Characterization of muscarinic and P2X receptors in the urothelium and detrusor muscle of the rat bladder.

Muscarinic and purinergic (P2X) receptors play critical roles in bladder urothelium under physiological and pathological conditions. Aim of present study was to characterize these receptors in rat bladder urothelium and detrusor muscle using selective radioligands of [N-methyl-(3)H]scopolamine methyl chloride ([(3)H]NMS) and αß-methylene ATP [2,8-(3)H]tetrasodium salt ([(3)H]αß-MeATP). Similar binding parameters for each radioligand were observed in urothelium and detrusor muscle. Pretreatment with N-(2-chloroethyl)-4-piperidinyl diphenylacetate (4-DAMP mustard) mustard revealed co-existence of M2 and M3 receptors, with the number of M2 receptors being larger in the urothelium and detrusor muscle. Intravesical administration of imidafenacin and Dpr-P-4 (N â†’ O) (active metabolite of propiverine) displayed significant binding of muscarinic receptors in the urothelium and detrusor muscle. The treatment with cyclophosphamide (CYP) or resiniferatoxin (RTX) resulted in a significant decrease in maximal number of binding sites (Bmax) for [(3)H]NMS and/or [(3)H]αß-MeATP in the urothelium and detrusor muscle. These results demonstrated that 1) pharmacological characteristics of muscarinic and P2X receptors in rat bladder urothelium were similar to those in the detrusor muscle, 2) that densities of these receptors were significantly altered by pretreatments with CYP and RTX, and 3) that these receptors may be pharmacologically affected by imidafenacin and Dpr-P-4 (N â†’ O) which are excreted in the urine.

Comparative characterization of lung muscarinic receptor binding after intratracheal administration of tiotropium, ipratropium, and glycopyrrolate.

The aim of the current study was to characterize comparatively the binding of muscarinic receptor in the lung of rats intratracheally administered anticholinergic agents (tiotropium, ipratropium, glycopyrrolate) used clinically to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Binding parameters of [N-methyl-(3)H]scopolamine methyl chloride ([(3)H]NMS) were determined in tissues (lung, bladder, submaxillary gland) of rats intratracheally administered tiotropium, ipratropium, and glycopyrrolate. The in vitro binding affinity of tiotropium for the receptors was 10-11-fold higher than those of ipratropium and glycopyrrolate. Intratracheal administration of tiotropium (0.6-6.4 nmol/kg) caused sustained (lasting at least 24 h) increase in the apparent dissociation constant (K(d)) for [(3)H]NMS binding in rat lung compared with the control value. Concomitantly, there was a long-lasting decrease in the maximal number of binding sites (B(max)) for [(3)H]NMS. Similary, ipratropium and glycopyrrolate at 7.3 and 7.5 nmol/kg, respectively, brought about a significant increase in K(d) for [(3)H]NMS binding. The effect by ipratropium was observed at 2 h but not 12 h, and that by glycopyrrolate lasted for 24 h. Both agents had little influence on the muscarinic receptors in the bladder and submaxillary gland. The present study provides the first evidence that tiotropium, ipratropium, and glycopyrrolate administered intratracheally in rats selectively bound muscarinic receptors of the lung, and tiotropium and glycopyrrolate had a much longer-lasting effect than ipratropium.

Selective binding of bladder muscarinic receptors in relation to the pharmacokinetics of a novel antimuscarinic agent, imidafenacin, to treat overactive bladder.

The binding of orally administered imidafenacin, used to treat overactive bladders, to muscarinic receptors in rat tissue was characterized based on pharmacokinetics. The binding in six tissues including bladder tissue was measured using [N-methyl-(3)H] scopolamine methyl chloride ([(3)H]NMS). Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated from measurements of the concentration of imidafenacin in serum, the bladder, and the submaxillary gland by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. The receptor binding affinity of imidafenacin in vitro was significantly lower in the bladder than submaxillary gland or colon. The oral administration of imidafenacin (0.79, 1.57, and 6.26 µmol/kg) was characterized by a more selective and longer-lasting binding to muscarinic receptors in the bladder than other tissues. Imidafenacin showed little binding to brain muscarinic receptors, consistent with its minor effect on the central nervous system. Pharmacokinetic data showed that orally administered imidafenacin was distributed at a higher concentration in the bladder than the serum or submaxillary gland of rats. After the intravesical instillation of imidafenacin, there was significant binding of muscarinic receptors in the bladder. Furthermore, a significant level of imidafenacin was detected in the urine of rats given a 1.57 µmol/kg concentration of this agent. The present study demonstrated that imidafenacin administered orally distributes predominantly to the bladder and exerts more selective and longer-lasting effect on the bladder than other tissues, such as the submaxillary gland, colon, and brain. Furthermore, the imidafenacin excreted in urine may play an important role in pharmacokinetic and pharmacological selectivity.

Muscarinic Receptor Binding of Imidafenacin in the Human Bladder Mucosa and Detrusor and Parotid Gland.

OBJECTIVES: The current study aimed to characterize comparatively the binding of imidafenacin to muscarinic receptors in the human bladder mucosa and detrusor muscle and parotid gland. METHODS: The muscarinic receptor in homogenates of human tissues (bladder mucosa and detrusor muscle and parotid gland) was measured using a radioligand binding assay with [N-methyl-(3) H]scopolamine methyl chloride ([(3) H]NMS). RESULTS: Imidafenacin competed with [(3) H]NMS for binding sites in the bladder mucosa and detrusor muscle and parotid gland, and its affinity was significantly (2.6-8.7 times) higher than that of oxybutynin. Also, the affinity of imidafenacin for muscarinic receptors was approximately two-fold higher in the parotid gland than bladder tissue. The affinity of imidafenacin in the mucosa was similar to that in the detrusor muscle, suggesting that this agent exhibits therapeutic effects by blocking muscarinic receptors in the mucosa as well as detrusor muscle. Scatchard analysis revealed that imidafenacin increased significantly (approximately four-fold) Kd values for [(3) H]NMS binding in the human detrusor muscle and parotid gland, with little effect on Bmax values. This observation indicates that imidafenacin binds to the muscarinic receptors in human tissues in a competitive and reversible manner. CONCLUSION: Imidafenacin binds to muscarinic receptors in the human bladder mucosa and detrusor muscle and parotid gland with high affinity. This agent was considered to exhibit therapeutic effects on the lower urinary tract symptoms due to an overactive bladder by blocking muscarinic receptors in the urothelium as well as detrusor muscle.