Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is the sixth most common cause of cancer death in the U.S. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) is a liposomal form of doxorubicin (DXR) that causes less toxicity than does free DXR. To further enhance efficacy and decrease toxicity, we conjugated HB22.7, an anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody to PLD, thus creating CD22-targeted immunoliposomal PLD (IL-PLD). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: In vitro cytotoxicity of IL-PLD and PLD was assessed in CD22-positive and CD22-negative cell lines. Biodistribution, myelotoxicity, and plasma pharmacokinetics were measured in NHL xenograft-bearing mice treated with IL-PLD or PLD. Survival, tumor volume, and toxicity (WBC counts, body weights) were assessed in mice receiving a single dose (8, 12, or 16 mg DXR/kg) or three doses (8 mg DXR/kg/dose) of IL-PLD; controls were PLD, free DXR, PLD plus unconjugated HB22.7, IL-null (HB22.7-conjugated empty liposome), and nontreated mice. RESULTS: IL-PLD improved cytotoxicity over PLD only in CD22-positive cells. IL-PLD displayed similar pharmacokinetics and toxicities as PLD. Tumor DXR accumulation was greater and tumor/normal tissue ratios were similar (spleen) or greater (kidney, lung, and liver) in mice treated with IL-PLD versus PLD. IL-PLD reduced tumor volume more effectively than PLD at all doses; the three-dose regimen was superior. The three-dose regimen was used in confirmatory studies, which showed that IL-PLD produced significantly greater tumor volume reduction and enhanced survival versus PLD. CONCLUSION: IL-PLD has increased efficacy without increased toxicity compared with PLD. This suggests that IL-PLD may be an improved form of DXR-based therapy of NHL.

Development and characterization of CD22-targeted pegylated-liposomal doxorubicin (IL-PLD).

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is the sixth most common cause of cancer deaths in the U.S. Most NHLs initially respond well to chemotherapy, but relapse is common and treatment is often limited due to the toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents. Pegylated-liposomal doxorubicin (PLD, Ben Venue Laboratories, Inc), a produces less myelotoxicity than non-liposomal (NL) doxorubicin. To further enhance efficacy and NHL targeting and to decrease toxicity, we conjugated an anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody (HB22.7) to the surface of PLD, thereby creating CD22-targeted immunoliposomal PLD (IL-PLD). HB22.7 was successfully conjugated to PLD and the resulting IL-PLD exhibits specific binding to CD22-expressing cells as assessed by immunofluorescence staining. IL-PLD exhibits more cytotoxicity than PLD in CD22 positive cell lines but does not increase killing of CD22 negative cells. The IC(50) of IL-PLD is 3.1 to 5.4 times lower than that of PLD in CD22+ cell lines while the IC(50) of IL-PLD is equal to that of PLD in CD22- cells. Furthermore, IL-PLD remained bound to the CD22+ cells after washing and continued to exert cytotoxic effects, while PLD and NL- doxorubicin could easily be washed from these cells.

Dose, timing, schedule, and the choice of targeted epitope alter the efficacy of anti-CD22 immunotherapy in mice bearing human lymphoma xenografts.

CD22 is a cell-surface adhesion molecule on most B-cell NHL, so it is a promising target for immunotherapy. HB22.7 is an anti-CD22 mAb that binds the two NH(2)-terminal immunoglobulin domains and specifically blocks the interaction of CD22 with its ligand. CD22-blocking mAbs induce apoptosis in neoplastic B-cells and are functionally distinguishable from other anti-CD22 mAbs. This study assessed the optimal dose, route, schedule, and the targeted CD22 epitope. Raji NHL-bearing nude mice were studied. A non-blocking anti-CD22 mAb (HB22.27) was used as a control. HB22.27 had minimal effect, whereas HB22.7 improved survival and shrank tumors substantially. HB22.7 doses greater than 1.4 mg/week did not further increase efficacy (or toxicity). Tumors less than 200 mm(3) had a higher response rate than did larger tumors. Various schedules of HB22.7 administration were tested; one dose every other week was more effective than more or less frequent dosing. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that the half-life of HB22.7 was 28 days; this correlated with the time needed to re-populate cell-surface CD22 after treatment with HB22.7. Immuno-PET showed that NHL was rapidly and specifically targeted by copper-64-labeled-HB22.7. This study provided data as to an optimal dose, route, schedule and interval between doses of HB22.7.

Treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma xenografts with the HB22.7 anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody and phosphatase inhibitors improves efficacy.

PURPOSE: To examine the role of phosphatase inhibition on anti-CD22, HB22.7-mediated lymphomacidal effects. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: CD22 is a cell-surface molecule expressed on most B cell lymphomas (NHL). HB22.7 is an anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody that binds a unique CD22-epitope, blocks ligand binding, initiates signaling, and has demonstrated lymphomacidal activity. The SHP-1 tyrosine phosphatase is associated with the cytoplasmic domain of CD22. Sodium orthovanadate (NaV) is a phosphatase inhibitor. The SHP-1-CD22 interaction presents an opportunity to manipulate CD22-mediated signaling effects. In vitro cell culture assays and in vivo human NHL xenograft studies were used to assess the effects of phosphatase inhibition. RESULTS: NaV caused dose dependent killing of NHL cells in vitro; when HB22.7 was given with NaV, antibody-mediated cell death was augmented. Flow cytometry showed that NaV-pretreatment resulted in less CD22 internalization after ligation with HB22.7 than did control cells. Studies in mice bearing Raji NHL xenografts showed that the combination of NaV and HB22.7 shrank NHL tumors more rapidly, had a higher complete response rate (80%), and produced the best survival compared to controls; no toxicity was detected. Studies using Raji cells stably transfected with SHP-1DN confirmed that these observations were due to SHP-1 inhibition. CONCLUSION: The relatively specific association of SHP-1 with CD22 suggests that CD22-specific signal augmentation by phosphatase inhibitors can improve the clinical outcome of anti-CD22 based immunotherapy.

Phosphatase inhibition augments anti-CD22-mediated signaling and cytotoxicity in non-hodgkin's lymphoma cells.

CD22 is a cell-surface molecule found on most B-cell lymphomas (NHL). HB22.7 is an anti-CD22 antibody that blocks CD22 ligand binding, initiates signaling, and kills NHL cells. The SHP-1 tyrosine phosphatase is disproportionately associated with the cytoplasmic domain of CD22. Sodium orthovanadate (NaV) and dephostatin (DP) are phosphatase inhibitors. The interaction of SHP-1 with CD22 presents an opportunity to manipulate CD22-mediated signaling effects. NaV caused dose dependent killing of NHL cells in vitro; when HB22.7 was given with NaV, antibody-mediated cell death increased. NaV caused a substantial increase in CD22-mediated SAPK and ERK-1/2 activation when CD22 was crosslinked by HB22.7; NaV did not significantly affect IgM-mediated signals. Studies using Raji NHL cells stably transfected with a SHP-1 dominant negative (DN) confirmed that these observations were due to SHP-1 inhibition. The relatively specific association of SHP-1 with CD22 suggests that CD22-specific signaling may be altered by phosphatase inhibition in ways that could prove useful for anti-CD22-based immunotherapy.