ELSA-Brasil: a 4-year incidence of hearing loss in adults with and without hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence of hearing loss among adults stratified by the occurrence of hypertension, and to investigate the association between hypertension and hearing loss. METHODS: Longitudinal observational study, part of the Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil, Longitudinal Study on Adult's Health). Data from the first and second waves were analyzed, including information from audiological assessment and general health of the subjects. As outcome, we considered the presence of hearing loss (hearing thresholds above 25 dBHL at frequencies from 500 Hz to 8 kHz) and, as exposure variable, hypertension (report of medical diagnosis of hypertension; and/or use of drugs to treat hypertension; and/or pressure systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg; or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg). As covariables for adjustment were considered: sex, age, education, race / ethnicity, income, smoking, diabetes, and occupational exposure to noise. Poisson regression analysis was conducted, estimating the crude and adjusted relative risks, with 95% confidence intervals, in order to assess the factors associated with hearing loss. RESULTS: In crude analyses, the incidence of hearing loss was higher for subjects with hypertension (9.7% versus 5.4%). The crude relative risks for hearing loss was almost double (1.93; 95%CI: 1.10-3.39) for subjects with hypertension in the right ear. In the adjusted analyses, the relative risks was not significant for the hypertension variable (1.42; 95%CI: 0.75-2.67). Being 60 years or older (RR: 5.41; 95%CI: 2.79-10.50) showed a statistically significant association with hearing loss, indicating that older adults have higher relative risks for hearing loss. CONCLUSION: In the adjusted analyses controlled for multiple risk factors there was no association between hypertension and hearing loss. The dichotomous variable age (being 60 years or older), on the other hand, has shown a significant association with hearing loss.

ELSA-Brasil: a 4-year incidence of hearing loss in adults with and without hypertension

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To compare the incidence of hearing loss among adults stratified by the occurrence of hypertension, and to investigate the association between hypertension and hearing loss. METHODS Longitudinal observational study, part of the Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil, Longitudinal Study on Adult's Health). Data from the first and second waves were analyzed, including information from audiological assessment and general health of the subjects. As outcome, we considered the presence of hearing loss (hearing thresholds above 25 dBHL at frequencies from 500 Hz to 8 kHz) and, as exposure variable, hypertension (report of medical diagnosis of hypertension; and/or use of drugs to treat hypertension; and/or pressure systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg; or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg). As covariables for adjustment were considered: sex, age, education, race / ethnicity, income, smoking, diabetes, and occupational exposure to noise. Poisson regression analysis was conducted, estimating the crude and adjusted relative risks, with 95% confidence intervals, in order to assess the factors associated with hearing loss. RESULTS In crude analyses, the incidence of hearing loss was higher for subjects with hypertension (9.7% versus 5.4%). The crude relative risks for hearing loss was almost double (1.93; 95%CI: 1.10-3.39) for subjects with hypertension in the right ear. In the adjusted analyses, the relative risks was not significant for the hypertension variable (1.42; 95%CI: 0.75-2.67). Being 60 years or older (RR: 5.41; 95%CI: 2.79-10.50) showed a statistically significant association with hearing loss, indicating that older adults have higher relative risks for hearing loss. CONCLUSION In the adjusted analyses controlled for multiple risk factors there was no association between hypertension and hearing loss. The dichotomous variable age (being 60 years or older), on the other hand, has shown a significant association with hearing loss.

Associations between occupational factors and self-rated health in the national Brazilian working population.

BACKGROUND: The literature remains seldom on the topic of self-rated health (SRH) among the national working populations of emerging countries. The objectives of the study were to examine the associations of occupational factors with SRH in a national representative sample of the working population in Brazil. METHODS: This study relied on a cross-sectional sample of 36,442 workers, 16,992 women and 19,450 men. SRH was the studied health outcome. Sixteen occupational factors related to four topics were studied: employment characteristics, working time/hours, psychosocial work factors and physical and chemical work exposures. The associations between occupational factors and SRH were studied using logistic regression models with adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics (age, ethnicity and marital status). The analyses were performed for each gender separately and using weights. RESULTS: The prevalence of poor SRH was 26.71%, this prevalence being higher among women (29.77%) than among men (24.23%). The following risk factors for poor SRH were found among men and women: working as a self-employed worker, clerk/service worker, manual worker, part-time (≤ 20 h/week), exposure to work stress, exposure to high physical activity and exposure to sun. The risk factors for poor SRH among women only were: working as a domestic worker and exposure to noise, and among men, working in the agriculture sector. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggested that occupational factors related to both physical and psychosocial work environment may be associated with SRH in the working population in Brazil. Improving working conditions may be beneficial for health at work in Brazil.

Familiar factors and illicit drug use among Brazilian adolescents: an analysis of the Brazilian National Survey of School Health (PeNSE, 2015).

Illicit drug use is related to individual characteristics; however, social and family environments seem to be associated with this consumption. The aim of this study was to analyze the association of the relationships between parents or guardians and Brazilian adolescents that use illicit drugs. This is a cross-sectional study with data from the Brazilian National Survey of School Health (PeNSE, 2015), in which the target population was school children from the ninth grade (eighth year). A total of 102,072 students were included in the current research, being 52,782 females and 49,290 males. Illicit drug use was the outcome and family relationship factors were the exposure. For adjustments, factors as sociodemographic characteristics, mental health, as well as tobacco and alcohol use were established. Univariate and multivariate analysis stratified by sex was conducted through Poisson regression, with a robust variance estimator to calculate the prevalence ratio and the 95% confidence interval. The general prevalence of illicit drug use was 3.8%; 3.3% among females and 4.4% among males. The following factors increase the prevalence ratio for illicit drug use in adolescents: not living with their parents, not feeling supervised by parents, and skipping classes without parents' consent. Never feeling understood by parents and frequent physical aggressions by family members were also associated with illicit drug use. Family relationships collaborate to illicit drug use among Brazilian adolescents, considering their sociodemographic factors, alcohol and smoking habits and parents and friends' profiles.

Essential aspects in the design of data collection instruments in primary health research / Aspectos essenciais na construção de instrumentos de coleta de dados em pesquisas primárias de saúde

ABSTRACT Objective: to investigate the literature production on the design of forms for research in the health area and describe the most relevant concepts and precepts of the topic. Methods: an integrative literature review in the PubMed and Scielo databases with the key words: survey, constructing, questionnaire, formulary, development and design in various combinations, including articles published in any language in the last ten years. The survey returned 1,480 articles, and after reading and critically reviewing the abstracts according to the objective of the study, 16 articles were selected for complete reading. Information regarding aspects that were most relevant to the objective of the study was analyzed, as well as its recurrence in the selected articles. Results: the reading of the 16 articles resulted in three categories, based on the recurrence of the themes: structure, validation and sampling. Conclusion: clarity in the formulation of the questions was the most valued aspect in the structure of the instrument. As for validation, the realization of pilot tests was considered fundamental. Finally, the method of administration and adaptation of the questionnaire to target population was considered fundamental.

RESUMO Objetivo: verificar a literatura sobre a construção de formulários de pesquisas em saúde e descrever os conceitos e preceitos mais relevantes do tema. Métodos: revisão integrativa da literatura realizada nas bases Pubmed e Scielo com as palavras-chave: survey, constructing, questionnaire, formulary, development e design em diversas combinações, incluindo artigos em qualquer língua e publicados nos últimos dez anos. A pesquisa retornou 1480 artigos e após leitura e análise crítica dos resumos de acordo com o objetivo, 16 estudos foram selecionados para leitura na íntegra. Foi realizada a análise das informações dos aspectos mais relevantes para o objetivo do estudo e a sua recorrência nas pesquisas selecionadas. Resultados: dentre os 16 artigos foram encontradas três categorias baseadas na recorrência dos temas: estrutura, validação e amostragem. Conclusão: a clareza na formulação das perguntas foi o aspecto mais valorizado em relação à estrutura do instrumento, enquanto que para a validação, é fundamental realizar o teste-piloto; e ainda, a forma de administração e a adaptação do questionário deve ser considerada para a população à qual se aplica.

Occupational factors associated with major depressive disorder: A Brazilian population-based study.

BACKGROUND: There have been very few studies exploring the occupational risk factors for major depressive disorder (MDD) in the working populations in Latin America. The aim of this study was to explore the associations between a large set of occupational factors and MDD in the Brazilian working population. METHODS: The study was based on the cross-sectional data from the Brazilian National Health Survey, 2013. 60,202 people were interviewed (response rate: 91.9%). Among them, 36,442 were working, 19,450 men and 16,992 women. MDD was measured using the diagnostic algorithm (DSM-IV criteria) of the PHQ-9. Occupational factors included job characteristics, working time factors, psychosocial work stressors and physico-chemical exposures. Logistic regression models were performed and adjusted for sociodemographic factors. All analyses were conducted using weighted and stratified data by gender. RESULTS: The following occupational factors were associated with a higher risk of MDD: working part time (≤20 h a week) and stress at work for both genders, workplace violence, intense physical activity, exposure to noise and chemicals among women, and prolonged exposure to sun among men. Associations of stress and violence at work with MDD were particularly strong. LIMITATIONS: Cross-sectional study design, healthy worker effect and reporting bias may have impacted the results. CONCLUSIONS: This study, one of the first studies among the Brazilian working population, showed that psychosocial work stressors were the strongest risk factors for MDD. Physico-chemical exposures deserve more attention in association with MDD. Prevention policies oriented toward the work environment may help to prevent depression at the workplace.

Tabaco en adolescentes escolares brasileños: asociación con salud mental y contexto familiar / Tobacco use in Brazilian school adolescents: association with mental health and family context

Objetivo: Estudiar la asociación entre aspectos de la salud mental y el contexto familiar con la experimentación y el consumo de tabaco en jóvenes escolares brasileños. Método: Estudio transversal utilizando datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Escolar de Brasil, que incluyó 109.104 escolares del noveno año de formación fundamental, turno diurno, de escuelas públicas y privadas de los 26 Estados y el Distrito Federal. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables, análisis bivariado y multivariado, con obtención de odds ratio (OR) e intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Resultados: El 20,9% de los escolares experimentaron el tabaco por lo menos una vez en la vida. Los adolescentes que presentaban sentimientos de soledad más frecuentemente (OR: 2,07; IC95%: 1,98-2,16), dificultad para dormir (OR: 2,37; IC95%: 2,52-2,48) y menor interacción social (OR: 1,27; IC95%: 1,26-1,32) se asociaron más frecuentemente con consumo de tabaco, con independencia del tipo de escuela, el sexo y el color de piel. Los escolares de padres o responsables poco comprensivos (OR: 2,39; IC95%: 2,29-2,49), o que no saben lo que los hijos hacen en su tiempo libre (OR: 1,52; IC95%: 1,46-1,59), se asociaron con consumo frecuente de cigarrillos. Conclusión: Se evidenció una asociación entre la salud mental y el contexto familiar con la experimentación y el uso de tabaco en adolescentes escolarizados brasileños, independientemente del tipo de escuela, sexo y color de piel. Es importante que programas destinados a prevenir y retardar la experimentación y el uso de tabaco en la adolescencia enfaticen en estos hallazgos y se planteen estrategias en ámbitos de salud mental y familiar

Objective: To study the association between aspects of mental health and the family context with tobacco experimentation and consumption among Brazilian schoolchildren. Method: A cross-sectional study using data from the National Survey of Schoolchildren's Health in Brazil conducted on 109,104 schoolchildren from the ninth year of elementary school, day scholars in public and private schools in all Brazilian state capitals and the Federal District. Descriptive analysis of variables, bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed with logistic regression estimates, adjusted for socioeconomic variables, obtaining the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Results: Among the participants, 52.2% were female. Twenty point nine percent of the students reported having experimented with cigarettes at least once. Adolescents who experienced more often feelings of loneliness (OR: 2.07; 95%CI: 1.98-2.16), difficulty sleeping (OR: 2.37; 95%CI: 2.52-2.48) and lower social interaction (OR: 1.27; 95%CI: 1.26-1.32), were more likely to smoke, regardless of socioeconomic status. The schoolchildren of parents or caregivers (OR: 2.39; 95%CI: 2.29-2.49) who did not know what their children did in their free time (OR: 1.52; 95%CI: 1.46-1.59) were associated with more frequent cigarette smoking. Conclusion: An association was seen between aspects of mental health and the family context with the experimentation and consumption of tobacco in adolescents enrolled in the study in Brazil. These associations are independent of school type, sex and skin colour. It is important that programmes for the prevention of tobacco use in adolescence emphasise these findings

[Tobacco use in Brazilian school adolescents: association with mental health and family context]. / Tabaco en adolescentes escolares brasileños: asociación con salud mental y contexto familiar.

OBJECTIVE: To study the association between aspects of mental health and the family context with tobacco experimentation and consumption among Brazilian schoolchildren. METHOD: A cross-sectional study using data from the National Survey of Schoolchildren's Health in Brazil conducted on 109,104 schoolchildren from the ninth year of elementary school, day scholars in public and private schools in all Brazilian state capitals and the Federal District. Descriptive analysis of variables, bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed with logistic regression estimates, adjusted for socioeconomic variables, obtaining the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). RESULTS: Among the participants, 52.2% were female. Twenty point nine percent of the students reported having experimented with cigarettes at least once. Adolescents who experienced more often feelings of loneliness (OR: 2.07; 95%CI: 1.98-2.16), difficulty sleeping (OR: 2.37; 95%CI: 2.52-2.48) and lower social interaction (OR: 1.27; 95%CI: 1.26-1.32), were more likely to smoke, regardless of socioeconomic status. The schoolchildren of parents or caregivers (OR: 2.39; 95%CI: 2.29-2.49) who did not know what their children did in their free time (OR: 1.52; 95%CI: 1.46-1.59) were associated with more frequent cigarette smoking. CONCLUSION: An association was seen between aspects of mental health and the family context with the experimentation and consumption of tobacco in adolescents enrolled in the study in Brazil. These associations are independent of school type, sex and skin colour. It is important that programmes for the prevention of tobacco use in adolescence emphasise these findings.

Familiar factors and illicit drug use among Brazilian adolescents: an analysis of the Brazilian National Survey of School Health (PeNSE, 2015) / O uso de drogas ilícitas e fatores familiares entre adolescentes brasileiros: uma análise da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Escolar (PeNSE, 2015) / Factores familiares y consumo de drogas ilícitas entre adolescentes brasileños: un análisis de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Escolar (PeNSE, 2015)

Illicit drug use is related to individual characteristics; however, social and family environments seem to be associated with this consumption. The aim of this study was to analyze the association of the relationships between parents or guardians and Brazilian adolescents that use illicit drugs. This is a cross-sectional study with data from the Brazilian National Survey of School Health (PeNSE, 2015), in which the target population was school children from the ninth grade (eighth year). A total of 102,072 students were included in the current research, being 52,782 females and 49,290 males. Illicit drug use was the outcome and family relationship factors were the exposure. For adjustments, factors as sociodemographic characteristics, mental health, as well as tobacco and alcohol use were established. Univariate and multivariate analysis stratified by sex was conducted through Poisson regression, with a robust variance estimator to calculate the prevalence ratio and the 95% confidence interval. The general prevalence of illicit drug use was 3.8%; 3.3% among females and 4.4% among males. The following factors increase the prevalence ratio for illicit drug use in adolescents: not living with their parents, not feeling supervised by parents, and skipping classes without parents' consent. Never feeling understood by parents and frequent physical aggressions by family members were also associated with illicit drug use. Family relationships collaborate to illicit drug use among Brazilian adolescents, considering their sociodemographic factors, alcohol and smoking habits and parents and friends' profiles.

O uso de drogas ilícitas está associado a características individuais; no entanto, os ambientes social e familiar também parecem estar relacionados a esse consumo. O estudo teve como objetivo analisar as associações entre o relacionamento dos pais e responsáveis com os filhos adolescentes que usam drogas ilícitas no Brasil. Este foi um estudo transversal com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Escolar (PeNSE, 2015), em que a população-alvo foram escolares da nona série (oitavo ano). O estudo incluiu 102.072 alunos (52.782 meninas e 49.290 meninos). O uso de drogas ilícitas foi a variável de desfecho, e os fatores de relacionamento familiar foram as variáveis de exposição. As variáveis de ajuste incluíram características sociodemográficas, saúde mental, tabagismo e consumo de álcool. Análises univariada e multivariada, estratificadas por sexo, foram realizadas com regressão de Poisson com variância robusta para calcular a razão de prevalências com intervalo de 95% de confiança. A prevalência global de uso de drogas ilícitas foi de 3,8% (3,3% para meninas e 4,4% para meninos). Os seguintes fatores estiveram associados ao aumento da razão de prevalências para uso de drogas ilícitas em adolescentes: não viver com os pais, não se sentir supervisionado pelos pais, faltar à escola sem o consentimento dos pais, nunca se sentir compreendido pelos pais e relatos de agressões frequentes por familiares. As relações familiares problemáticas contribuem para o uso de drogas ilícitas entre adolescentes brasileiros, considerando também fatores sociodemográficos, tabagismo, uso de álcool e os perfis de uso pelos pais e amigos.

El consumo de drogas ilícitas está relacionado con características individuales; no obstante, el entorno social y familiar parecen estar asociados con este consumo. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la asociación de las relaciones entre padres o tutores y adolescentes brasileños que consumen drogas ilícitas. Es un estudio transversal con datos procedentes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Escolar (PeNSE, 2015), donde la población objetivo fueron adolescentes en edad escolar en noveno curso (octavo año). Se incluyeron a un total de 102.072 estudiantes en esta investigación, siendo 52.782 mujeres y 49.290 hombres. El consumo ilícito de drogas fue el resultado y los factores de relación de la familia fueron la exposición. Para los ajustes, se establecieron factores como: características sociodemográficas, salud mental, así como el consumo de tabaco y alcohol. Los análisis univariados y multivariados estratificados por sexo se realizaron a través de la regresión de Poisson, con un estimador de varianza robusta para calcular el ratio de prevalencia y el intervalo de 95% de confianza. La prevalencia general en el consumo de drogas ilícitas fue 3,8%; 3,3% entre mujeres y 4,4% entre hombres. Los siguientes factores incrementan el ratio de prevalencia en el consumo de drogas ilícitas con adolescentes: no estar viviendo con sus padres, no sentirse supervisado por sus padres, y saltarse clases sin el consentimiento de sus padres. El no sentirse nunca comprendido por sus padres, y sufrir agresiones físicas frecuentes por parte de miembros de la familia, también estuvo asociado con el consumo ilícito de drogas. Las relaciones de familia asocian con el consumo ilícito de drogas entre adolescentes brasileños, considerando sus factores sociodemográficos, y los perfiles de padres y amigos en cuanto al consumo de alcohol y tabaco.

Aplicabilidade dos estudos de carga de doença nos distúrbios fonoaudiológicos / Applicability of burden of disease methodology in human communication disorders

RESUMO: A metodologia de mensuração da carga de doença, composta pelo cálculo de indicadores específicos, propõe mensurar os efeitos de agravos (ou de doenças) sobre o bem estar físico, emocional e social, seja a partir dos efeitos da morte prematura e da morbidade, bem como de comorbidades sobre as condições de saúde da população. O estudo teve como objetivo verificar a possibilidade de aplicação dos conceitos de carga de doença no estudo das metodologias e melhor caracterização do cenário de agravos fonoaudiológicos. O estudo envolveu revisão integrativa da literatura nas bases Scielo, Lilacs e Pubmed, com apresentação de conceitos e uma análise crítica dos indicadores de carga de doença e suas potenciais aplicações no campo da fonoaudiologia. Os achados indicam que existe uma carência de estudos utilizando os conceitos relacionados à carga de doença aplicados à comunicação humana e seus distúrbios, bem como às implicações destas na vida do sujeito a partir da metodologia proposta pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Há oportunidades de aplicação da metodologia foco da pesquisa, tanto para que forneça o impacto dos agravos no indivíduo, como para a avaliação da qualidade de vida e para a mensuração da efetividade das intervenções no campo dos distúrbios fonoaudiológicos.

ABSTRACT: The burden of disease methodology is composed by the calculation of specific indicators, and proposes to measure the effects of diseases on the physical, emotional and social welfare, either from the effects of premature death and morbidity, as well as comorbidities on the health conditions of the population. This study aimed to verify the possibility of application of the concept of the burden of disease in the study of human communication disorders in an attempt to introduce new methodologies and better characterize the setting of these diseases. This study involved an integrative literature review in Scielo, Lilacs and Pubmed bases, with presentation of concepts and a critical analysis of burden of disease's indicators and their potential applications in the field of speech, language and hearing sciences. The findings indicate a lack of studies using the concepts related to burden of disease as applied to human communication and its disorders as well as their implications on the life of the subject according to the methodology proposed by the World Health Organization. There are opportunities to apply the burden of disease concept and methodology in the field of communication disorders, both, to identify the impact of diseases on the individual, as for the evaluation of the quality and also to measure the effectiveness of interventions in the field of communication disorders.

Caracterização de acidente vascular cerebral com enfoque em distúrbios da comunicação oral em pacientes de um hospital regional / Characterization of stroke with a focus on oral communication disorders in inpatients of a regional hospital

RESUMO Objetivo Caracterizar pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), verificar a prevalência de distúrbios de comunicação oral relacionados e a frequência de encaminhamento para reabilitação fonoaudiológica. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo dos prontuários de 95 pacientes internados por AVC, entre junho de 2007 e junho de 2008, em hospital público da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Resultados Dos 95 pacientes, 51 (53,7%) eram do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 59,8 anos; 48 (59,3%) apresentavam histórico de hipertensão arterial; 82 (86,3%) apresentaram AVC tipo isquêmico e 53 (55,8%), distúrbios de comunicação oral. O tempo médio de internação foi de cinco dias. Não houve relação significativa entre o tipo de AVC e distúrbio de comunicação oral, tampouco entre o local da lesão neurológica decorrente do AVC e a ocorrência de distúrbio de comunicação oral. Nenhum dos sujeitos recebeu indicação de avaliação ou tratamento fonoaudiológico durante a internação ou na alta. Conclusão Mais de 50% dos indivíduos acometidos por AVC apresentam distúrbios de comunicação oral durante o período de internação hospitalar. Não houve nenhuma indicação ou solicitação de atendimento fonoaudiológico neste período, tampouco em encaminhamento para atendimento após a alta hospitalar. Estes achados indicam provável falha da inserção fonoaudiológica em equipes que atendem pacientes acometidos por doenças neurológicas, sendo necessário avaliar mais profundamente se isto ocorre devido à ausência do fonoaudiólogo na equipe, ou ao pouco conhecimento dos profissionais sobre a atuação fonoaudiológica junto aos distúrbios de comunicação oral decorrentes de AVC.

ABSTRACT Purpose To characterize patients with stroke and to establish the prevalence of oral communication disorders (CD) related by cerebrovascular accident (CVA) and the frequency of indication or request of speech therapy. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study from the medical report forms of 95 patients hospitalized for stroke between June 2007 and June 2008 in a regional public hospital. Results Out of the 95 patients, 51 (53.7%) were male (mean age was 59.8 years old), 48 (59.3%) had a history of hypertension, 82 (86.3%) had ischaemic stroke and CD were present in 53 (55.8%) of patients. The mean hospital stay was 5 days. There was no significant relationship between the type of stroke and CD, or between the site of neurological damage due to stroke and the occurrence of CD. None of the subjects received an evaluation or speech-language therapy during hospitalization, and there were no referrals to healthcare after discharge. Conclusion More than 50% of individuals affected by stroke had oral communication disorders during the hospitalization. There was no any indication or request for speech therapy in this period, even after discharge. These findings indicate a probable failure to integrate with the speech therapy staff for the treatment of patients with neurological diseases. It is necessary to further evaluate whether this is due absence of speech therapists in the team or just healthcare professionals lacking knowledge about the possibilities of speech therapy along with disturbances in oral communication due to stroke.

[Risk factors for absenteeism due to sick leave in the petroleum industry]. / Fatores de risco para absenteísmo com licença médica em trabalhadores da indústria de petróleo.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for absenteeism among workers with sick leave in an oil company. METHODS: A case-control study (120 cases and 656 controls) nested in a retrospective cohort study following up all employees of an oil company in the North-Northeast of Brazil from 2007 to 2009. The response variable used to represent absenteeism with sick leave was the average incidence of sick leave, defined as the ratio between total sick days and potential working days in the period. Logistic regression techniques were used to investigate the association between average incidence of sick leave > 5.0% over the period and the variables sex, position, age, time at work, shift work, smoking, arterial hypertension, body mass index, physical activity, coronary risk, sleep, glycemia, non-managed diabetes, cardiovascular, digestive, musculoskeletal, neurological and neoplastic diseases, straining body positioning during work, satisfaction at work, relationship with management, and concentrated attention at work. RESULTS: Average incidence of sick leave higher than 5.0% in the cohort period was 15.5%. The logistic model revealed that workers with average incidence of sick leave higher than 5.0% were 2.6 times more likely to be female; 2.0 time more likely to be smokers; 1.8 time more likely to be former smokers; 2.2 times more likely to report abnormal sleep and 10.5 times more likely to report dissatisfaction with their than workers with average incidence of sick leave ≤ 5.0% in the period. CONCLUSIONS: In this population, female gender, being a smoker or a former smoker, reporting dissatisfaction with the job and reporting abnormal sleep are good predictors of occupational absenteeism with sick leave. OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for absenteeism among workers with sick leave in an oil company. METHODS: A case-control study (120 cases and 656 controls) nested in a retrospective cohort study following up all employees of an oil company in the North-Northeast of Brazil from 2007 to 2009. The response variable used to represent absenteeism with sick leave was the average incidence of sick leave, defined as the ratio between total sick days and potential working days in the period. Logistic regression techniques were used to investigate the association between average incidence of sick leave > 5.0% over the period and the variables sex, position, age, time at work, shift work, smoking, arterial hypertension, body mass index, physical activity, coronary risk, sleep, glycemia, non-managed diabetes, cardiovascular, digestive, musculoskeletal, neurological and neoplastic diseases, straining body positioning during work, satisfaction at work, relationship with management, and concentrated attention at work. RESULTS: Average incidence of sick leave higher than 5.0% in the cohort period was 15.5%. The logistic model revealed that workers with average incidence of sick leave higher than 5.0% were 2.6 times more likely to be female; 2.0 time more likely to be smokers; 1.8 time more likely to be former smokers; 2.2 times more likely to report abnormal sleep and 10.5 times more likely to report dissatisfaction with their than workers with average incidence of sick leave ≤ 5.0% in the period. CONCLUSIONS: In this population, female gender, being a smoker or a former smoker, reporting dissatisfaction with the job and reporting abnormal sleep are good predictors of occupational absenteeism with sick leave.

Fatores de risco para absenteísmo com licença médica em trabalhadores da indústria de petróleo / Risk factors for absenteeism due to sick leave in the petroleum industry / Risk factors for absenteeism due to sick leave in the petroleum industryFactores de riesgo para el ausentismo con licencia médica en trabajadores de la industria del petróleo / Factores de riesgo para el ausentismo con licencia médica en trabajadores de la industria del petróleo

OBJETIVO : Identificar fatores de risco para o absenteísmo com licença médica em trabalhadores de empresa de petróleo. MÉTODOS : Estudo caso-controle (120 casos e 656 controles) aninhado a um estudo de coorte retrospectivo com todos os trabalhadores de uma empresa de petróleo na Região Norte-Nordeste do Brasil entre 2007 e 2009. A variável resposta utilizada para representar o absenteísmo com licença médica foi a incidência média de faltas com licenças médicas no período, definida pela razão entre o total de dias de licenças médicas e os dias potencialmente trabalháveis no período. Análise de regressão logística foi utilizada para investigar a associação entre incidência média de faltas > 5,0% no período e as variáveis sexo, cargo, idade, tempo de atuação, regime de trabalho, tabagismo, hipertensão arterial, índice de massa corporal, atividade física, risco coronariano, sono, glicemia, diabetes não controlado, doença do aparelho cardiovascular, digestivo, aparelho locomotor, neurológica, neoplasia, posturas forçadas no trabalho, satisfação com o trabalho, relacionamento com a chefia e atenção concentrada no trabalho. RESULTADOS : A incidência média de faltas com licenças médicas > 5,0% no período da coorte foi 15,5%. O modelo logístico revelou que trabalhadores com incidência média de faltas > 5,0% tiveram 2,6 vezes mais chance de ser do sexo feminino; 2,0 vezes mais chance de ser fumante; 1,8 vez mais chance de ser ex-fumante, 2,2 vezes mais chance de relatar sono anormal e 10,5 vezes mais chance de estarem insatisfeitos com o trabalho do que trabalhadores com incidência média de faltas ≤ 5,0% no período. CONCLUSÕES : Sexo feminino, ser fumante ...

OBJECTIVE : To identify risk factors for absenteeism among workers with sick leave in an oil company. METHODS : A case-control study (120 cases and 656 controls) nested in a retrospective cohort study following up all employees of an oil company in the North-Northeast of Brazil from 2007 to 2009. The response variable used to represent absenteeism with sick leave was the average incidence of sick leave, defined as the ratio between total sick days and potential working days in the period. Logistic regression techniques were used to investigate the association between average incidence of sick leave > 5.0% over the period and the variables sex, position, age, time at work, shift work, smoking, arterial hypertension, body mass index, physical activity, coronary risk, sleep, glycemia, non-managed diabetes, cardiovascular, digestive, musculoskeletal, neurological and neoplastic diseases, straining body positioning during work, satisfaction at work, relationship with management, and concentrated attention at work. RESULTS : Average incidence of sick leave higher than 5.0% in the cohort period was 15.5%. The logistic model revealed that workers with average incidence of sick leave higher than 5.0% were 2.6 times more likely to be female; 2.0 time more likely to be smokers; 1.8 time more likely to be former smokers; 2.2 times more likely to report abnormal sleep and 10.5 times more likely to report dissatisfaction with their than workers with average incidence of sick leave ≤ 5.0% in the period. CONCLUSIONS : In this population, female gender, being a smoker or a former smoker, reporting dissatisfaction with the job and reporting abnormal sleep are good predictors of occupational absenteeism with sick leave. .

OBJECTIVE : To identify risk factors for absenteeism among workers with sick leave in an oil company. METHODS : A case-control study (120 cases and 656 controls) nested in a retrospective cohort study following up all employees of an oil company in the North-Northeast of Brazil from 2007 to 2009. The response variable used to represent absenteeism with sick leave was the average incidence of sick leave, defined as the ratio between total sick days and potential working days in the period. Logistic regression techniques were used to investigate the association between average incidence of sick leave > 5.0% over the period and the variables sex, position, age, time at work, shift work, smoking, arterial hypertension, body mass index, physical activity, coronary risk, sleep, glycemia, non-managed diabetes, cardiovascular, digestive, musculoskeletal, neurological and neoplastic diseases, straining body positioning during work, satisfaction at work, relationship with management, and concentrated attention at work. RESULTS : Average incidence of sick leave higher than 5.0% in the cohort period was 15.5%. The logistic model revealed that workers with average incidence of sick leave higher than 5.0% were 2.6 times more likely to be female; 2.0 time more likely to be smokers; 1.8 time more likely to be former smokers; 2.2 times more likely to report abnormal sleep and 10.5 times more likely to report dissatisfaction with their than workers with average incidence of sick leave ≤ 5.0% in the period. CONCLUSIONS : In this population, female gender, being a smoker or a former smoker, reporting dissatisfaction with the job and reporting abnormal sleep are good predictors of occupational absenteeism with sick leave. .

OBJETIVO : Identificar factores de riesgo para el ausentismo con licencia médica en trabajadores de empresa del petróleo. MÉTODOS : Estudio caso-control (120 casos y 656 controles) anidado en una cohorte retrospectiva con todos los trabajadores de una empresa de petróleo en la Región Norte-Nordeste de Brasil entre 2007 y 2009. La variable respuesta utilizada para representar el ausentismo con licencia médica fue la incidencia promedio de faltas con licencias médicas durante el período, definida por el cociente entre el total de días de licencias médicas y los días potencialmente trabajables. Se utilizó análisis de regresión logística para investigar la asociación entre incidencia promedio de faltas > 5,0% en el período y las variables sexo, cargo, edad, tiempo de actuación, régimen de trabajo, tabaquismo, hipertensión arterial, índice de masa corporal, actividad física, riesgo coronario, sueño, glicemia, diabetes no controlada, enfermedad del aparato cardiovascular, digestivo, aparato locomotor, neurológica, neoplasia, posturas forzadas en el trabajo, satisfacción con el trabajo, relacionamiento con el jefe y atención concentrada en el trabajo. RESULTADOS : La incidencia promedio de faltas con licencias médicas > 5,0% en el período de la cohorte fue de 15,5%. El modelo logístico reveló que trabajadores con incidencia promedio de faltas > 5,0% tuvieron 2,6 veces más chance de ser del sexo femenino; 2,0 veces más chances de ser fumador; 1,9 veces más chance de ser ex-fumador; 2,1 veces más chance de relatar sueño anormal y 10,5 veces más chances de estar insatisfechos con el trabajo, en comparación con los trabajadores con incidencia promedio de faltas < 5,0% en el período. CONCLUSIONES : Sexo femenino, ser fumador o ex-fumador, estar ...

Indicadores de absenteísmo e diagnósticos associados às licenças médicas de trabalhadores da área de serviços de uma indústria de petróleo / Absenteeism indicators and diagnosis associated to sick leave among workers of the administrative service area of a petroleum industry

OBJETIVOS: Determinar indicadores do absenteísmo por licença médica (LM) em trabalhadores da área de serviços de uma indústria de petróleo, identificando as patologias associadas. MÉTODOS: Este estudo descreve resultados de estudo coorte retrospectivo com 782 trabalhadores de uma empresa de petróleo no período de 1º de janeiro de 2007 a 31 de dezembro de 2009. RESULTADOS: 542 trabalhadores tiveram eventos de faltas ao trabalho que geraram licença médica. Registrou-se 3,3 episódios de LM por trabalhador e 69,3% dos trabalhadores tiveram pelo menos um episódio de LM. Os episódios de LM duraram em média 6,6 dias, com desvio padrão de 9,8 dias. A maior proporção de episódios de absenteísmo por LM deveu-se às doenças do sistema osteomuscular e tecido conjuntivo. Dezesseis dentre os 782 trabalhadores apresentaram 17 episódios de LM associadas ao trabalho (acidente típico, de trajeto e doença ocupacional). CONCLUSÕES: O estudo ratificou a importância do afastamento por doenças do sistema osteomuscular e o impacto das doenças ocupacionais no absenteísmo por licença médica, detectando índices semelhantes ao da literatura, numa população pouco explorada do ponto de vista epidemiológico.

OBJECTIVE: To determine indices of sick leave (SL) absenteeism among workers in the administrative service area of a petroleum industry and to identify associated pathologies. METHODS: The study describes results of a retrospective cohort study involving 782 workers from an oil company, who were followed up from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2009. RESULTS: During the study period, 542 workers reported SL events with physician's statements. An average of 3.3 SL absences per worker was recorded, and 69.3% of the workers had gone through at least one SL episode. SL episodes lasted in average for 6.6 days, with a standard deviation of 9.8 days. Most of SL absences were due to musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders. Sixteen out of the 782 workers went through 17 work-related SL episodes (worksite accidents, commuting accidents and occupational illnesses). CONCLUSIONS: The study confirmed that musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases are the most recurrent causes of sick leave absenteeism. The rates of absenteeism due to SL, in this population yet rarely investigated from the epidemiological point of view, were similar to those described in literature.

Assunção de riscos ocupacionais no Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU) / Occupational risk-taking in the mobile Emergency Care Service (SAMU)

Objetivo: identificar os riscos ocupacionais percebidos pelos profissionais que atuam no Serviço de Atendimento Móvel deUrgência (SAMU), categorizá-los conforme as Normas Regulamentadoras - NRs 09 e 32 e relacioná-los às medidas deproteção e segurança. Método: trata-se de estudo descritivo e exploratório com abordagem qualitativa realizado comtécnicos em enfermagem e condutores socorristas que atuam nas bases descentralizadas do SAMU de um município dazona metropolitana de Salvador-BA. Foram entrevistados oito sujeitos por meio de entrevista semiestruturada a partir dasquestões norteadoras: "Quais riscos você consegue identificar durante seu trabalho no SAMU?" e "De que forma você seprotege desses riscos?". A análise das entrevistas foi realizada seguindo o discurso dos sujeitos com o método de Análise deConteúdo de Bardin. A pesquisa foi realizada sob os preceitos éticos do Conselho Nacional de Saúde, conforme a CAAE249/2011 e aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, sob o Protocolon. 89/2011. Resultados: sobre os riscos ocupacionais identificados emergiram as seguintes categorias: risco biológico;risco de acidentes de trânsito; e violência urbana. O estudo ainda evidenciou a não acepção dos riscos ocupacionais e aimportância do uso de equipamentos de proteção individual (EPI). Conclusão: o estudo evidenciou a necessidade deadotar medidas de precaução para diminuição da exposição a esses riscos e de capacitar os profissionais em percepção derisco.