Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer Management: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

Across the nation, patients with locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC) are managed with modalities including upfront surgery (US) and perioperative chemotherapy (PCT). Preoperative therapies have demonstrated survival benefits over US and thus long-term outcomes are expected to vary between the options. However, as these 2 modalities continue to be regularly employed, we sought to perform a decision analysis comparing the costs and quality-of-life associated with the treatment of patients with LAGC to identify the most cost-effective option. We designed a decision tree model to investigate the survival and costs associated with the most commonly utilized management modalities for LAGC in the United States: US and PCT. The tree described costs and treatment strategies over a 6-month time horizon. Costs were derived from 2022 Medicare reimbursement rates using the third-party payer perspective for physicians and hospitals. Effectiveness was represented using quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). One-way, two-way, and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were utilized to test the robustness of our findings. PCT was the most cost-effective treatment modality for patients with LAGC over US with a cost of $40,792.16 yielding 3.11 QALYs. US has a cost of $55,575.57 while yielding 3.15 QALYs; the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was $369,585.25. One-way and two-way sensitivity analyses favored PCT in all variations of variables across their standard deviations. Across 100,000 Monte Carlo simulations, 100% of trials favored PCT. In our model simulating patients with LAGC, the most cost-effective treatment strategy was PCT. While US demonstrated improved QALYs over PCT, the associated cost was too great to justify its use.

Did Residents Stop Operating During COVID? Impact of COVID-19 Across VA Teaching Hospitals on Surgical Resident Education.

BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, elective cases across the nation were suspended, leading to major decreases in operative volume for surgical trainees. Surgical resident operative autonomy has been declining over time, so we sought to explore the effect COVID-19 had on resident autonomy within VA teaching hospitals. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of surgical cases across specialties was performed using the VA Surgical Quality Improvement Program database from September 2019 to September 2021 at VA teaching hospitals. Supervision codes are recorded prospectively: attending surgeon performs the operation (AP), resident completes majority of the case with the attending scrubbed (AR), and resident is primary surgeon without attending scrubbed (RP). RESULTS: 20,457 cases pre-COVID decreased to 11,035 during peak-COVID (P < .001). Overall, RP cases increased from 6.5% to 7.6% during the peak (P < .001) and trended back downwards during the recovery periods. AP decreased initially (29.9%-27.7%, P < .001), but regressed back to pre-pandemic numbers. In general surgery RP cases, urgent cases such as laparoscopic cholecystectomies increased from 18.8% to 27.5%, while elective repairs decreased during the peak. Similar changes were noted across specialties. DISCUSSION: Operative cases dropped by half from pre- to peak- COVID and remained 20% below pre-pandemic volume the following year. Interestingly, RP rates increased for several specialties during the peak of the pandemic, which may have resulted from a relative higher ratio of resident personnel:case volume and shift in case distribution from elective to urgent. The increase in RP rate has begun to regress to pre-COVID levels which need to be readdressed.

Why Not This Case? Differences Between Resident and Attending Operative Cases at Teaching Hospitals.

INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have focused on outcomes pertaining to resident operative autonomy, but there has been little academic work examining the types of patients and cases where autonomy is afforded. We sought to describe the differences between surgical patient populations in teaching cases where residents are and are not afforded autonomy. METHODS: We examined all general and vascular operations at Veterans Affairs teaching hospitals from 2004 to 2019 using Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Level of resident supervision is prospectively recorded by the operating room nurse at the time of surgery: attending primary (AP): the attending performs the case with or without a resident; attending resident (AR): the resident performs the case with the attending scrubbed; resident primary (RP): resident operating with supervising attending not scrubbed. Resident (R) cases refer to AR + RP. Patient demographics, comorbidities, level of supervision, and top cases within each group were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 618,578 cases were analyzed; 154,217 (24.9%) were AP, 425,933 (68.9%) AR, and 38,428 (6.2%) RP. Using work relative value unit as a surrogate for complexity, RP was the least complex compared to AP and AR (10.4/14.4/14.8, P < 0.001). RP also had a lower proportion of American Society of Anesthesiologists 3 and 4 + 5 patients (P < 0.001), were younger (P < 0.001), and generally had lower comorbidities. The most common RP cases made up a higher proportion of all RP cases than they did for AP/AR and demonstrated several core competencies (hernia, cholecystectomy, appendectomy, amputation). R cases, however, were generally sicker than AP cases. CONCLUSIONS: In the small proportion of cases where residents were afforded autonomy, we found they were more focused on the core general surgery cases on lower risk patients. This selection bias likely demonstrates appropriate attending judgment in affording autonomy. However, this cohort consisted of many "sicker" patients and those factors alone should not disqualify resident involvement.

Declining Surgical Resident Operative Autonomy-All Trainees Are Not Created Equal.

INTRODUCTION: We have previously shown that resident autonomy has decreased over time overall for all surgery residents. The purpose of this study is to examine changes in operative autonomy in general surgery residency within each postgraduate year (PGY) level. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of the Veterans Association Surgical Quality Improvement Program database from July 1, 2004 to September 30, 2019. All general surgery, vascular surgery, and thoracic surgery procedures were analyzed and categorized by level of resident supervision as attending primary, attending operating with resident, or resident primary without attending scrubbed. Procedure work portion of relative value unit was used to capture procedure complexity. Changes in resident autonomy over time, procedure complexity, and outcomes were compared among PGY levels 1 to 5. RESULTS: A total of 385,482 cases were analyzed. At each PGY level from 2014 to 2018, the relative decrease in resident primary cases ranged from -37.3% (PGY 4) to -75.5% (PGY 3). Mean work portion of relative value unit saw steady increase with PGY level (8.4 ± 3.5 in PGY 1 to 10.8 ± 5.7 in PGY 5, P < 0.001) and did not show a trend over time. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical resident operative autonomy has markedly decreased over time across all PGY levels. This effect is most profound at the PGY 3 level, while more senior residents are affected to a lesser degree. Case complexity show PGY level-appropriate increase in resident autonomous cases. Decrease in resident autonomy over time is not associated with changes in case complexity.

Anterior Abdominal Varicosities Due to Unilateral Common and External Iliac Vein Occlusion Five Decades Post-Injury.

Abdominopelvic varicosities are a rare occurrence after traumatic venous injuries. Several disorders exist that present with abdominopelvic varicosities such as May-Thurner syndrome, pelvic congestion syndrome, and nutcracker syndrome; however, it has rarely been described after trauma.1 We present a case in 70-year-old male, who in 1974 sustained a penetrating injury from fragments secondary to mortar explosion, requiring exploratory laparotomy. He presented to the hospital with abdominopelvic varicosities that began 20 years after the incident and was asymptomatic at initial presentation. While there is a known case report of congenital absence of a common iliac vein in a young, healthy, athletic man who developed abdominopelvic varicosities, this is the first case report, to our knowledge, of evolution of a traumatic injury of this nature over a lifetime. Pathophysiology, diagnostics, risks of ligation, and management of chronic abdominopelvic varicosities in this patient are discussed.

Surgical resident operative autonomy on nights and weekends: What happens to surgical education during off-hours?

BACKGROUND: Surgical resident operative autonomy is critical for trainee maturation to independence. Acute care surgery (ACS) cases commonly occur off-hours and tension between operating room availability and on-call staff can affect resident operative autonomy. We examined operative resident autonomy for general, vascular, and thoracic (GVT) surgery during nights and weekends. We hypothesized that residents would be afforded less operative autonomy during off - hours than weekdays. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study uses the Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Program database, we examined all GVT cases at Veterans Affairs teaching hospitals from 2004 to 2019. All cases are coded for the level of supervision at the time of surgery: AP, attending primary surgeon; AR, attending and resident operating together; and RP, resident primary (attending supervising but not scrubbed). Cases starting between 6 pm to 7 am Monday through Friday were considered nights, cases on Saturday/Sunday were considered weekends, and collectively considered "off-hours." Resident primary case rates were compared by start time and type. RESULTS: Over the 15-year study period, there were 666,421 GVT cases performed with 38,097 cases (6%) performed off-hours. During off-hours, 31,396 (83%) were ACS compared with 5% of daytime cases. Overall, off-hours cases have higher RP rate than daytime cases (6.8% vs. 5.8%, p < 0.001). Daytime ACS cases have higher rates of RP than nights/weekends (7.6% vs. 6.8%, p < 0.001). Conversely, daytime elective cases have lower RP than nights (5.7% vs. 7.9%, p < 0.001). During off-hours, there are more RP cases on nights compared with weekends (7.1% vs. 6.5%, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Overall, residents were afforded more operative autonomy during off-hours, with nights having greater RP than weekends. In contrast, ACS cases have more autonomy during weekdays. These data have potentially significant implications for ACS service staffing, night float rotations, and overall resident operative experience on ACS services. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE/STUDY TYPE: Prognostic and Epidemiological; Level III.

Declining Surgical Resident Operative Autonomy in Acute Care Surgical Cases.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical resident operative autonomy has decreased markedly over time, reducing resident readiness for independent practice. We sought to examine operative resident autonomy for emergency acute care surgery (ACS) compared to elective cases and associated patient outcomes at veterans affairs hospitals. METHODS: The Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried for ACS cases (emergency general, vascular, and thoracic) at veterans affairs hospitals from 2004 to 2019. Cases are coded prospectively for the level of supervision: attending primary surgeon (AP); attending scrubbed with resident surgeon (AR); resident primary (RP), attending not scrubbed. Baseline demographics, operative variables, and outcomes were compared. RESULTS: A total of 61,275 ACS cases and 605,146 elective cases were performed during the study period. The ACS had a higher proportion of RP cases (7.2% versus 5.7%, P < 0.001). The proportion of ACS RP cases decreased from 9.9% to 4.1% (58.6%); elective RP cases decreased from 8.9% to 2.9% (67.4%). The most common ACS RP surgeries were appendectomy, amputations, and cholecystectomy. RP cases had lower American Society of Anesthesia class and lower median work relative value units than AP and AR. There was no difference between mortality rates of RP compared to AP (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.94 [0.80-1.09] or AR 0.94 [0.81-1.08]). While there was no difference in complications between the RP and AP (OR 1.01 [0.92-1.12]), there were significantly more complications in AR compared to RP (OR 1.20 [1.10-1.31]). CONCLUSIONS: More autonomy is granted for ACS cases compared to elective cases. While both decreased over time, the decrease is less for ACS cases. Resident autonomy does not negatively impact outcomes, even in emergent cases.

Declining Resident Surgical Autonomy and Improving Surgical Outcomes: Correlation Does Not Equal Causality.

OBJECTIVE: The volume of cases that residents perform independently have decreased leaving graduating chief residents less prepared for independent practice. Outcomes are not worse when residents are given autonomy with appropriate supervision, however it is unknown if outcomes are worsening with decreasing operative autonomy experience. We hypothesize that resident autonomous cases parallel the improving outcomes in surgical care over time, however, are less complex and on lower acuity patients. DESIGN: Retrospective study utilizing the Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Program (VASQIP) database. SETTING: Operative cases performed on teaching services within the VASQIP database from July 1, 2004 to September 30, 2019, were included. PARTICIPANTS: All adult patients who underwent a surgical procedure from July 1, 2004, to September 30, 2019, at a VA hospital on a service that included residents were initially included. After inclusions and exclusions, there were 1,346,461 cases. Cases were divided into 3 sequential 5 year eras (ERA 1: 2004-2008 n = 415,614, ERA 2: 2009-2013 n = 478,528, and ERA 3: 2014-2019 n = 452,319). The main exposure of interest was level of resident supervision, coded at the time of procedure as: attending primary surgeon (AP); attending and resident (AR), or resident primary with the attending supervising but not scrubbed (RP). We compared 30 day all-cause mortality, composite morbidity, work relative value unit (wRVU), hospital length of stay, and operative time between each ERA for RP cases, as well as within each ERA for RP cases compared to AR and AP cases. RESULTS: There was a progressive decline in the rate of RP cases in each successive ERA (ERA 1: 58,249 (14.0%) vs ERA 2: 47,891 (10.0%) vs ERA 3: 35,352 (7.8%), p < 0.001). For RP cases, patients were progressively getting older (60 yrs [53-71] vs 63 yrs [54-69] vs 66 yrs [57-72], p < 0.001) and sicker (ASA 3 58.7% vs 62.5% vs 66.2% and ASA 4/5 8.4% vs 9.6% vs10.0%, p < 0.001). Odds of mortality decreased in each ERA compared to the previous (aOR 0.71 [0.62-0.80] ERA 2 vs ERA 1 and 0.82 [0.70-0.97] ERA 3 vs ERA 2) as did morbidity (0.77 [0.73-0.82] ERA 2 vs ERA 1 and 0.72 [0.68-0.77] ERA 3 vs ERA 2). Operative and length of stay also decreased while wRVU stayed unchanged. When comparing RP cases to AP and AR within each ERA, RP cases tended to be on younger and healthier patients with a lower wRVU, particularly compared to AR cases. Mortality and morbidity were no different or better in RP compared to AR and AP. CONCLUSIONS: Despite resident autonomy decreasing, outcomes in cases where they are afforded autonomy are improving over time. This despite RP cases being on sicker and older patients and performing roughly the same complexity of cases. They also continue to perform no worse than cases with higher levels of supervision. Efforts to increase surgical resident operative autonomy are still needed to improve readiness for independent practice.

Increasing volume but declining resident autonomy in laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair: an inverse relationship.

INTRODUCTION: With improved technology and technique, laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair (LIHR) has become a valid option for repairing both initial and recurrent inguinal hernia. Surgical residents must learn both techniques to prepare for future practice. We examined resident operative autonomy between LIHR and open inguinal hernia repair (OIHR) across the Veterans Affairs (VA) system. METHODS: Utilizing the VA Surgical Quality Improvement Program database, we examined inguinal hernia repairs based on the principal procedure code at all teaching VA hospitals from July 2004 to September 2019. All VA cases are coded for level of supervision at the time of surgery: attending primary surgeon (AP); attending scrubbed but resident is a primary surgeon (AR), and resident primary with attending supervising but not scrubbed (RP). Primary outcomes were the proportion of LIHR versus OIHR and resident autonomy over time. RESULTS: A total of 127,497 hernia repair cases were examined (106,892 OIHR and 20,605 LIHR). There was a higher proportion of RP (8.7% vs 2.2%) and lower proportion of AP (23.9% vs 28.4%) within OIHR compared to LIHR (p < 0.001). The overall proportion of LIHR repairs increased from 9 to 28% (p < 0.001). RP cases decreased for LIHR from 9 to 1% and for OIHR from 17 to 4%, while AP cases increased for LIHR from 16 to 42% and for OIHR from 18 to 30% (all p < 0.001). For RP cases, mortality (0 vs 0.2%, p > 0.99) and complication rates (1.1% vs. 1.7%, p = 0.35) were no different. CONCLUSIONS: LIHR at VA hospitals has tripled over the past 15 years, now compromising nearly one-third of all inguinal hernia repairs; the majority are initial hernias. Despite this increase, resident autonomy in LIHR cases declined alarmingly. The results demonstrate an urgent need to integrate enhanced minimally invasive training into a general surgery curriculum to prepare residents for future independent practice.

Patient inequities in affording surgical resident operative autonomy at Veterans Affairs teaching hospitals, does it extend to female patients?

BACKGROUND: Examining surgical resident operative autonomy within the Veterans Affairs (VA) System, we previously showed residents were afforded autonomy more frequently on Black patients. We hypothesized that, compared to males, female surgical patients receive less attending involvement and more resident autonomy during surgery. METHODS: Retrospective review of all general/vascular surgeries performed at teaching VA hospitals from 2004 to 2019. Operative procedures are coded at the time of surgery as attending primary surgeon (AP), attending with resident (AR), or resident primary surgeon--attending not scrubbed (RP). The primary outcome was the difference in supervision rates between patient sexes. RESULTS: 618,578 operations were examined-24.9% AP, 68.9% AR, and 6.2% RP. Overall, 5.9% of cases were performed on women. The rate of RP cases was higher in males compared to females (6.3% vs 5.3%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Female veterans are less likely to have residents operate on them autonomously. Reasons for this require further characterization.

General Surgery Resident Complement and Operative Autonomy - Size Matters.

OBJECTIVE: Operative autonomy has progressively decreased for surgery residents. This study investigates the effect of general surgery resident complement size at Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals on operative autonomy for the residents. We hypothesize that smaller complements of residents would result in fewer opportunities for operative autonomy. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of the Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Program (VASQIP) database. SETTING: Operative cases within the VASQIP database from July 1, 2004 to September 30, 2019 were analyzed. PARTICIPANTS: All general surgery procedures performed at teaching VA hospitals from January 2004 to September 2019 were included. The level of resident operative autonomy is defined as follows: attending primary surgeon with or without a resident (AP), resident primary surgeon with attending scrubbed (AR), and resident primary without attending scrubbed (RP). Resident complement is based on funded resident positions at each VA hospital during the academic year 2017-2018 and stratified into 3 groups: small (≤4), medium (>4-<7), and large (≥7). The primary outcome was the proportion of operative autonomy for each resident complement group. Secondary outcomes were level of autonomy over time, and mortality and morbidity for RP procedures. Categorical data were compared with Chi-squared test. RESULTS: Four hundred sixty-one thousand seven hundred thirty-four procedures across 92 VA hospitals with general surgery residents were included in the analysis. There were 126,062 cases performed at 29 small resident complement hospitals, 135,539 at 28 medium resident complement hospitals, and 200,133 at 35 large resident complement hospitals. The percentage of RP procedures was higher with increasing resident complement (2.1% vs 6.8% vs 9.9%, p < 0.001). RP procedures have decreased over time in all groups, but the relative decrease was less pronounced as resident complement increased (79.5% vs 73.3% vs 64.7%, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in adjusted 30-day all-cause mortality between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Increased resident complement at VA hospitals is associated with increased resident autonomy in resident primary procedures. Resident autonomy has decreased over time regardless of complement size, but it is less dramatic at sites with more residents. Increasing resident complement at a site may improve operative autonomy, leading to an improved educational experience for surgical residents.

Sigmoid Colectomy for Sigmoid Volvulus Through a Limited Left Lower Quadrant Transverse Laparotomy Incision Without Laparoscopy.

Sigmoid volvulus (SV) is a relatively rare cause of large bowel obstruction encountered by general surgeons in the United States. It predominantly affects the elderly, infirm, and institutionalized. Surgery after endoscopic reduction is the mainstay of treatment. Given the frail nature of the population requiring partial colectomy for SV, formal laparotomy and laparoscopic sigmoid colectomies come with significant risks. Much of the risk related to a minimally invasive, laparoscopic approach is due to the physiologic impacts of pneumoperitoneum. This series demonstrates a technique whereby a complete sigmoid resection with or without anastomosis can be achieved via a single, small incision equivalent to a laparoscopic extraction port. This technique took advantage of the redundancy in the sigmoid colon characteristic of SV. All patients tolerated their procedures well and had rapid return to their baseline function.

The Association of Chronic Opioid Use with Resource Utilization and Outcomes after Emergency General Surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic opioid use is prevalent among patients undergoing emergent surgery. We sought to understand it on the outcomes of the most common emergency surgery procedures, Appendectomy and Cholecystectomy. METHODS: We used the National Inpatient Sample to identify chronic opioid use in emergency appendectomies (n = 953) and cholecystectomies (n = 2826) from 2005 to 2014. Primary outcome was length of stay (LOS), and secondary outcomes included total charges and mortality. LOS was analyzed with multivariate Poisson regression, total charges with multivariate linear regression. RESULTS: For Appendectomy, the opioid abuse group was younger, had similar gender and racial demographics, had more Medicaid and private insurance and less self-pay, and had no clinically significant differences in comorbidities. Those with chronic opioid use had a 24% increased LOS (20-29%, p < .001) and $5532(±$881, p < .001) higher hospital charges. Mortality was very rare and not different (0.2% vs 0.6%, aOR 0.54 [0.11-2.58], p = .44). For Cholecystectomy, the opioid abuse group was similar in age and gender, had slightly more white individuals, had a slightly different payor mix including higher rate of private insurance, and had no clinically significant differences in comorbidities. Patients with preoperative chronic opioid abuse showed a 14% increased LOS (12-16%, p < .001) and $5352 (± $1065, p < .001) higher hospital charges, but no significant increase in mortality (0.7% vs 0.6%, aOR 1.58 [0.77-3.25], p = .22). CONCLUSION: Patients with chronic opioid abuse did not have increased mortality following EGS but had increased resource utilization and LOS. These findings may help explore the impact of opioid abuse on hospital and societal cost.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of infected necrotizing pancreatitis management in an academic setting.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Traditional management for infected necrotizing pancreatitis (INP) often utilizes open necrosectomy, which carries high morbidity and complication rates. Thus, minimally invasive strategies have gained favor, specifically step-up approaches utilizing endoscopic or minimally-invasive surgery (MIS); however, the ideal management modality for INP has not been identified. METHODS: A decision tree model was designed to analyze costs and survival associated with open necrosectomy, endoscopic step-up, and MIS step-up protocols for management of INP after 4 weeks of necrosis development with adequate retroperitoneal access. Costs were based on a third-party payer perspective using Medicare reimbursement rates. The model's effectiveness was represented by quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Sensitivity analyses were performed to validate results. RESULTS: Endoscopic step-up was the dominant economic strategy with 7.92 QALYs for $90,864.09. Surgical step-up resulted in a decrease of 0.09 QALYs and a cost increase of $10,067.89 while open necrosectomy resulted in a decrease of 0.4 QALYs and an increased cost of $18,407.52 over endoscopic step-up. In 100,000 random-sampling simulations, 65.5% of simulations favored endoscopic step-up. MIS step-up was favored when MIS acute mortality rates fell and when MIS drainage success rates rose. CONCLUSIONS: In our simulated patients with INP, the most cost-effective management strategy is endoscopic step-up. Cost-effectiveness varies with changes in acute mortality and drainage success, which will depend on local expertise.

Association Between Operative Autonomy of Surgical Residents and Patient Outcomes.

IMPORTANCE: Resident operative autonomy has been steadily decreasing. Whether this reduction in autonomy has been associated with changes in patient outcomes is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether surgical procedures performed by residents without an attending surgeon scrubbed are associated with differences in patient outcomes compared with procedures performed by attending surgeons alone or by residents with the assistance of attending surgeons. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This retrospective propensity score-matched cohort study analyzed 30-day outcomes among patients who received operations at US Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centers and were recorded within the VA Surgical Quality Improvement Program (VASQIP) database from July 1, 2004, to September 30, 2019. Among 1 797 056 operations recorded in the VASQIP during that period, 1 319 020 were eligible for inclusion. Operations performed by a surgical resident without an attending surgeon scrubbed (resident primary) were propensity score matched on a 1:1 ratio (based on year of procedure and patient age, race, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification, functional status, emergency status, inpatient status, presence of multiple comorbidities, and Current Procedural Terminology code) to operations performed by an attending surgeon only (surgeon primary) and operations performed by a resident with assistance from an attending surgeon (resident plus surgeon). EXPOSURES: Level of resident involvement. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Thirty-day adjusted all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Among 1 319 020 surgical procedures included, 138 750 were performed by residents only, 308 724 were performed by surgeons only, and 871 546 were performed by residents and surgeons. For the 1 319 020 total cases, patients' mean (SD) age was 61.6 (12.9) years; 1 223 051 patients (92.7%) were male; and 212 315 (16.1%) were Black or African American, 63 817 (4.9%) were Hispanic, 830 704 (63.0%) were White, and 212 814 (16.1%) were of other or unknown race and ethnicity. Propensity score matching produced 101 130 pairs of resident-primary and surgeon-primary procedures and 137 749 pairs of resident-primary and resident plus surgeon procedures. Patient all-cause mortality and morbidity were no different among those who received surgeon-primary procedures (mortality: odds ratio [OR], 1.03 [95% CI, 0.95-1.12]; morbidity: OR, 1.01 [95% CI, 0.97-1.05]) vs resident plus surgeon procedures (mortality: OR, 1.03 [95% CI, 0.97-1.11]; all-cause morbidity: OR, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.95-1.00]). Resident-primary procedures had longer operative times than surgeon-primary procedures (median, 80 minutes [IQR, 50-123 minutes] vs 70 minutes [IQR, 41-114 minutes], respectively; P < .001) but shorter operative times than resident plus surgeon procedures (median, 71 minutes [IQR, 43-113 minutes] vs 73 minutes [IQR, 45-115 minutes]; P < .001). Hospital length of stay was unchanged among resident-primary vs surgeon-primary procedures (median, 4 days [IQR, 2-10 days] vs 4 days [IQR, 2-9 days]; P = .08) and statistically significantly shorter than resident plus surgeon procedures (median, 4 days [IQR, 1-9 days] vs 4 days [IQR, 2-10 days]; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this cohort study, surgical procedures performed by residents alone were not associated with any changes in all-cause mortality or composite morbidity compared with those performed by attending surgeons alone or by residents with the assistance of attending surgeons. Given these findings and the importance of operative autonomy to prepare surgical residents for independent practice, efforts to increase autonomy are both safe and needed.