Urethral Sparing versus Trans-Vesical Robot-Assisted Simple Prostatectomy: A Comparative Analysis of Perioperative, Postoperative Outcomes, and Ejaculation Preservation.

PURPOSE: To compare the perioperative and postoperative outcomes between traditional trans-vesical robot-assisted simple prostatectomy (TV-RASP) and the newly introduced urethral-sparing (US) RASP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 42 patients who underwent TV-RASP (n=22) or US-RASP (n=20) performed by two experienced surgeons at two tertiary centers. Perioperative outcomes including operation time, estimated blood loss, length of hospital stay, and catheterization time were assessed. Postoperative outcomes were evaluated using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life (QoL), uroflowmetry parameters, Male Sexual Health Questionnaire-Ejaculation Dysfunction-Short Form (MSHQ-EjD-SF) scores, and maintenance of anterograde ejaculation. RESULTS: This study analyzed 22 and 20 patients who underwent TV-RASP and US-RASP, respectively. Except for the TV-RASP group being older (70.0 years) than the US-RASP group (64.5 years) (p=0.028), no differences among other baseline characteristics existed. Perioperative outcomes indicated that hospital stay and catheterization time were significantly shorter in the US-RASP group than in the TV-RASP group (p<0.001). At postoperative month 1, the median IPSS and QoL scores were significantly better in the US-RASP group than in the TV-RASP group (p=0.001 and p=0.002, respectively). However, at months 6 and 12, no significant differences were noted in IPSS, QoL, maximum flow rate, and postvoid residual urine between the two groups. Sexually active patients in the US-RASP group maintained postoperative MSHQ-EjD functional and bother scores, whereas the TV-RASP group experienced a decline. Notably, 75.0% of patients in the US-RASP group preserved antegrade ejaculation, compared to only 20.0% in the TV-RASP group (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: US-RASP is not inferior to TV-RASP in terms of functional outcomes. In addition, US-RASP yielded more rapid symptom improvements and preserved antegrade ejaculation than TV-RASP. However, larger prospective studies are required to confirm these findings and to further investigate the long-term efficacy and safety of US-RASP.

Korean sexually transmitted infection guidelines 2023 revision, guideline update of viral infections: Genital herpes and anogenital warts.

The Korean Association of Urogenital Tract Infection and Inflammation and the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency regularly update, revise, and develop new content for the Korean sexually transmitted infection (STI) guidelines. These professional bodies respond to changing epidemiological trends and evolving scientific evidence, and consider advances in laboratory diagnostics and research. The principal recommendations of the 2023 Korean STI guidelines in terms of viral infection follow: 1) If genital herpes recurs more than 4-6 times annually, suppressive therapy with acyclovir 400 mg orally 2 times/day or famciclovir 250 mg orally 2 times/day or valacyclovir 500 mg orally once a day (for patients with <10 episodes/year) or valacyclovir 1 g orally once daily (for patients with ≥10 episodes/year) is recommended to prevent recurrence; 2) molecular human papillomavirus (HPV) testing is not recommended as a routine test for STI status, nor for determination of HPV vaccination status; and 3) patients should inform their current sexual partners about anogenital warts because the types of HPV that cause such warts can be passed to partners. These guidelines will be updated every 5 years and will be revised when new knowledge on STIs becomes available and there is a reasonable need to improve the guidelines. Physicians and other healthcare providers can use the guidelines to assist in the prevention and treatment of STIs.

The Degree of Hydronephrosis as an Indicator of the Necessity for Ureteric Dilatation during Ureteroscopic Lithotripsy.

During rigid ureteroscopic lithotripsy, it is often encountered that the ureter is difficult to access. Attempts to advance the ureteroscope make the surgery more difficult. This study evaluated the preoperative predictive factors associated with difficult ureteral access (difficult ureter (DU)) during URS and assessed if clinical outcomes differed according to the degree of DU. This study identified 217 patients who underwent rigid ureteroscopic (URS) lithotripsy for the management of ureter stones between June 2017 and July 2021 in a tertiary hospital in Korea. In this group, preoperative factors were identified using univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses that could predict the degree of DU. Additionally, we also evaluated differences in treatment outcomes depending on the degree of DU. In 50 URS cases (22.0%), ureteral access using a ureteroscope was difficult. In the univariate and multivariate analyses, the degree of hydronephrosis was associated with the degree of DU. Treatment outcomes, extended operation times, low stone-free rate, postoperative pain, and secondary treatment were also significantly associated with the degree of DU. Clinicians can counsel patients with a lesser degree of hydronephrosis and approach their management accordingly.

Updates of Overactive Bladder in Pediatrics.

Overactive bladder (OAB) is clinically defined as urinary urgency with or without urinary incontinence. It is associated with daytime frequency or constipation and has a prevalence of approximately 5%-12% among 5- to 10-year-olds. The appropriate functional exchange between the pontine micturition center, periaqueductal gray matter, and prefrontal cortex is important for proper micturition control. Several studies on pediatric cases observed a link between OAB and neuropsychiatric problems, such as anxiety, depression, and attention deficit, and treatment of these comorbidities improved patient symptoms. In this review, we present the pathophysiology of OAB, its associated conditions, and aspects related to updates in OAB treatment, and we propose a step-by-step treatment approach following this sequence: behavioral therapy, medical treatment, and invasive treatment. Although anticholinergic drugs are the mainstay of OAB medical treatment, beta-3 agonists and alpha-blockers are now recommended as a result of significant advancements in pharmacologic treatment in the last 10 years. Electrical stimulation techniques and botulinum toxin are also effective and can be used, especially in conventional treatment-refractory cases.

Menopausal Changes in the Microbiome-A Review Focused on the Genitourinary Microbiome.

A balanced interaction between the host and its microbiome is crucial to health. Research regarding the significance of the gut and vaginal microbiomes in female health is substantial. However, less data regarding the urinary microbiome are available. Interactions between the gut, vaginal, and urinary microbiomes are also currently being researched. Hormone-induced dysbiosis after menopause is believed to have effects on physical changes and health consequences. Postmenopausal changes in the gut microbiome are associated with increased short-chain fatty acids and hydrogen sulfide levels. Increased vaginal pH caused by reduced estrogen alters the vaginal microbiome, resulting in reduced levels of Lactobacillus. Such changes influence the vaginal structure and functions, contributing to the onset of genitourinary syndrome of menopause. A dysbiosis of the urinary microbiome is associated with urgency and urinary incontinence and also related to interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome and neuropathic bladder. As these diseases commonly affect postmenopausal women, hormone-induced changes in the microbiome may play a role. Menopause increases the alpha diversity of the urinary microbiome and lowers the percentage of Lactobacillus in urine, and such changes precede recurrent cystitis. More research regarding the effects of changes in the urinary microbiome due to menopause on urinary tract diseases is needed.

What are the risk factors for recurrent UTI with repeated ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae? A retrospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: A previous study has shown that two-thirds of patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae experience recurrence with the same bacteria on subsequent UTI episodes. However, little is known about which patients suffer from UTI due to ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae repeatedly. This study aimed to investigate the risk factors for recurrent UTI due to repeated ESBL-producing organism infections. METHODS: This retrospective, single-center, observational cohort study screened all patients with UTI caused by ESBL-producing strains between January 2012 and April 2019. Among the patients who were followed up, patients who experienced UTI recurrence were enrolled and divided into two groups: ESBL recurrence group and non-ESBL recurrence group. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between patient characteristics and the development of recurrent UTI caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. RESULTS: A total of 330 patients were followed up after the diagnosis of UTI caused by ESBL-producing organisms. Among the patients, 115 (34.8%) experienced UTI recurrence, and 71 (61.7%) of them experienced subsequent recurrent UTI due to ESBL-producing organisms. Patient's age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-1.04; P = 0.046) and recurrent UTI history (HR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.05-2.72; P = 0.031) were significantly associated with an increased risk of recurrence with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. CONCLUSION: These findings showed that a history of previous frequent UTI recurrence is the risk factor for recurrence of UTI due to repeated ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae infections.

Single-dose amikacin plus 7 days of amoxicillin/clavulanate to treat acute cystitis caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli: A retrospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: Treatment options for urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms are limited other than carbapenem. Accordingly, clinicians should investigate alternative antimicrobial options for limited infection. This study was performed to assess the efficacy of single-dose amikacin and a 7-day oral regimen of amoxicillin/clavulanate for the treatment of acute cystitis caused by ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single-dose amikacin and 7-day oral amoxicillin/clavulanate regimen was given to all patients with acute cystitis or recurrent cystitis between May 2016 and October 2018. We conducted a retrospective cohort study assessing the efficacy of this regimen for the treatment of UTI due to ESBL-producing organisms. Both clinical and laboratory efficacy were assessed a minimum of 7 days and a maximum of 14 days after the completion of treatment. RESULTS: A total of 47 patients were enrolled in this study. E. coli and K. pneumoniae were isolated in 44 patients (93.6%) and 3 patients (6.4%), respectively. Of the 47 enrolled, 39 patients (83.0%) showed sterile culture results on follow-up. Thirty-seven patients (78.7%) showed improvement of symptoms. Of 8 patients who showed bacterial persistence, 4 patients showed ESBL-producing E. coli, whereas 4 patients showed non-ESBL E. coli on follow-up cultures. During follow-up, 12 patients experienced the recurrence of acute cystitis with a median recurrence period of 2.5 months. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of amoxicillin/clavulanate and amikacin may be an alternative to carbapenem treatment in patients with acute cystitis caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae.

Increased incidence of bladder cancer with metabolically unhealthy status: analysis from the National Health Checkup database in Korea.

We assessed the association between metabolic health status and the incidence of bladder cancer using nationally representative data from the National Health Insurance System and National Health Checkups (NHC) databases in South Korea. Data for 11,781,768 men who participated in the NHC between 2009 and 2012 were analysed. The normal-weight and physically obese categories were defined as body mass indexes (BMI) < 25 and ≥25 kg/m2, respectively. Metabolically obese was defined as the presence of ≥3 components of metabolic syndrome. The participants were stratified into metabolically healthy, normal-weight (MHNW); metabolically obese, normal-weight (MONW); metabolically healthy, obese (MHO); metabolically obese, obese (MOO). Multivariate-adjusted Cox regression analysis was conducted to examine the association between metabolic health status and the incidence of bladder cancer. The study participants included 17,777 men newly registered with bladder cancer. Analysis according to metabolic health status classification revealed a higher multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio in the MOO, MONW group than in the MHO group (1.307 [95% CI: 1.258-1.358], 1.183 [95% CI: 1.137-1.231] and 1.066 [95% CI: 1.017-1.119], respectively; hazard ratios given relative to MHNW group) We found an association between metabolic health status and the incidence of bladder cancer, with an increasing risk according to the number of metabolic health status components.

Diagnostic Performance of the Prostate Cancer Antigen 3 Test in Prostate Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To explore the diagnostic accuracy of prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) test for the diagnosis of prostate cancer in this systematic review and meta-analysis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A systematic literature search of Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases up to October 2019 was performed. The sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. The summary receiver operator characteristic graph came from individual studies. We also conducted metaregression analysis to identify the moderated factors. RESULTS: Across 54 studies (17,575 patients), the pooled sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio of PCA3 were 0.71 (95% CI, 0.67-0.74), 0.68 (95% CI, 0.63-0.74), and 5.28 (95% CI, 4.28-6.51), respectively. The area under the summary receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.75 (95% CI, 0.71-0.79). CONCLUSION: Pooled data indicated that the PCA3 test had moderate sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. PCA3 could be used as a noninvasive method for the diagnosis of prostate cancer.

Treatment persistence with a fixed-dose combination of tadalafil (5 mg) and tamsulosin (0.4 mg) and reasons for early discontinuation in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and erectile dysfunction.

Purpose: The primary aim of this study was to assess treatment persistence with a fixed-dose combination (FDC) of tadalafil (5 mg) and tamsulosin (0.4 mg). This study also evaluated the reasons for early treatment discontinuation. Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study included patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and erectile dysfunction who started an FDC treatment of tadalafil (5 mg) and tamsulosin (0.4 mg) between July 2017 and February 2018. Treatment persistence and reasons for early discontinuation were evaluated during the first 6 months. The cumulative discontinuation rate and differences in various parameters were assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis and the log-rank test, respectively. Factors related to persistence were analyzed using a Cox proportional hazard model. Results: Overall, 97 patients were included in the study. The cumulative persistence rate at 30, 90, and 180 days was 88.7%, 66.0%, and 54.6%, respectively. The cumulative persistence over 6 months differed significantly according to the administration of FDC therapy (log-rank p=0.005) and age (log-rank p=0.024). Younger patients (odds ratio, 2.049; p=0.021) and treatment-naive patients (odds ratio, 2.461; p=0.006) were more likely to discontinue therapy within 6 months. The common reasons for discontinuing therapy were side effects (63.6%) and perceived poor efficacy (22.7%). Conclusions: Side effects were reported to be the main reason for treatment discontinuation. Thus, to improve compliance for a once-daily FDC of tadalafil (5 mg) and tamsulosin (0.4 mg), it is recommended to select patients who show adaptation to a combination of α-blockers and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors prior to FDC treatment.

Analysis of Patients with Urolithiasis Visiting the Emergency Department between 2014 and 2016 in Korea: Data from the National Emergency Department Information System.

This study investigated the characteristics of patients with urolithiasis visiting an emergency department based on a national database system in Korea. This study spanned a period of three years from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2016. A retrospective census was conducted using the National Emergency Department Information System for urolithiasis patients. Patient data, including age, sex, insurance type, emergency department visit date and time, discharge date and time, emergency department treatment result, visit flow, and hospitalization route, were extracted and analyzed. Overall, 103,981, 112,083, and 120,647 patients/year during the 2014-2016 study period visited an emergency department with a diagnosis related to urolithiasis. Total monthly emergency department visits ranged from 35,927 in August (highest) to 24,008 in February. Overall, 13.2% of patients were hospitalized and the hospitalization rate was stable (estimated annual percent change) over the study period. Patients aged <9 years or ≥70 years and those with medical aid had higher hospitalization rates. A higher number of visits occurred in the hot season, on weekends, and in the 6 a.m. and 8 p.m. time slots. This nationwide study revealed that the percentage of patients visiting an emergency department with urolithiasis was higher in August, in the early morning, and at weekends.

Does urinary tract infection caused by extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli show same antibiotic resistance when it recurs?

This study was performed to evaluate what percentage of urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by extended spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains recurs with ESBL-producing strains during follow up and to assess the risk factors for recurrence with ESBL-producing Escherichia coli strains on subsequent first recurrence episode. We enrolled female patients with UTIs caused by ESBL-producing E. coli between May 2012 and December 2015, who were longitudinally followed up for at least 24 months. Among the 206 patients with ESBL positive UTI, 180 completed the study. 60 (60/180, 33.3%) of patient with first episode of UTI caused by ESBL-producing E. coli experienced recurrent UTIs during follow up. Of 60 patients, 43 (43/60, 71.7%) recurred with ESBL-producing E. coli on the first UTI recurrence episode. On multivariate analysis, the time to recurrence and history of cephalosporin usage in the last 6 months were identified as risk factors for recurrence with ESBL-producing E. coli per se (odds ratio [OR] = 0.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.8-1.0, p = 0.030 and OR = 27.0, 95% CI 2.4-299.8, p = 0.007, respectively). These findings show that high proportion of patient with UTI caused by ESBL-producing E. coli recurs with ESBL-producing E. coli on subsequent recurrence episode. While result of antibiotic susceptibility cannot be identified on the visit day empirical treatment should be referred to the antecedent antibiotic resistance profile in patients whose previous UTIs were due to ESBL-producing strains.

Incidence of Prostate Cancer according to Metabolic Health Status: a Nationwide Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: We assessed the association between metabolic health status and incidence of prostate cancer using the National Health Check-ups (NHC) database of Korea. METHODS: A total of 11,771,252 men who participated in the NHC between 2009 and 2012 and 56,552 men who were newly diagnosed with prostate cancer were analyzed. Normal-weight and obesity were defined as body mass index (BMI) < 25 kg/m2 and ≥ 25 kg/m2, respectively. Metabolic obesity was defined as the presence ≥ 3 components of the metabolic syndrome. Participants were stratified into 4 groups: metabolically healthy, normal-weight; metabolically obese, normal-weight (MONW); metabolically healthy, obese (MHO); and metabolically obese, obese. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to examine the relationship between metabolic health status and incidence of prostate cancer. RESULTS: During a mean 5.4 ± 1.1 years of follow-up, 56,552 patients were registered with a diagnosis of prostate cancer. When analyzed according to metabolic health status classification, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) was 1.143 for the MONW group, 1.097 for the MHO group, showing the HR for the MONW group was higher than that for the MHO group. As the number of metabolic syndrome components increased, HR increased significantly. When stratified based on BMI, metabolically obese patients showed significantly higher HR than metabolically healthy patients in all BMI groups. CONCLUSION: This population-based nationwide study revealed an association between metabolic health status and the incidence of prostate cancer, and the risk increased according to the number of components of the metabolic syndrome.

Spontaneous perirenal hemorrhage (Wunderlich syndrome): An analysis of 28 cases.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to analyze the characteristics, etiology, and treatment of a series of patients with spontaneous perirenal hemorrhage (Wunderlich syndrome [WS]). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 26 patients hospitalized for WS in a tertiary urological center between 2011 and 2018. All patients were evaluated for perirenal hemorrhage observed on computed tomography (CT) in the emergency department. Clinical variables (age, underlying diseases, symptoms, shock, and hospitalization period), laboratory test results, and radiological and pathological results were reviewed. RESULTS: The series included 28 events from 26 patients with a mean follow-up period of 20.2 ±â€¯18.0 months. Flank pain was most common symptoms (92%). Twelve patients (46%) had visible renal lesions and associated hematoma and 14 only showed perirenal hematoma. In six patients with shock (systolic blood pressure < 90 mm Hg), 2 underwent emergency angioembolization. Twelve patients (46%) underwent exploration and total nephrectomy. In the final diagnosis, 4 cases of renal cell carcinoma, 3 of angiomyolipoma, 4 of simple renal cyst, 2 of acquired cystic kidney disease, 4 of sarcoma or other malignancy, 4 of chronic pyelonephritis, and 5 of idiopathic WS were observed. Patient age was associated with prediction of renal cell carcinoma in the patients with WS. CONCLUSION: Renal masses are the main cause of WS, and CT is the diagnostic procedure of choice. Old age is a possible risk factor for renal cell carcinoma in etiology of WS. Surgical treatment is preferred in patients diagnosed with renal malignancy and in cases of hemodynamic instability.

The use of a heating pad to reduce anxiety, pain, and distress during cystoscopy in female patients.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: This study evaluated the effects of using a heating pad during cystoscopy on anxiety, pain, and distress in female patients. METHODS: Seventy-four female patients who underwent rigid cystoscopy between January 2017 and August 2017 were randomized to either the experimental group using a heating pad (n = 37) or the control group using a pad without heat (n = 37). In the experimental group, a heating pad was applied to the patient's sacrum during cystoscopy. All patients completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-S (STAI-S, 20-80) before and after the procedure and assessed their degree of pain and distress after the procedure using a visual analog scale (0-10). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate were also measured before and after the procedure. RESULTS: Demographic characteristics, mean age, procedure duration, and pre- and post-procedural systolic and diastolic blood pressures and pulse rate were statistically similar between the experimental and control groups. The mean STAI-S score of the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group (33.1 ± 10.1 vs 48.2 ± 11.1, p < 0.001). The experimental group had significantly lower pain and distress scores (visual analog scale, 3.8 ± 1.6 and 3.8 ± 1.8 respectively,) than the control group (6.4 ± 1.9 and 6.3 ± 2.1 respectively, both p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Using a heating pad during cystoscopy significantly reduced female patients' anxiety, pain, and distress. We found this to be a safe, simple, and effective tool to use during cystoscopy.

Comparison of effective teaching methods to achieve skill acquisition using a robotic virtual reality simulator: Expert proctoring versus an educational video versus independent training.

BACKGROUND: To compare the superiority of teaching methods for acquiring a proficient level of surgical skill in a robotic surgery-naïve individual using a robotic virtual reality simulator. METHODS: This study employed a prospective, randomized study design to assess student's learning curve. We divided 45 subjects into 3 groups: those with expert proctoring (group I), those who watched only an educational video (group II), and those with independent training (group III; n = 15 per group). The task used in this study was the Tube 2 and it imitates a vesicourethral anastomosis in robotic prostatectomy. The effects were analyzed by the time to end the task after overcoming the learning curve which is determined by several performance parameters. RESULTS: The number of task repetitions required to reach the learning curve plateau was 45, 42, and 37 repetitions in groups I, II, and III, which means that there was continuous improvement in performing the task after 40 repetitions only in groups I and II. The mean time for completing the task during the stabilization period was significantly different between group I and group III and group II and group III, which means that the independent training method was inferior to the other methods (group I vs. group II vs. group III: 187.38 vs. 187.07 vs. 253.47 seconds, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: This study's findings showed that an educational video can be as beneficial as expert proctoring, which implies that the development of a standardized educational video would be worthwhile.

Predictive Validation of a Robotic Virtual Reality Simulator: The Tube 3 module for Practicing Vesicourethral Anastomosis in Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To predict actual performance in real surgery when vesicourethral anastomosis (VUA) is performed in patients after Tube 3 module training of robot-naive surgeons. METHODS: Forty-five patients were enrolled and divided into 3 groups according to chronological trends (each containing 15 patients). Three robot-naive surgeons in a single center completed VUA in robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) following robotic virtual reality simulator (RVRS) training. The practicing tool used in robotic virtual reality simulator was Tube 3, which was invented for the dV-Trainer that imitates a VUA in RARP. The effects of performance were investigated by analyzing the number of repetitions and the time required to complete the task until achieving the predetermined proficiency level. RESULTS: The targeted time (predetermined proficiency level) for completing tasks of Tube 3 and the number of required task repetitions to achieve the proficiency level were 283.1 s and 36 times, respectively, whereas in actual VUA procedures, the number of required attempts was 24, with an average time of 14.9 minutes. The mean time for completing VUA in real surgery significantly decreased with serial cases among all surgeons (1-15 vs 16-30 vs 31-45 cases, P <.001), as well as comparisons between groups (P <.001). CONCLUSION: The Tube 3 module can represent a valuable educational tool for procedure-specific robotic training by bridging the gap between safe acquisition of surgical skills and effective performance during actual VUA in RARP.

Decreased expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 is correlated with biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer: Immunohistochemical analysis.

We evaluated the prognostic value of BMP-2 expression in prostate cancer tissue via immunohistochemistry in prostate cancer patients. From July 2007 to August 2010, radical prostatectomy specimens from 90 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer (mean age, 62.7 years, mean follow-up 90.4 months) were assessed for BMP-2 expression using immunohistochemistry. We used stepwise multivariate Cox regression models stratified by study to assess the independent effects of the predictive factors and estimated hazard ratios (HRs). There were significant differences in the baseline characteristics of Gleason score (GS) and biochemical recurrence (BCR) between the groups with decreased and normal BMP-2 expression. Univariate analysis revealed GS, T stage (≥T3), and decreased BMP-2 expression as significant predictive determinants of BCR. In addition, GS (7: HR 2.836, p = 0.022; ≥8: HR 3.506, p = 0.048) and decreased BMP-2 expression (HR 2.007, p = 0.047) were significantly correlated with BCR in multivariate analysis. Overall five-year BCR-free survival rates in the group with decreased BMP-2 expression were worse than those in the group with normal expression. Therefore, decreased BMP-2 expression in prostate cancer tissue was correlated with the prognostic factors for BCR-free survival in patients with prostate cancer.

Author Correction: Decreased expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 is correlated with biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer: Immunohistochemical analysis.

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.

The effects of a heating pad on anxiety, pain, and distress during urodynamic study in the female patients with stress urinary incontinence.

AIMS: Although generally well tolerated, a urodynamic study is an unpleasant and stressful procedure for some patients. This study evaluated the effects of a heating pad on anxiety, pain, and distress during urodynamic studies in female patients with stress urinary incontinence. METHODS: A total of 74 female patients with stress urinary incontinence who underwent a urodynamic study between May 2015 and October 2015 were randomized to either the experimental group using a heating pad (n = 37) or control group (n = 37). In the experimental group, a heating pad was applied on the patient's sacrum during the urodynamic study. All patients completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (20-80) before and after the procedure and assessed their degree of pain and distress after the procedure by the visual analog scale (0-10). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate were also checked before and after the procedure. RESULTS: Demographic characteristics, mean age, procedure duration, pre and post-procedural systolic, and diastolic blood pressures, and pulse rate were statistically similar between the experimental and control groups. The mean State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group (30.9 ± 7.5 vs 42.5 ± 10.1, P < 0.001). The experimental group showed significantly lower pain and distress scores (Visual Analog Scale, 2.7 ± 1.5, 3.0 ± 1.5) compared with the control group (4.0 ± 1.6, 4.7 ± 2.0, both P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Using a heating pad for female patients with stress urinary incontinence during a urodynamic study is a simple, economical, and effective therapy that enhances patient comfort and decreases anxiety, pain, and distress.