Usefulness of Serum Pepsinogen I as a Biomarker in Early Diagnosis of Aetiology of Dyspepsia.

BACKGROUND: Dyspepsia, according to Rome III criteria, is defined as pain or discomfort centred in the upper abdomen in addition to symptoms like early satiety, postprandial fullness, bloating and nausea. Pepsinogens which are secreted by chief cells of the stomach play an important role in its physiology. They could determine the functional state of the mucosa in health and in diseased conditions. Serum levels of pepsinogen have aided the diagnosis of gastric pathologies such as atrophic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. Pepsinogen assay, being a simple, non-invasive procedure, can aid in determining the aetiology of dyspepsia especially in a resource poor setting. OBJECTIVE: This was to evaluate the diagnostic significance of serum pepsinogen I in patients with dyspepsia. METHODS: The study involved 112 adult patients with dyspepsia and an equal number of controls. A questionnaire was used to obtain biodata, clinical features and other relevant information. The patients had abdominal ultrasound scan, urea breath test and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGIE), while the controls had only abdominal ultrasound scan. Sera prepared from 10ml of venous blood from each participant were stored at -20ºC and later analysed for pepsinogen I (PG I). RESULTS: Females predominated in both groups (F:M = 1.4:1). The mean age of cases was 51±15.9 years and was similar to that of controls 51.4±16.5. The most frequent symptom was epigastric pain in 101 (90.2%) patients. Median pepsinogen I level in patients (28.5ng/ml) was significantly lower than in controls (68.8ng/ml) (p<0.001). The most frequent endoscopic finding was gastritis. Serum PG I level at a cut-off point of 79.5ng/ml had a specificity of 88.8% and sensitivity of 40% in identifying dysplasia. CONCLUSION: Serum PG I level was lower in patients with dyspepsia than controls. It showed high specificity in identifying dysplasia and could be a biomarker for early gastric cancer.

CONTEXTE: La dyspepsie, selon les critères de Rome III, est définie comme une douleur ou une gêne centrée sur la partie supérieure de l'abdomen, en plus de symptômes tels qu'une satiété précoce, une plénitude postprandiale, des ballonnements et des nausées. Les pepsinogènes, sécrétés par les cellules principales de l'estomac, jouent un rôle important dans sa physiologie. Ils peuvent déterminer l'état fonctionnel de la muqueuse, qu'elle soit saine ou malade. Les taux sériques de pepsinogène ont facilité le diagnostic de pathologies gastriques telles que la gastrite atrophique, l'ulcère gastroduodénal et le cancer gastrique. Le dosage du pepsinogène, qui est une procédure simple et non invasive, peut aider à déterminer l'étiologie de la dyspepsie, en particulier dans un contexte de ressources limitées. OBJECTIF: Évaluer l'importance diagnostique du pepsinogène I sérique chez les patients souffrant de dyspepsie. MÉTHODES: L'étude a porté sur 112 patients adultes souffrant de dyspepsie : L'étude a porté sur 112 patients adultes souffrant de dyspepsie et un nombre égal de témoins. Un questionnaire a été utilisé pour obtenir les données biologiques, les caractéristiques cliniques et d'autres informations pertinentes. Les patients ont subi une échographie abdominale, un test respiratoire à l'urée et une endoscopie gastro-intestinale supérieure, tandis que les témoins n'ont subi qu'une échographie abdominale. Les sérums préparés à partir de 10 ml de sang veineux de chaque participant ont été conservés à -20ºC et analysés ultérieurement pour le pepsinogène I (PG I). RÉSULTATS: Les femmes prédominaient dans les deux groupes (F:M = 1,4:1). L'âge moyen des cas était de 51±15.9 ans et était similaire à celui des témoins 51.4±16.5. Le symptôme le plus fréquent était la douleur épigastrique chez 101 (90,2 %) patients. Le taux médian de pepsinogène I chez les patients (28,5 ng/ml) était significativement plus bas que chez les témoins (68,8 ng/ml) (p<0,001). Le résultat endoscopique le plus fréquent était la gastrite. Le taux sérique de PG I à un seuil de 79,5 ng/ml avait une spécificité de 88,8 % et une sensibilité de 40 % dans l'identification de la dysplasie. CONCLUSION: Le taux de PG I sérique était plus faible chez les patients souffrant de dyspepsie que chez les témoins. Il a montré une spécificité élevée dans l'identification de la dysplasie et pourrait être un biomarqueur pour le cancer gastrique précoce. Mots-clés: Dyspepsie, Pepsinogène I sérique, Helicobacter pylori, Biomarqueur.

A RARE CASE OF PREPERITONEAL ABSCESS IN A NIGERIAN FEMALE: ULTRASOUND DIAGNOSIS AND PERCUTANEOUS CATHETER DRAINAGE.

A preperitoneal abscess is an uncommon manifestation of extraperitoneal collection. We present a case of an anterior abdominal wall preperitoneal abscess in a 30-year-old Nigerian female with abdominal pain and purulent abdominal wall discharge ten days after an initial admission for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. This report underscores the role of ultrasound in diagnosis and follow-up and percutaneous ultrasound-guided continuous percutaneous catheter drainage and management of an extraperitoneal abscess.

Primary reconstruction of pelvic floor defects following sacrectomy using Permacol graft.

AIMS: The large pelvic floor defect following sacrectomy for sacral masses leaves the challenging problem of primary closure and herniation. We present the outcome of primary repair using Permacol, a biomaterial made of acellular porcine cross-linked dermal collagen and with similar tensile strength to polypropylene mesh. It is non-allergenic and possibly less likely than synthetic mesh to cause inflammation leading to small bowel adherence; fistula formation and graft extrusion. Following implantation, Permacol is colonized by host cells and resists degradation by host enzymes. METHODS: Three patients had sacrectomy with primary repair of pelvic floor defects between March 2004 and August 2005. Two had excision of sacral chordomas and one excision of a sacrococcygeal teratoma. Repair of the defect was carried out using the Permacol graft, suturing to the sacrum, anococcygeal raphe and ischial spines. Two suction drains were placed superficial to the mesh. RESULTS: All patients had gross en-bloc tumour resections and over a median follow-up period of 1year (range 8-25months), there were no complications related to primary repair. CONCLUSION: Primary closure of a large defect following sacrectomy using a Permacol graft, in our early experience seems to be convenient and safe without the development of herniation.

A review of gastrointestinal foreign bodies.

Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) foreign bodies represent a significant clinical problem in the Emergency Department, causing a high degree of financial burden, morbidity and mortality. A large variety of foreign bodies are accidentally ingested or inserted into the GIT in different age groups. This a retrospective review of 38 patients who presented to the Emergency Department with GIT foreign bodies between January 2001 and December 2004. Computer database and case note search of patients' personal data, nature of the foreign objects and mode of entry to the GIT were recorded. There were 30 males and eight females (M : F ratio of 3.75:1) with an age range of 10 months to 87 years (median age 25.5 years). Foreign body ingestion/insertion was accidental in 14 patients, deliberate in 11, for anal erotism in 11 and as a result of assault in two cases. The median time before presentation was 12 h, and the mean length of hospital stay was 1.7 days. Treatment was conservative in 15 patients; five patients had gastroscopic retrieval; 15 patients underwent examination under anaesthetic, retrieval and proctosigmoidoscopy and three patients underwent laparotomy for impacted foreign bodies. GIT foreign body ingestion or insertion is common; however, majority of cases can be successfully managed conservatively.

Forgotten vaginal pessary eroding into rectum.

Vaginal pessaries still have a role in the management of uterine prolapse, particularly in elderly patients. However, they are known to cause serious complications if proper care is not taken. We present a case of a rectovaginal fistula, developing secondary to a forgotten vaginal pessary. The shelf pessary was found to have eroded through into the rectum. A review of the relevant literature was undertaken and complications associated with vaginal pessaries are discussed.

The effect of regular alcohol use on the management of non-insulin diabetes mellitus.

This is a retrospective study, in which we investigated the impact of regular alcohol use on the clinical management of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients from the outpatient clinic of the VA Medical Center in New Orleans, Louisiana. The study population included randomly selected NIDDM patients of which 40% used alcohol regularly. The fasting blood sugar (FBS) in non-users of alcohol stayed in the "normal" (< or = 140 mg/dl) and "acceptable " (< or = 175 mg/dl) range and that of regular users of alcohol remained at the "fair" (< or = 235 mg/dl) and "poor" (> 235 mg/dl) range. NIDDM patients who were regular users of alcohol had a higher frequency of dose adjustments than that of non-users of alcohol (96% vs 4%, respectively). The treatment failure was significantly higher among patients who regularly used alcohol than among those who abstained (90 vs 10%, respectively). On the basis of our findings, it was recommended that attending physician should routinely identify the regular alcohol users and monitor blood alcohol levels of ambulatory NIDDM patients during their follow-up visits. Also, complete cessation of alcohol consumption should be established prior to making dosage adjustment in situations where the oral hypoglycemic agent fails.

Influencing prescribing for urinary tract infection and asthma in primary care in Sweden: a randomized controlled trial of an interactive educational intervention.

Our aim was to evaluate effects on prescribing for urinary tract infection (UTI) and asthma, of an education with messages based on national guidelines, aimed at improving prescribing in primary care in Sweden. The study is part of the European Drug Education Project. A randomized controlled trial, with groups of general practitioners (GPs) allocated to education on UTI (18 groups, 104 GPs) or asthma (18 groups, 100 GPs), the two parallel intervention arms being controls for each other. Feedback was provided on the GP's judgments of simulated cases and prescribing. Prescribing indicators were developed and measured before and after the intervention. Analysis was performed by multi-level technique. Prescribing of first choice UTI drugs increased in the intervention arm from 52% to 70% and remained constant in the control arm (P < 0.001). The proportion of patients receiving an inhaled corticosteroid increased insignificantly in both study arms. The educational model can be used to improve prescribing. Further studies are needed to define when the model is effective.

Combining feedback from simulated cases and prescribing. Design and implementation of an educational intervention in primary care in Sweden.

OBJECTIVES: To develop and evaluate a new model of continuing medical education (CME) for general practitioners (GPs). The study is part of the joint European Drug Education Project (DEP). This paper presents the Swedish part regarding the design of the evaluation study, the educational methodology, and the participants' evaluation. METHODS: An educational model was developed. Two peer group discussions (facilitated by a GP/pharmacist team), including individual feedback on the GPs' judgments of written simulated cases and prescribing, were main components. The model was tested in a parallel randomized controlled study including 36 GP groups, allocated to education on asthma or urinary tract infections. Background and outcome data were knowledge and attitudes (K/A) assessed by a questionnaire and prescribing practices for actual and written simulated cases. The GPs' evaluation of the model was captured through a questionnaire. RESULTS: All 36 groups completed the program. The mean participation rate in the group discussions was 75%. The response rates were 82-98% regarding outcome data K/A questionnaire and written cases), and 80% regarding the evaluation questionnaire. Prescribing data were captured for 99% of the GPs. Both group discussions were considered important by 84-89%. Eighty-seven percent wished to take part in similar CME activities for other conditions. About 80% reported that their purpose in participating had been fulfilled. CONCLUSIONS: It was feasible to evaluate the developed educational model by using a two-armed parallel study design. The model was well received by the participants.

GPs' treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections--a clinical judgement analysis in four European countries. DEP group. Drug Education Project.

BACKGROUND: Non-adherence to recommendations for treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI) is common, but the reasons are not sufficiently understood. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to assess and compare the influence of specific patient characteristics on GPs' treatment decisions for UTI in four European countries. METHODS: GPs in The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Germany were presented 18-26 case vignettes of UTI. Linear regression models were used to determine which patient characteristics predicted non-optimal decisions. RESULTS: Adherence to national recommendations varied both within and between countries, but there were remarkable similarities in the case characteristics predicting non-optimal decisions: a history of UTI and the patient's age were strongly related to prescription of second-choice antibiotics and longer treatment courses. CONCLUSION: In all countries many GPs were reluctant to follow the recommendations in UTI cases that they might perceive as being more complicated.

Effect of interventions on children's blood lead levels.

Trail, Canada, has been the site of an active lead/zinc smelter for nearly a century. Since 1991, the Trail Community Lead Task Force has carried out blood lead screening, case management, education programs targeted at early childhood groups and the general community, community dust abatement, exposure pathways studies, and remedial trials. From 1989 through 1996, average blood lead levels of children tested for the first time declined at an average rate of 0.6 microg/dl/year, while blood lead levels in Canadian children not living near point sources appeared to be leveling off following the phase-out of leaded gasoline. Since there was no concurrent improvement in local environmental conditions during this time, it is possible that the continuing decline in Trail blood lead levels has been at least partly due to community-wide intervention programs. One year follow-up of children whose families received in-home educational visits, as well as assistance with home-based dust control measures, found that these specific interventions produced average blood lead changes of +0.5- -4.0 microg/dl, with statistically significant declines in 3 years out of 5. Education and dust control, particularly actions targeted toward higher risk children, appear to have served as effective and appropriate interim remedial measures while major source control measures have been implemented at the smelter site.

Primary health-care services with a functional ambulatory care clinical pharmacy in a low-income housing project clinic.

This article describes the establishment of clinical pharmacy services at a primary health-care clinic in a low-income housing area in New Orleans. The St Thomas Health Care Services Outpatient Clinic was established in 1987 by the Catholic Sisters of Charity. The clinic provides care for 4500 ambulatory patients who otherwise have inadequate health care. Xavier University College of Pharmacy established pharmacy services in the clinic as a site for its ambulatory clerkship students. The pharmacy provides training for students on the principles and practice standards of ambulatory care pharmacy services, which include taking medication history and performing drug therapy review. A computer-generated medical record was developed to provide access to patients' demographic and drug profiles. The system was designed to help the pharmacist preceptor and students detect, resolve, and prevent drug-related problems, and to aid in learning to monitor the progression of disease(s) and whether the patient is experiencing the desired therapeutic outcome. Direct contact with patients allows the pharmacist and the students to become familiar with patient compliance problems, adverse drug reaction monitoring, patient counseling techniques, and providing patient education.