Metachronous hepatic resection for liver only pancreatic metastases.

BACKGROUND: The value of liver resection (LR) for metachronous pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) metastases remains controversial. However, in light of increasing safety of liver resections, surgery might be a valuable option for metastasized PDAC in selected patients. METHODS: We performed a retrospective, multicenter study including patients undergoing hepatectomy for metachronous PDAC liver metastases between 2004 and 2015 to analyze postoperative outcome and overall survival. All patients were operated with curative intent. Patients with oligometastatic metachronous liver metastasis with definitive chemotherapy (n = 8) served as controls. RESULTS: Overall 25 patients in seven centers were included in this study. The median age at the time of LR was 63.8 years (56.9-69.9) and the median number of metastases in the liver was 1 (IQR 1-2). There were eight non-anatomical resections (32%), 15 anatomical minor (60%) and 2 major LR (8%). Postoperative complications occurred in eleven patients (eight Clavien-Dindo grade I complications (32%) and three grade IIIa complications (12%), respectively). The 30-day mortality was 0%. The median length of stay was 8.6 days (IQR 5-11). Median overall survival following LR was 36.8 months compared to 9.2 months in patients with metachronous liver metastasis with chemotherapy (p = 0007). DISCUSSION: Liver resection for metachronous PDAC metastasis is safe and feasible in selected patients. To address general applicability and to find factors for patient selection, larger trials are urgently warranted.

Hybrid-ALPPS followed by Ante Situm with Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Rapid Liver Augmentation and Complex Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Tumors invading the inferior vena cava (IVC) and hepatic veins pose a challenge for surgeons. Hannoun et al.1 were able to show that the resection of these tumors can be done under hypothermia in the Ante-Situm position. Additionally, not only the localization of the tumor but the remaining volume of the remnant liver (FLR) needs to be considered. Schnitzbauer et al.2 were able to induce massive liver hypertrophy in a short period, combining an in-situ split with a portal vein ligation (ALPPS). As this controversial technique has evolved, a safe ALPPS can be performed nowadays.3 To our knowledge, this is the first case that combines a laparoscopic partial ALPPS with an extended resection requiring cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). METHODS: A 58-year-old female presented with a known chronic hepatitis C suffered from a pulmonary embolism, caused by a large, central hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with invasion of the suprahepatic IVC and continuous growth into the right atrium (RA). Due to the small FLR, we performed a laparoscopic hybrid-partial-ALPPS with an embolization of the right portal vein. We were able to remove the mass with an Ante-Situm position and resection of the RA under CPB. RESULTS: The postoperative course was complicated by posthepatic liver failure and bleeding. However, after 28 days the patient was discharged in a good medical condition. CONCLUSIONS: Although tumors invading the suprahepatic IVC and RA pose a surgical challenge, patients can be treated adequately with multidisciplinary management. Advanced HCCs have high recurrence rates; however, a R0 resection might improve overall survival. Wakayma et al. showed in their retrospective study with 13 patients a median survival of 30.8 months when a complete resection was performed.4 Our patient had a disease-free survival of 11 months and is still alive after 24 months. Taking the complexity of the operation and the oncological prospect with a probable recurrence into account, indication for surgery needs to be considered on an individual basis.

[Navigated liver surgery : Current state and importance in the future]. / Navigierte Leberchirurgie : Aktueller Stand und Bedeutung in der Zukunft.

The preoperative computer-assisted resection planning is the basis for every navigation. Thanks to modern algorithms, the prerequisites have been created to carry out a virtual resection planning and a risk analysis. Thus, individual segment resections can be precisely planned in any conceivable combination. The transfer of planning information and resection suggestions to the operating theater is still problematic. The so-called stereotactic liver navigation supports the exact intraoperative implementation of the planned resection strategy and provides the surgeon with real-time three-dimensional information on resection margins and critical structures during the resection. This is made possible by a surgical navigation system that measures the position of surgical instruments and then presents them together with the preoperative surgical planning data. Although surgical navigation systems have been indispensable in neurosurgery and spinal surgery for many years, these procedures have not yet become established as standard in liver surgery. This is mainly due to the technical challenge of navigating a moving organ. As the liver is constantly moving and deforming during surgery due to respiration and surgical manipulation, the surgical navigation system must be able to measure these alterations in order to adapt the preoperative navigation data to the current situation. Despite these advances, further developments are required until navigated liver resection enters clinical routine; however, it is already clear that laparoscopic liver surgery and robotic surgery will benefit most from navigation technology.

[Approach to liver, spleen and pancreatic injuries including damage control surgery of terrorist attacks]. / Vorgehen bei Leber­, Milz­ und Pankreasverletzungen inklusive "damage control surgery" bei Terroranschlägen.

BACKGROUND: Terrorist attacks have outreached to Europe with more and more attacks on civilians. Derived from war surgery experience and from lessons learned from major incidents, it seems mandatory for every surgeon to improve understanding of the special circumstances of trauma following a terrorist attack and its' management. METHOD: A short literature review is followed by outlining the damage control surgery (DCS) principle for each organ system with practical comments from the perspective of a specialized hepatobiliary (HPB) surgery unit. CONCLUSION: Every surgeon has to become familiar with the new entities of blast injuries and terrorist attack trauma. This concerns not only the medical treatment but also tailoring surgical treatment with a view to a lack of critical resources under these circumstances. For liver and pancreatic trauma, simple treatment strategies are a key to success.

[Chylous ascites and acute appendicitis - more than an accidental finding?]. / Chylöser Aszites bei akuter Appendizitis - Zufallsbefund oder ätiologischer Zusammenhang?

INTRODUCTION: Chylous ascites with a simultaneously presenting acute appendicitis is a uncommon finding which has been rarely reported in present literature. CASE REPORT: We present the case of a 36 years old patient showing the clinical signs of an acute appendicitis with an intraoperative finding of chylous ascites. DISCUSSION: The causing factors for chylous ascites are numerous, the clinical manifestations nonspecific. Thus the adequate diagnostic measures vary. The therapy is mainly based on medicational and dietary treatment but also benefits from a surgical approach.

Single center experience of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in early Barrett's adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) or radical surgical resection are the standard treatment options for patients with early Barrett's adenocarcinoma (EBAC). Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a new endoscopic technique, which allows--in contrast to EMR--endoscopic en-bloc resection of neoplastic lesions greater than 2 cm with complete histological evaluation of the resected specimen. In contrast to Western countries, Barrett's esophagus is less common in Asia indicating the low volume of published data of ESD in EBAC in Japanese series. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to describe the results of ESD in patients with EBAC performed in a German tertiary referral center. METHODS: Between November 2009 and April 2014 ESDs were performed in 22 patients with histologically proven EBAC. Data were given for the en-bloc, the R0, the R0 en-bloc, and the curative resection rate as well as for the complication and the local recurrence rate. RESULTS: ESD was technically possible in all of the 22 patients. 20 of the resected EBAC were mucosal carcinomas, whereas in two patients the tumor showed submucosal invasion. The en-bloc, R0, R0 en-bloc, and curative resection rates were 95.5, 81.8, 81.8 %, and 77.3 %, resp. Complication rate was 27.3 % (perforation n = 1, bleeding n = 2, stenosis n = 3). In case of curative tumor resection, only one local tumor recurrence (5.9 %) occurred after a medium follow-up of 1.6 years. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the small number of patients and a relatively short follow-up, the present data underline the value of ESD, especially in case of curative resections in the definite and less invasive therapy of EBAC. Attention should be drawn toward subsquamous extension of EBAC requiring a sufficient safety margin as an obligate condition for curative R0 resections. Due to the required learning curve and the management of potential complications, ESD should be restricted to greater endoscopic centers.

[Single centre experience of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in premalignant and malignant gastrointestinal neoplasia]. / Single-Center-Erfahrung mit der Endoskopischen Submukosa-Dissektion (ESD) bei prämalignen und malignen gastrointestinalen Neoplasien.

INTRODUCTION: Worldwide endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) of early GI cancers or premalignant neoplasia is becoming increasingly important. In Germany ESD is restricted to larger endoscopic institutions and only a few literature reports are available. The aim of the present study is to describe the results of 46 ESDs conducted in a German endoscopic centre. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between June 2007 and May 2012 46 ESDs in 45 patients (33 men, 12 women, mean age 66.1 years) were performed in the oesophagus (n = 17), stomach (n = 23) and rectum (n = 6). Data were collected for the en-bloc, R0 and R0 en-bloc resection rates as well as for complications, the curative resection and the local recurrence rates. In order to demonstrate a learning curve, results were evaluated for two periods (June 2007 to November 2010 vs. December 2010 to May 2012). RESULTS: ESD was technically possible in 93.5%. En-bloc, R0, R0 en-bloc and curative resection rates were 90.7%, 74.4%, 67.4% and 65.1%, respectively. The complication rate was 13%. In the second period en-bloc and R0 en-bloc resection rates increased from 81% to 100% and, respectively, from 52.4% to 81.8%. After a medium follow-up of 11.4 months, local tumour recurrence occurred in 10%. In cases of curative R0 en bloc resection of malignant tumours no tumour recurrence occurred. DISCUSSION: Despite the small number of patients, the present data underline the value of ESD, especially in cases of R0 en-bloc resections in the therapy for premalignant and early malignant GI tumours. Due to the required learning curve, ESD should be restricted to larger endoscopic centres in Germany.

[Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (Klatskin tumor)]. / Zentrales Gallengangskarzinom (Klatskin-Tumor).

Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma or Klatskin tumors are a rare entity arising from the extrahepatic bile duct bifurcation. Considering the close anatomical relationship of the bile duct bifurcation with the portal vein bifurcation and hepatic arteries, surgical treatment is demanding. With an incidence of only 2-4 cases/100,000 population/year patients should be referred to a specialized center. The tumors are usually poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas growing diffusely along the duct and also the perineural sheath. Only radical surgery offers a curative option and currently surgical strategy usually consists of en bloc resection of the bile duct, extended liver resection and portal vein resection. Proximal and lateral safety margin R0 resections are technically very demanding procedures because of the local anatomy.

Impact of model-based risk analysis for liver surgery planning.

PURPOSE: A model-based risk analysis for oncologic liver surgery was described in previous work (Preim et al. in Proceedings of international symposium on computer assisted radiology and surgery (CARS), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 353­358, 2002; Hansen et al. Int I Comput Assist Radiol Surg 4(5):469­474, 2009). In this paper, we present an evaluation of this method. METHODS: To prove whether and how the risk analysis facilitates the process of liver surgery planning, an explorative user study with 10 liver experts was conducted. The purpose was to compare and analyze their decision-making. RESULTS: The results of the study show that model-based risk analysis enhances the awareness of surgical risk in the planning stage. Participants preferred smaller resection volumes and agreed more on the safety margins' width in case the risk analysis was available. In addition, time to complete the planning task and confidence of participants were not increased when using the risk analysis. CONCLUSION: This work shows that the applied model-based risk analysis may influence important planning decisions in liver surgery. It lays a basis for further clinical evaluations and points out important fields for future research.

[EHEC-associated colon stenosis after ulcerous-chronic haemorrhagic colitis and consecutive resulting ileus]. / EHEC-assoziierte Kolonstenose nach ulzerös-chronisch hämorrhagischer Kolitis mit konsekutivem Ileus.

We report on the case of a segmentally emphasised, ulcerous chronic haemorrhagic colitis with the development of granulation tissue und scarred fibrosis with consecutive resulting stenosis of the colon. A 49-year-old male patient was infected with enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli bacteria during the EHEC-epidemic in northern Germany in early summer 2011. In the course of the infection the patient suffered from haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) with acute renal failure and neurological symptoms. Haemodialysis and plasmapheresis had become mandatory. A simultaneous ileus was estimated to be of paralytic origin. One month after treatment of the acute phase of the infection a CT scan of the abdomen was performed and discovered a symptomatic stenosis of the proximal colon transversum. This obstruction needed to be treated by performing a right hemicolectomy with an ileo-transverso anastomosis. After surgery the patient recovered continuously. The histopathological examination verified an ulcerous-chronic haemorrhagic colitis on the background of an EHEC infection.

Liver remnant hypertrophy induction--how often do we really use it in the time of computer assisted surgery?

PURPOSE: To evaluate the significance of the hypertrophy concept in patients requiring extended liver resections for colorectal metastasis in the time of computer assisted surgery. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of patient collective undergoing major liver surgery. 2D CT, 3D CAS with Fraunhofer MeVis Sofware. Portal vein embolisation (PVE) with the Amplazer Plug, portal vein ligation (PVL) as 1. Stage operative procedure. RESULTS: 2D CT data identified 29 patients out of 319 (2002-2009) to be at risk for liver failure after resection. After 3D CAS analysis and virtual operation planning, only 7/29 were at true risk and were submitted to portal vein occlusion (PVO). Another 5 patients were submitted to the hypertrophy concept for intraoperative finding of insufficient parenchyma quality. In total, 12 patients underwent PVO (6 PVE/6 PVL). 9/12 patients went to stage 2 and were successfully operated. There was no difference in future remnant liver volume (FRLV) gain or waiting time to step 2 between the groups, though survival was better in the PVE group. CONCLUSION: PVO is an effective approach if the patient's future remnant liver (FRL) is too small on 2D CT volumetry. 3D CAS has great impact on the analysis of FRL capacity and in augmenting resectability - in our experience only patients with insufficient FRLV on the virtual resection plan have to take the risk of PVO to maintain the chance of liver resection.

[Anterior approach liver resection with the liver hanging maneuver. Technique and indications]. / Anterior-approach-Leberresektionen mit dem Liver-hanging-Manöver. Technik und Indikationen.

The anterior approach liver resection has advantages compared to conventional liver resection. Mobilization during conventional liver resection may cause local pressure on the tumor which could lead to tumor cell dissemination or even to tumor rupture. Furthermore, hemodynamic parameters tend to deteriorate during mobilization due to compression or twisting of the inferior vena cava. In addition, the left liver lobe often is compressed which can lead to tissue damage of the residual parenchyma. The risk of these complications can be reduced by the anterior approach technique which is facilitated by the so-called liver hanging maneuver. Appropriate indications for this technique are large tumors of the right liver lobe, tumors with infiltration of the right hepatic vein and infiltration of the vena cava from the right side, tumors with infiltration of the diaphragm and tumors of the right lobe after previous resections of the right lobe.

Laparoscopic deroofing of hepatic cysts: The most effective treatment option.

OBJECTIVES: With advances in laparoscopic surgery, laparoscopic deroofing has gained wide acceptance in the surgical community to treat symptomatic non-parasitic hepatic cysts. Published non-surgical data still favour aspiration and sclerotherapy as treatment in these cases, though morbidity is higher and recurrence rates are not acceptable. We reviewed all patients that had been treated by laparoscopic deroofing in our department over a period of 6 years in order to find out if the surgical approach should be considered the standard treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Over a 6 year period, 34 laparoscopic deroofings were performed in 21 patients with symptomatic cysts. Patients underwent laparoscopy followed by radical deroofing using an Ultracision device. RESULTS: All cases were completed laparoscopically, no intraoperative adverse events were recorded. Mean operation time was 101 ± 22.7 min. The mean size of treated cysts was 9.7 ± 2.18 cm. Follow up showed only one symptomatic recurrence (3.3%) two months after surgery. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic deroofing of hepatic cysts is a safe and effective treatment option. Recurrence rates are unprecedentedly low. Our data suggest that the risk of operation is justified and that the method is superior to sclerotherapy.

[Prevention of postoperative wound infections]. / Prävention postoperativer Wundinfektionen.

Approximately 6.4 million operative procedures are carried out each year in Germany. Besides nosocomial pneumonia and urinary tract infections, postoperative wound infections account for 16% and are the third most common kind of infection in German hospitals. The spectrum of pathogens depends on the type and localization of the operative procedure. The pathogens can penetrate the wound from outside (exogenic) or from the patient's own skin or mucosal flora (endogenic). There are different kinds of risk factors whereby those of the patient can be influenced in a limited manner and are differentiated from those which can be influenced by preventive actions against infections in the context of the organization of perioperative nursing.

Non-surgical management of a ruptured posttraumatic pancreatic pseudocyst in a child.

Generally speaking, isolated pancreatic injuries are rare after abdominal blunt trauma. However, the incidence of pancreatic injuries in children has risen in recent decades. Pancreatic pseudocyst represents a typical complication after acute pancreatitis due to blunt abdominal trauma. Spontaneous rupture of pseudocysts leading to acute abdominal pain has been described, however, it rarely occurs, especially in pediatric patients. We report the successful non-surgical management of a ruptured pancreatic pseudocyst in a 5-year-old girl which occurred 27 days after trauma. The traumatic acute pancreatitis was due to a handlebar injury.

[Diagnosis and treatment of colorectal liver metastases - workflow]. / Diagnostik und Therapie von Lebermetastasen kolorektaler Karzinome - Workflow.

In this review, standards of diagnosis and treatment of colorectal liver metastases are described on the basis of a workshop discussion. Algorithms of care for patients with synchronous / metachronous colorectal liver metastases or locoregional recurrent tumour are presented. Surgical resection is the procedure of choice in the curative treatment of liver metastases. The decision about the resection of liver metastases should consider the following parameters: 1. General operability of the patient (comorbidity); 2. Achievability of an R 0 situation: i. if necessary, in combination with ablative methods, ii. if necessary, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, iii. the ability to eradicate extrahepatic tumour manifestations; 3. Sufficient volume of the liver remaining after resection ("future liver remnant = FLR): i. if necessary, in combination with portal vein embolisation or two-stage hepatectomy; 4. The feasibility to preserve two contiguous hepatic segments with adequate vascular inflow and outflow as well as biliary drainage; 5. Tumour biological aspects ("prognostic variables"); 6. Experience of the surgeon and centre! Extrahepatic disease does not contraindicate hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases provided a complete resection of both intra- and extrahepatic disease is feasible. Even in bilobar colorectal metastases and 5 or more tumours in the liver, a complete tumour resection has been described. The type of resection (hepatic wedge resection or anatomic resection) does not influence the recurrence rate. Preoperative volumetry is indicated when major hepatic resection is planned. The FLR should be 25 % in patients with normal liver, 40 % in patients who have received intensive chemotherapy or in cases of fatty liver, liver fibrosis or diabetes, and 50-60 % in patients with cirrhosis. In patients with initially unresectable colorectal liver metastases, preoperative chemotherapy enables complete resection in 15-30 % of the cases, whereas the value of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with resectable liver metastases has not been sufficiently supported. In situ ablative procedures (radiofrequency ablation = RFA and laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy = LITT) are local therapy options in selected patients who are not candidates for resection (central recurrent liver metastases, bilobar multiple metastases and high-risk resection or restricted patient operability). Patients with tumours larger than 3 cm have a high local recurrence rate after percutaneous RFA and are not optimal candidates for this procedure. The physician's experience influences the results significantly, both after hepatectomy and after in situ ablation. Therefore, patients with colorectal liver metastases should be treated in centres with experience in liver surgery.

[Virtual hepatic surgery - computer-assisted operation planning on the 3-dimensional reconstructed liver]. / Virtuelle hepatobiliäre Chirurgie - computerunterstützte Resektionsplanung an der dreidimensional rekonstruierten Leber.

Recent developments in image-based computer assistance provide an improved visualisation of the intrahepatic vascular branching system in a virtual three-dimensional model of the liver, allowing a quantitative assessment of any vascular territory. The advantages of computer-assisted resection planning refer to a better preoperative assessment of functional resectability in areas at risk for either devascularisation or impaired drainage. In selected cases, this information may have a considerable influence on operative planning, especially with regard to the extent of resection or the need for vascular reconstruction. Due to the great anatomical variability of the intrahepatic branching patterns of the right liver lobe, this seems to be particularly important in extended left hepatectomies or in repeat hepatectomy when intrahepatic vascular anatomy may be altered. The development of navigation techniques to ensure the accurate application of the preoperative planned resection line is under investigation but not available yet.

[Hormone inactive parathyroid cyst: rare differential diagnosis in the evaluation of cervical cysts]. / Hormoninaktive Nebenschilddrüsenzyste: eine seltene Differenzialdiagnose bei zystischen Veränderungen im Halsbereich.

Parathyroid cysts are a very rare disease entity. Hormone activity is uncommon and they usually present without any clinical symptoms. The differential diagnosis of cystic neck masses should nevertheless include parathyroid cysts as surgical therapy can be very effective. We report the case of a 57-year-old patient presenting to our department with a hormone inactive parathyroid cyst. Final diagnosis was achieved eventually after histological examination of the resected specimen, which is the reason for evaluating the current data for preoperative management of this disease entity in this case report.