MYPT1-PP1ß phosphatase negatively regulates both chromatin landscape and co-activator recruitment for beige adipogenesis.

Protein kinase A promotes beige adipogenesis downstream from ß-adrenergic receptor signaling by phosphorylating proteins, including histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) demethylase JMJD1A. To ensure homeostasis, this process needs to be reversible however, this step is not well understood. We show that myosin phosphatase target subunit 1- protein phosphatase 1ß (MYPT1-PP1ß) phosphatase activity is inhibited via PKA-dependent phosphorylation, which increases phosphorylated JMJD1A and beige adipogenesis. Mechanistically, MYPT1-PP1ß depletion results in JMJD1A-mediated H3K9 demethylation and activation of the Ucp1 enhancer/promoter regions. Interestingly, MYPT1-PP1ß also dephosphorylates myosin light chain which regulates actomyosin tension-mediated activation of YAP/TAZ which directly stimulates Ucp1 gene expression. Pre-adipocyte specific Mypt1 deficiency increases cold tolerance with higher Ucp1 levels in subcutaneous white adipose tissues compared to control mice, confirming this regulatory mechanism in vivo. Thus, we have uncovered regulatory cross-talk involved in beige adipogenesis that coordinates epigenetic regulation with direct activation of the mechano-sensitive YAP/TAZ transcriptional co-activators.

Effective ferroptotic small-cell lung cancer cell death from SLC7A11 inhibition by sulforaphane.

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive cancer with poor prognosis, due to a lack of therapeutic targets. Sulforaphane (SFN) is an isothiocyanate derived from cruciferous vegetables and has shown anticancer effects against numerous types of cancer. However, its anticancer effect against SCLC remains unclear. The present study aimed to demonstrate the anticancer effects of SFN in SCLC cells by investigating cell death (ferroptosis, necroptosis and caspase inhibition). The human SCLC cell lines NCI-H69, NCI-H69AR (H69AR) and NCI-H82 and the normal bronchial epithelial cell line, 16HBE14o- were used to determine cell growth and cytotoxicity, evaluate the levels of iron and glutathione, and quantify lipid peroxidation following treatment with SFN. mRNA expression levels of cystine/glutamate antiporter xCT (SLC7A11), a key component of the cysteine/glutamate antiporter, were measured using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, while the levels of SLC7A11 protein were measured using western blot analysis. Following the addition of SFN to the cell culture, cell growth was significantly inhibited, and cell death was shown in SCLC and multidrug-resistant H69AR cells. The ferroptotic effects of SFN were confirmed following culture with the ferroptosis inhibitor, ferrostatin-1, and deferoxamine; iron levels were elevated, which resulted in the accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species. The mRNA and protein expression levels of SLC7A11 were significantly lower in SFN-treated cells compared with that in the control cells (P<0.0001 and P=0.0006, respectively). These results indicated that the anticancer effects of SFN may be caused by ferroptosis in the SCLC cells, which was hypothesized to be triggered from the inhibition of mRNA and protein expression levels of SLC7A11. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that SFN-induced cell death was mediated via ferroptosis and inhibition of the mRNA and protein expression levels of SLC7A11 in SCLC cells. The anticancer effects of SFN may provide novel options for SCLC treatment.

Light-at-night exposure affects brain development through pineal allopregnanolone-dependent mechanisms.

The molecular mechanisms by which environmental light conditions affect cerebellar development are incompletely understood. We showed that circadian disruption by light-at-night induced Purkinje cell death through pineal allopregnanolone (ALLO) activity during early life in chicks. Light-at-night caused the loss of diurnal variation of pineal ALLO synthesis during early life and led to cerebellar Purkinje cell death, which was suppressed by a daily injection of ALLO. The loss of diurnal variation of pineal ALLO synthesis induced not only reduction in pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a neuroprotective hormone, but also transcriptional repression of the cerebellar Adcyap1 gene that produces PACAP, with subsequent Purkinje cell death. Taken together, pineal ALLO mediated the effect of light on early cerebellar development in chicks.

TLP-mediated global transcriptional repression after double-strand DNA breaks slows down DNA repair and induces apoptosis.

Transcription and DNA damage repair act in a coordinated manner. Recent studies have shown that double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) are repaired in a transcription-coupled manner. Active transcription results in a faster recruitment of DSB repair factors and expedites DNA repair. On the other hand, transcription is repressed by DNA damage through multiple mechanisms. We previously reported that TLP, a TATA box-binding protein (TBP) family member that functions as a transcriptional regulator, is also involved in DNA damage-induced apoptosis. However, the mechanism by which TLP affects DNA damage response was largely unknown. Here we show that TLP-mediated global transcriptional repression after DSBs is crucial for apoptosis induction by DNA-damaging agents such as etoposide and doxorubicin. Compared to control cells, TLP-knockdown cells were resistant to etoposide-induced apoptosis and exhibited an elevated level of global transcription after etoposide exposure. DSBs were efficiently removed in transcriptionally hyperactive TLP-knockdown cells. However, forced transcriptional shutdown using transcriptional inhibitors α-amanitin and 5,6-dichloro-1-ß-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) slowed down DSB repair and resensitized TLP-knockdown cells to etoposide. Taken together, these results indicate that TLP is a critical determinant as to how cells respond to DSBs and triggers apoptosis to cells that have sustained DNA damage.