First report of Meloidogyne graminis on golf courses turfgrass in Brazil.

Plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne, known as root-knot nematodes (RKN), have an important economic impact on golf course turfgrasses. The most prevalent RKN species associated with grasses are M. chitwoodi, M. graminicola, M. graminis, M. incognita, M. marylandi, M. microtyla, M. minor, M. naasi and M. sasseri. In 2010, slight thickening of the roots and RKN females with unusual features were observed in turfgrass roots on golf courses in Araras, São Paulo state, Brazil. This population (MgARA) was maintained in the lab and studied including morphological, morphometrical, biochemical and molecular markers. Morphology and morphometry were variable and not useful for identification, although perineal pattern morphology showed highly similarity with M. graminis description. Concerning to biochemical characterisation, the esterase phenotype Mg1, characterised by a very slow and fainter band, was detected in some protein homogenates. Regarding to molecular analysis, D2-D3 region of 28S rDNA gene and cytochrome oxidase subunit II region from mitochondrial DNA were amplified by PCR and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Brazilian isolate, found associated with turfgrass, grouped with M. graminis isolates (98-99% bootstrap; variation of 8-11 and 0-24 bp, respectively), close to M. marylandi, supporting its identification as M. graminis. This is the first report of M. graminis on golf courses in Brazil.

Entomopathogenic nematodes in agricultural areas in Brazil.

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) can control pests due to the mutualistic association with bacteria that kill the host by septicemia and make the environment favorable for EPNs development and reproduction. The diversity of EPNs in Brazilian soils requires further study. The identification of EPNs, adapted to environmental and climatic conditions of cultivated areas is important for sustainable pest suppression in integrated management programs in agricultural areas of Brazil. The objective was to identify EPNs isolated from agricultural soils with annual, fruit and forest crops in Brazil. Soil samples were collected and stored in 250 ml glass vials. The nematodes were isolated from these samples with live bait traps ([Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae]. Infective juveniles were collected with White traps and identified by DNA barcoding procedures by sequencing the D2/D3 expansion of the 28S rDNA region by PCR. EPNs identified in agricultural areas in Brazil were Heterorhabditis amazonensis, Metarhabditis rainai, Oscheios tipulae and Steinernema rarum. These species should be considered pest biocontrol agents in Brazilian agricultural areas.

Consorciação e manejo de Brachiaria decumbens em mudas de cafeeiros infestados com Pratylenchus brachyurus em condições de casa de vegetação / Intercropping and management of Brachiaria decumbens in coffee seedlings infested with Pratylenchus brachyurus under greenhouse conditions

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da consorciação e manejo de Brachiaria decumbenscv. 'Basilisk' em cafeeiro (Coffea arabicacv. 'Catuaí Vermelho') infestado por Pratylenchus brachyurus(Pb), o presente experimento foi desenvolvido em condições de casa de vegetação. Os tratamentos utilizados, com cinco repetições, foram: 1. Café não inoculado no limpo; 2. Café não inoculado consorciado com B. decumbens; 3. Café inoculado com 5000 juvenis e adultos de Pb por vaso (10L), no limpo; 4. Café inoculado com Pb consorciado com B. decumbenspodadas semanalmente; 5. Café inoculado com Pb consorciado com B. decumbenscom aplicação do herbicida glifosato. Aos 3, 4, 7, 10 e 11 meses após transplante dos cafeeiros, houve um aumento significativo na altura das plantas de cafeeiro sem nematoide mantidas no limpo, comparadas com os tratamentos com cafeeiros em solo infestado com Pb consorciado com B. decumbenspodadas e café em solo infestado com Pb consorciado com B. decumbenscom aplicação de glifosato. Na avaliação final, realizada 278 dias após à inoculação das plantas, o peso da matéria seca da parte aérea nos tratamentos com Pb consorciado com braquiária e com aplicação de glifosato apresentaram menores valores, quando comparado com a testemunha sem nematoide e sem plantas consorciadas. Com relação ao peso da matéria fresca das raízes, todos os tratamentos foram significativamente mais baixos do que a testemunha sem nematoide e sem consorciação. A população final de P. brachyurusnas raízes foi maior quando o café foi consorciado com braquiária.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of intercropping and management of Brachiaria decumbenscv. 'Basilisk' in coffee (Coffea arabicacv. 'Catuai vermelho') infested withPratylenchus brachyurus(Pb), under greenhouse conditions. The treatments with five replicates were: 1. Coffee without Pb; 2. Coffee without Pb and intercropped with B. decumbens; 3. Coffee inoculated with 5000 juveniles and adults Pb per pot (10L) kept in clean; 4. Coffee inoculated with Pb intercropped with B. decumbenspruned weekly; 5. Coffee inoculated with Pb intercropped with B. decumbenswith application of the herbicide glyphosate. At 3, 4, 7, 10 and 11 months after transplantation of coffee plants ,there was a significant increase in the height of coffee plants without nematode kept in clean, compared with treatments with coffee in infested soil with Pb intercropped with B. decumbenspruned and coffee in soil infested with Pb intercropped with B. decumbenswith application of glyphosate. In the final evaluation, 278 days after inoculation , the dry weight of shoots in treatments with Pb and brachiaria and application of glyphosate were significantly lower when compared with untreated plants without nematode and intercropping. The weight of fresh roots, was significantly lower in all treatments compared to the control untreated plot. and without intercropping. The final population of P. brachyurusin roots was greater when coffee was intercropped with B. decumbens.

Nematoides fitoparasitos em áreas de cultivo de antúrio dos estados de São Paulo, Paraná e Santa Catarina / Plant parasitic nematodes in anthurium growing areas from São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina States, Brazil

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi identificar os nematoides associados a plantas de antúrio (Anthurium andraeanum) cultivadas como flor de corte (13 amostras) ou plantas em vaso (41 amostras) nos estados de São Paulo, Paraná e Santa Catarina. Nematoides foram extraídos de 10g de raízes e 250cm3 de solo ou substrato e identificados sob microscópio de luz. A espécie mais frequente foi Radopholus similis, detectada em 54% das amostras de antúrio cultivado como flor de corte. Constituíram novas ocorrências em antúrio no Brasil: Helicotylenchus erythrinae, H. californicus, H. multicinctus, Meloidogyne paranaensis e R. similis. Entretanto, nenhum nematoide parasito de plantas foi encontrado nos antúrios cultivados em vaso, com substrato de fibra de coco. .

The aim of this research was to identify plant parasitic nematodes associated with Anthurium andraeanum plants cultivated as cut flowers (13 samples) or pot flowers (41 samples) in the States of São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina, Brazil. Nematodes were extracted from 10g of roots and 250cm3 of soil by centrifugation method and identified under microscope. The most frequently occurring species was Radopholus similis detected on 54% of anthuriums cultivated as cut flowers. Among the identified species, the following associations constitute new records to Brazil in anthuriums: Helicotylenchus erythrinae, H. californicus, H. multicinctus, Meloidogyne paranaensis and R. similis. However, no plant parasitic nematodes were detected on A. andraeanum cultivated as pot flowers in coconut fiber substrate. .

Nematoides fitoparasitas associados à mandioca na Amazônia brasileira / Plant parasitic nematodes on cassava cultivated in the Brazilian Amazon

The cassava crop (Manihot esculenta) has socioeconomic importance to Brazil, however, there is a paucity of studies regarding the plant parasitic nematodes associated with cassava and the host reaction of cassava cultivars to nematodes. The aims of this work were to report the geographic distributions and new records of plant parasitic nematodes collected from cassava areas from the States of Acre, Amapá, Pará and Rondônia, Brazil. Additionally, the host reaction of different cassava cultivars to Meloidogyne incognita race 3, Pratylenchus brachyurus and P. zeae was studied in a greenhouse experiment. Nematodes were extracted from either 10 g of roots or 250 cm³ of soil by centrifugation and identified by microscopy. The most prevalent species was P. brachyurus detected from 37.1% of samples tested (n=35), follow by M. incognita (14.2%). Among the identified nematode species, the following associations constitute new records for Brazil: Helicotylenchus erythrinae, M. enterolobii and Xiphinema longicaudatum. Cassava cultivars Amazonas, Colônia Matapi, Manteiga, Pretinha and Pó-da-China from Amapá State and Colonial and Caipora from Acre State were all susceptible to M. incognita race 3. In contrast, two cultivars, Caipora and Colonial, were resistant to P. brachyurus (reproduction factor = 0.5 and 0.9, respectively) but immune to P. zeae. Data generated in this study may be useful in the agronomic management of cassava production in areas infested with the root lesion nematodes P. brachyurus and/or P. zeae.

A cultura da mandioca (Manihot esculenta) tem importância socioeconômica no Brasil, no entanto há ainda uma escassez de informações sobre a associação de nematoides fitoparasitas, bem como ao comportamento de cultivares de mandioca ao parasitismo desses agentes. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi relatar a distribuição geográfica e novas ocorrências das principais espécies de nematoides encontradas associadas à mandioca em diferentes municípios dos estados do Acre, Amapá, Pará e Rondônia. Além disso, estudou-se, em casa de vegetação, a reação de algumas cultivares de mandioca ao parasitismo de Meloidogyne incognita raça 3, Pratylenchus brachyurus e P. zeae. Nematoides foram extraídos de 10 g de raízes ou 250 cm³ de solo e identificados sob microscópio de luz. A espécie mais prevalente foi P. brachyurus, presente em 37,1% das amostras analisadas (n=35), seguida de M. incognita, encontrada em de 14,2% das amostras. Constituíram novas ocorrências para mandioca no Brasil: Helicotylenchus erythrinae, M. enterolobii e Xiphinema longicaudatum. As cultivares de mandioca provenientes do Amapá (Amazonas, Colônia Matapi, Manteiga, Pretinha e Pó-da-China) e as cultivares de mandioca Colonial e Caipora, provenientes do Acre, comportaram-se como suscetíveis a M. incognita raça 3. Por outro lado, as cultivares Caipora e Colonial comportaram-se como resistentes a P. brachyurus (fator de reprodução = 0,5 e 0,9, respectivamente) e imunes a P. zeae. Informações geradas neste estudo podem ser úteis para o manejo de áreas cultivadas com mandioca e infestadas pelos nematoides das lesões, P. brachyurus e/ou P. zeae.