Antimicrobial prophylaxis in companion animal surgery: A scoping review for European Network for Optimization of Antimicrobial Therapy (ENOVAT) guidelines.

Surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis (SAP) is widely used to reduce the risk of surgical site infections (SSI), but there is uncertainty as to what the proportion of SSI reduction is. Therefore, it is difficult for surgeons to properly weigh the costs, risks and benefits for individual patients when deciding on the use of SAP, making it challenging to promote antimicrobial stewardship in primary practice settings. The objective of this study was to map the veterinary evidence focused on assessing the effect of SAP on SSI development and in order to identify surgical procedures with some research evidence and possible knowledge gaps. In October 2021 and December 2022, Scopus, CAB Abstracts, Web of Science Core Collection, Embase and MEDLINE were systematically searched. Double blinded screening of records was performed to identify studies in companion animals that reported on the use of SAP and SSI rates. Comparative data were available from 34 out of 39123 records screened including: eight randomised controlled trials (RCT), 23 cohort studies (seven prospective and 16 retrospective) and three retrospective case series representing 12476 dogs and cats in total. Extracted data described peri- or post-operative SAP in nine, and 25 studies, respectively. In the eight RCTs evaluating SAP in companion animals, surgical procedure coverage was skewed towards orthopaedic stifle surgeries in referral settings and there was large variation in SAP protocols, SSI definitions and follow-up periods. More standardized data collection and agreement of SSI definitions is needed to build stronger evidence for optimized patient care.

Oral health status and dental treatment needs of psoriatic patients with different therapy regimes.

The aim of the study was to investigate the dental treatment requirements and oral health status of psoriatic patients with different severities of the disease, managed by different methods, including biological therapies. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-seven patients diagnosed with psoriasis were enrolled in this study. All subjects completed a general medical history and a Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaire. The severity of the disease was assessed using the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) scale and a DLQI questionnaire. In order to evaluate the oral health status, the following techniques were used: Approximal Plaque Index (API), the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and the Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index. RESULTS: Patients treated with biologicals presented a significantly lower mean CPI index and required no surgical interventions. Subjects managed with topical therapy had significantly more decayed teeth and higher treatment needs. Only 11.3% of patients did not require dental intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed a high need for dental interventions in patients with psoriasis. The type of treatment used may affect the oral health status of patients. However, further investigations are required to explain the significantly lower CPI value in the group treated with biologicals.

Cell-biological effects of zinc oxide spheres and rods from the nano- to the microscale at sub-toxic levels.

Zinc oxide particles were synthesized in various sizes and shapes, i.e., spheres of 40-nm, 200-nm, and 500-nm diameter and rods of 40∙100 nm2 and 100∙400 nm2 (all PVP-stabilized and well dispersed in water and cell culture medium). Crystallographically, the particles consisted of the hexagonal wurtzite phase with a primary crystallite size of 20 to 100 nm. The particles showed a slow dissolution in water and cell culture medium (both neutral; about 10% after 5 days) but dissolved within about 1 h in two different simulated lysosomal media (pH 4.5 to 4.8). Cells relevant for respiratory exposure (NR8383 rat alveolar macrophages) were exposed to these particles in vitro. Viability, apoptosis, and cell activation (generation of reactive oxygen species, ROS, release of cytokines) were investigated in an in vitro lung cell model with respect to the migration of inflammatory cells. All particle types were rapidly taken up by the cells, leading to an increased intracellular zinc ion concentration. The nanoparticles were more cytotoxic than the microparticles and comparable with dissolved zinc acetate. All particles induced cell apoptosis, unlike dissolved zinc acetate, indicating a particle-related mechanism. Microparticles induced a stronger formation of reactive oxygen species than smaller particles probably due to higher sedimentation (cell-to-particle contact) of microparticles in contrast to nanoparticles. The effect of particle types on the cytokine release was weak and mainly resulted in a decrease as shown by a protein microarray. In the particle-induced cell migration assay (PICMA), all particles had a lower effect than dissolved zinc acetate. In conclusion, the biological effects of zinc oxide particles in the sub-toxic range are caused by zinc ions after intracellular dissolution, by cell-to-particle contacts, and by the uptake of zinc oxide particles into cells. Graphical headlights • The cytotoxicity of zinc oxide particles is mainly due to the intracellular release of zinc ions. • The size and shape of zinc oxide micro- and nanoparticles has only small effects on lung cells in the sub-toxic range. • Zinc oxide particles are rapidly taken up by cells, regardless of their size and shape. • Zinc oxide particles rapidly dissolve after cellular uptake in endolysosomes.

Audiological evaluation of patients with cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD).

OBJECTIVE: The description of clinical manifestation of hearing problems in cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) remains limited and incomplete, since CCD constitutes a rare congenital disorder. The study aims to provide a complex panel analysis of the auditory system in patients suffering from the disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 4 children with CCD (aged: 12-15), who underwent orthodontic treatment. A full panel analysis of their auditory systems was performed, including high-frequency audiometry and a new method of middle ear assessment - WBT (Wideband Tympanometry). RESULTS: A slight conductive hearing loss was diagnosed in 3 out of 4 patients. While high frequency audiometry has shown a deterioration of hearing in 3 patients, in one case, the obtained thresholds were within the normal range. A decrease of absorbance in low frequencies has been observed in one or both ears. Only one patient has had a shift of maximum absorbance towards high frequencies in the left ear. CONCLUSIONS: The presented manuscript is the first with a complete evaluation of the auditory system comprising 4 cases of children in a similar age group. All of the examined patients presented an air-bone gap indicating conductive disorders.

Polarization control of metal-enhanced fluorescence in hybrid assemblies of photosynthetic complexes and gold nanorods.

Fluorescence imaging of hybrid nanostructures composed of a bacterial light-harvesting complex LH2 and Au nanorods with controlled coupling strength is employed to study the spectral dependence of the plasmon-induced fluorescence enhancement. Perfect matching of the plasmon resonances in the nanorods with the absorption bands of the LH2 complexes facilitates a direct comparison of the enhancement factors for longitudinal and transverse plasmon frequencies of the nanorods. We find that the fluorescence enhancement due to excitation of longitudinal resonance can be up to five-fold stronger than for the transverse one. We attribute this result, which is important for designing plasmonic functional systems, to a very different distribution of the enhancement of the electric field due to the excitation of the two characteristic plasmon modes in nanorods.

Identification of flunixin glucuronide and depletion of flunixin and its marker residue in bovine milk.

Residues of flunixin [and its marker residue 5-hydroxyflunixin (5OHFLU)] were determined in milk from cows that intravenously received therapeutic doses of the drug. The samples were collected during each milking (every 12 h) for six consecutive days, and concentrations of flunixin and its metabolites were determined by the method with and without enzymatic hydrolysis (beta-glucuronidase). The highest flunixin concentration in milk was observed 12 h after dosing (2.4 ± 1.42 µg/kg, mean ± SD). Flunixin concentrations in the samples determined with enzymatic hydrolysis were significantly higher (P < 0.05), which suggests the transfer of flunixin glucuronide to the milk. Additionally, unambiguous identification of flunixin glucuronide in the bovine milk was performed with linear ion-trap mass spectrometry. The 5OHFLU concentrations analyzed without enzymatic hydrolysis (22.3 ± 16.04 µg/kg) were similar to this obtained with enzymatic hydrolysis. Flunixin and 5OHFLU concentrations dropped below the limits of detection at 48 h after last dosing.

[Bowen's disease: one of the types of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasm (VIN) III (four case reports)]. / Choroba bowena--jedna z postaci VIN III (przedstawienie czterech sytuacji klinicznych).

Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia has been considered a problem of postmenopausal years, but its frequency appears to be increasing among younger women. Bowen's disease is a form of VIN III carcinoma in situ, that may appear clinically as pigmented lesions. This pathology mostly concerns younger women, and is probably connected with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. The incidence rate is very rare. During the last 15 years only four cases of Bowen's disease have been diagnosed and treated in Division of Gynecological Oncology in Poznan. In this paper we presented symptoms, diagnostic procedures, results of clinical and histopathologic evaluation as well as managements methods. Also the results of treatment and reports on follow-up visits have been discussed.

[Non-neoplastic epithelial disorders associated with vulvar carcinoma]. / Nablonkowe, nienowotworowe choroby wspólistniejace z rakiem sromu.

The purpose of this paper has been clinical problems associating squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva co-existing with non-neoplastic epithelial disorders. We analyzed 46 women with vulvar carcinoma. Non-neoplastic epithelial disorders we found in 17% cases. In conclusions we suggest the follow-up in patient with non-neoplastic epithelial disorders must be held the same like with vulvar carcinoma.

[Evaluation of blood flow in uterine arteries in patients with cancer of the cervix uteri using transvaginal color doppler ultrasonography]. / Ocena przeplywu krwi w tetnicach macicznych u chorych z rakiem szyjki macicy przy wykorzystaniu ultrasonografii dopochwowej z kolorowym Dopplerem.

The purpose of the study was to estimate blood flow in uterine arteries in patients with uterus cervix invasive carcinoma. In the study the colour Doppler ultrasonography was used. It was found out that in the group of patients with uterus cervix carcinoma pulsation index (PI)--1.82 +/- 1.44 as well as resistance index (RI)--0.72 +/- 0.12 are statistically significantly lower than adequate indices in the control group (PI)--3.36 +/- 1.04 and (RI)--0.81 +/- 0.17 (p < 0.05).

[The evaluation of ovarian tumor vascularization using color Doppler transvaginal ultrasonography]. / Ocena unaczynienia nowotworów jajnika przy zastosowaniu utrasonografii dopochwowej z kolorowym Dopplerem.

The aim of this study was the evaluation of blood flow factors prognostical value in differentiation of malignancy among ovarian tumors--sensitivity of this method was 81.8--90.9%, specificity was 88.5%, positive predict value 75.0--76.9% and negative predict value 92.0--95.8%. It was stated that Dopplers method is very usefull in diagnosis of malignant ovarian neoplasms. Moreover it was shown that pulsation index (PI) is more suitable than resistance index (RI), particularly in preoperative diagnostics.