The effect of telephone counseling and internet-based support on pain and recovery after tonsil surgery in children - a systematic review.

Objectives: The recovery after tonsil surgery is often troublesome for children and caregivers often feel insecure regarding optimal post-operative care for their children at home.The aim was to study what the current literature reports regarding the effect of post-operative telephone counselling and Internet support on pain and recovery after paediatric tonsil surgery. Method: A systematic literature review was conducted where only randomised clinical trials were included. Outcome measures: Primary outcome measure was pain after surgery. Secondary outcomes also included nausea, anxiety, children's knowledge, use of analgesics, fluid intake and health care service use. Results: Only four studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The studies were heterogeneous, rendering a meta-analysis impossible. The results of the included studies showed a possible positive effect on postoperative pain, as well as level of anxiety, use of analgesics, fluid intake and health care service use. However, the studies were few with few included participants. Conclusion: There were indications, but no definitive evidence supporting the positive effect of telephone counselling or Internet-based support on pain and recovery after tonsil surgery in children. More research is needed to further examine these effects.ClinicalTrials.gov 12/03/2017 (NCT03292068).

Endophthalmitis after small-gauge vitrectomy: a retrospective case series from Sweden.

PURPOSE: To investigate the anatomical and functional outcomes of acute-onset endophthalmitis after small-gauge vitrectomy. METHODS: Retrospective case series of patients who underwent 23- or 25-gauge vitrectomy at four centres in Sweden between 2008 and 2012. Postvitrectomy endophthalmitis was identified through the search of the journal records of each institution, and the diagnosis was based on clinical criteria regardless of culture results. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients (24 eyes) were included. The incidence of endophthalmitis following small-gauge vitrectomy was 0.14%. Indications for small-gauge vitrectomy enclosed epiretinal membrane (n = 13), retinal detachment (n = 5) and others (n = 6). Surgical technique included 23- and 25-gauge vitrectomy (23:1). Four eyes had sutured sclerotomies, and two had postoperative hypotony <7 mmHg. Days to endophthalmitis presentation varied between 1 and 21 (mean 6 ± 6). Treatment methods included the following: tap and antibiotic injection (n = 7), tap, antibiotic injection with subsequent vitrectomy (n = 2) and prompt vitrectomy with antibiotics (n = 15). Sixteen eyes (66.7%) were culture positive, whereas the other eight cases were culture negative. Anatomical results included evisceration (n = 1), phthisis (n = 1), and globe intact (n = 22). Presenting best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were hand motion (n = 14), light perception (n = 7), counting fingers (n = 2), and no data (n = 1). Functionally 19 eyes (79%) had Snellen VA ≥0.1; 11 eyes (46%) had VA ≥0.5 Mean logMar BCVA preoperatively and at the last follow-up were 2.07 ± 0.6 and 0.79 ± 0.99, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of good anatomical and functional results, this study showed higher rate of endophthalmitis than the latest reports suggesting that small-gauge vitrectomy has reached the safety level of standard 20-gauge vitrectomy when infectious endophthalmitis is concerned.

Enhanced age-related cataract in copper-zinc superoxide dismutase null mice.

BACKGROUND: As the lens is constantly exposed to light and oxygen that generate harmful reactive oxygen species, the importance of the intracellular antioxidant enzyme copper-zinc superoxide dismutase for the protection against age-related cataract development was explored. METHODS: The development of lens opacities and the lens oxidative status were studied in different age groups of mice lacking copper-zinc superoxide dismutase and in wild-type mice. The lens opacities were quantified from lens photographs using digital image analysis. Thereafter, the lenses were homogenized and analysed regarding their contents of reduced glutathione and protein carbonyls suggestive of protein oxidation. RESULTS: The 18-week-old mice of both genotypes had clear lenses. At 1 year of age, the copper-zinc superoxide dismutase null mice had developed cortical lens opacities, whereas the wild-type mice did not show equivalent changes until 2 years of age. The lens contents of glutathione decreased only in the 2-year-old wild-type mice, whereas the carbonyls increased over time without any differences between the two genotypes. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that the lack of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase may accelerate age-related lens opacity development and that intracellular superoxide-derived oxidative stress may be damaging to the lens during ageing. Participation of the anti-oxidant enzyme copper-zinc superoxide dismutase in the protection against age-related cataract was thus suggested.

Children at risk of residual physical problems after public road traffic injuries--a 1-year follow-up study.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the residual physical problems 1 year after traffic injuries in children with respect to age, gender, extraction (Swedish or foreign), type of care, type of accident and use of protective equipment, type of injury, and the impact on daily living activities. METHODS: Hospital data were analysed for children, aged 15 or under, after road traffic accidents in the Gothenburg region in 2000. Age, gender, type of road user, counterpart, use of protective equipment, type and severity of each injury, and type of care were related to follow-up data obtained by a self-completed questionnaire answered 1 year after the accident. The AIS90 was used for injury classification. Residual physical problems were specified, graded, and mapped on anatomical pictures of the body by the respondents. Logistic regression was used to explore independent factors for residual problems. RESULTS: A total of 341 children (81%) fulfilled the study. Cyclists dominated, 60%, followed by moped users, car occupants and pedestrians. The mean age was 11 years, 61% were boys, 16% were of foreign extraction, 26% were treated as inpatients, and 11% had at least one serious (AIS3+) injury. Residual problems were reported for 16% of the study group (n=53), and of these 31% were located to the lower extremities (mostly knee problems), upper extremities in 20%, face in 14%, neck in 14%, upper trunk in 8%, lower trunk in 8%, and skull/brain in 3%. Significant permanent impairment was reported in one case. Cyclists reported problems significantly less frequently than others. Children reporting problems tended to be older and were most often injured as moped users. Problems to the neck and the upper trunk were reported to a higher rate than the injury rate in these regions. Children with residual problems reported limitations in daily living activities after the accident more often than those without residual physical problems. CONCLUSIONS: Residual physical problems were reported in about one sixth of the study group, few with serious problems. The risk of residual problems should be recognised in older children, especially after moped accidents, and also in children with neck problems.

Enhanced diabetes-induced cataract in copper-zinc superoxide dismutase-null mice.

PURPOSE: Oxidative stress is thought to contribute to diabetes-induced cataract, and the authors have previously demonstrated that lenses from mice lacking the antioxidant enzyme copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) show elevated levels of superoxide radicals and are more prone in vitro to develop glucose-induced cataract than are wild-type lenses. In the present study the effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus on cataract formation in SOD1-null and wild-type mice in vivo was examined. METHODS: Eight weeks after diabetes was established by repeated intraperitoneal streptozotocin injections, the mice were killed and the lenses removed and photographed in retroillumination. The cataract was quantified from the photographs by digital image analysis and the lens contents of glutathione (GSH) as well as the lens protein carbonyl contents suggestive of protein oxidation were analyzed. RESULTS: The streptozotocin-induced diabetic SOD1-null mice developed more cataract than the diabetic wild-type mice. Also, lens GSH levels were lower in the diabetic SOD1-null mice than in the nondiabetic SOD1-null mice. However, the protein carbonyls were equally raised in the diabetic mice of both genotypes. CONCLUSIONS: The increased cataract formation and the compromised antioxidant capacity found in the diabetic SOD1-null lenses thus emphasize the involvement of superoxide radicals in diabetes-induced cataract.

Children and adolescents injured in traffic--associated psychological consequences: a literature review.

AIM: To identify the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and PTSD symptoms (PTSS) among children and adolescents injured in traffic, and to assess predictors of such post-traumatic stress. METHODS: Studies identified from electronic databases were reviewed. RESULTS: Based on a review of 12 studies, fulfilling specified criteria, the prevalence of PTSS was estimated at 30% within 1 month and 13% at 3-6 months. The prevalence of PTSD was almost 30% at 1-2 months and decreased to the same level as PTSS at 3-6 months. Perceived threat and high levels of distress, anxiety symptoms and being female were significantly associated with PTSD and PTSS. Injury severity was positively related to the number of PTSD symptoms in one of eight studies. Types of accident, age and socioeconomic status were not related to the development of PTSD/PTSS. CONCLUSION: Any child will be at risk of PTSD/PTSS, not just those with severe injuries. Trauma care should include procedures that could identify and prevent stress reactions in order to minimize the risk of associated psychological consequences.

Spill and leakage using a drug preparation system based on double-filter technology.

Occupational exposure to cytotoxic drugs has frequently been reported during recent years. Various drug-handling systems have been applied to reduce the spill and leakage that cause this exposure. Some of these systems have also been tested for spill and leakage using independent test methods. In this paper, a new drug-handling system has been tested for spill and leakage during drug preparation. The handling system, Tevadaptortrade mark, was tested using a modification of an independent test method, the Technetium test method, based on the use of Technetium m-99 as tracer substance. The test results showed that the spill was <100 nl for all 75 preparations and was <1 nl for 70 of the preparations. This is comparable with other tested drug-handling system, e.g. isolators, PhaSealtrade mark. The test shows that the Tevadaptor drug-handling system has similar performance as drug-handling systems regarded as closed systems.

Interleukin-1alpha downregulates extracellular-superoxide dismutase in human corneal keratoconus stromal cells.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to elucidate the regulation of corneal extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3) synthesis in keratoconus. We compared the basal and cytokine-regulated SOD3 synthesis in cultured human stromal cells from keratoconus corneas to stromal cells from normal and bullous keratopathy corneas. METHODS: Keratocyte cultures were obtained from patients undergoing corneal transplantation for keratoconus and bullous keratopathy, and from healthy donor corneas. The cell lines obtained were cultured until near confluence and interleukin-1alpha, interleukin-6, transforming growth factor beta, or platelet derived growth factor were added to the media. The phenotypes of the cultured cells were assessed by immunocytochemical expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin and CD34. SOD3 protein contents were determined in the culture media with ELISA after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. RESULTS: Interleukin-1alpha had an inhibitory effect on SOD3 synthesis exclusively in the keratoconus cultures (p<0.01). Platelet derived growth factor induced a reduction in SOD3 synthesis in all groups (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Here, we demonstrate that cultured keratoconus stromal cells respond with a reduced SOD3 synthesis to interleukin-1alpha, which is not the case in corresponding normal or bullous keratopathy cells. Since interleukin-1alpha is upregulated in corneal trauma and inflammation, keratoconus corneas may muster an insufficient oxidative defense under such conditions.

Glucose-induced cataract in CuZn-SOD null lenses: an effect of nitric oxide?

Lenses from mice lacking the antioxidant enzyme copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) show elevated levels of superoxide radicals and are prone to developing cataract when exposed to high levels of glucose in vitro. As superoxide may react further with nitric oxide, generating cytotoxic reactive nitrogen species, we attempted to evaluate the involvement of nitric oxide in glucose-induced cataract. Lenses from SOD1-null and wild-type mice were incubated with high or normal levels of glucose (55.6 and 5.56 mM). A nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NAME) or a nitric oxide donor (DETA/NO) was added to the culture medium. Cataract development was assessed using digital image analysis of lens photographs and cell damage by analyzing the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase. The levels of superoxide radicals in the lenses were also measured. L-NAME was found to reduce cataract development and cell damage in the SOD1-null lenses exposed to high glucose. On the other hand, DETA/NO accelerated cataract development, especially in the SOD1-null lenses. These lenses also showed a higher leakage of lactate dehydrogenase than wild-type controls. We conclude that a combination of high glucose and absence of SOD1 increases the formation of cataract and that nitric oxide probably contributes to this process.

In vitro glucose-induced cataract in copper-zinc superoxide dismutase null mice.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the involvement of the superoxide radical in glucose-induced cataract using lenses from mice lacking the cytosolic copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1). Lenses from wild-type mice and SOD1 null mice were kept in organ culture with either 5.6 or 55.6 mM glucose for 6 days. The cataract formation was followed with digital image analysis and ocular staging. The lens damage was further quantified by analysis of the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase into the medium by the uptake of 86Rb and by determining the water content of the lenses. The formation of superoxide radicals in the lenses was assessed with lucigenin-derived chemiluminescence. Immunohistochemical staining for SOD1 was also performed on murine lenses. The SOD1 null lenses exposed to high glucose developed more cataract showed an increased leakage of lactate dehydrogenase and developed more oedema compared to the control lenses. At 5.6 mM glucose there was no difference between the SOD1 null and wild-type lenses. Staining for SOD1 was seen primarily in the cortex of the wild-type lens. This in vitro model suggests an involvement of the superoxide radical and a protective effect of SOD1 in glucose-induced cataract formation.

Inter- and intraday variability in major electrocardiogram intervals and amplitudes in healthy men and women.

The ECG may vary during the day (intra-day), and between days (interday), for the same subject. Variability in ECG characteristic measurements between different investigators is well documented and is often large. During days 1-6 of each placebo period of a two-way crossover Phase I study, digital ECGs were recorded at about 8 and 12 AM in 16 healthy volunteers (8 men, 8 women). Two observers independently analyzed leads V2 and V6 using EClysis software. The durations and amplitudes of major ECG waves and the intervals between major electrocardiographic events were analyzed in a mixed model ANOVA, in which subject, observer, time, and day were treated as random factors. The influence of various corrections for heart rate on the variability of QT intervals was investigated. The difference among subjects explained between 44-81% of the total variability in ECG intervals and amplitudes. Overall, inter- and intraday variability was not statistically significant for any variable. The individualized exponential correction of the QT interval for heart rate eliminated the QT interval dependence on the RR interval in all subjects. Changes in T wave morphology and shortening of the QT interval from morning to noon were observed in ten subjects. The interobserver variability was close to zero (SD < 0.005 ms) for all variables except the PQ interval (SD 1.4 ms). The various sources of variability in determinations of ECG wave characteristics should be considered in the design of clinical studies. The use of EClysis software for ECG measurements is this study made the results highly observer independent.

Asynchronous population dynamics of Siberian lemmings across the Palaearctic tundra.

The synchrony of Siberian lemming (Lemmus sibiricus L.) population dynamics was investigated during a ship-borne expedition along the Palaearctic tundra coast in the summer of 1994. On 12 sites along the coast from the Kola Peninsula to Wrangel Island, relative densities of lemmings were recorded using a standardised snap-trapping programme. The phase position of the lemming cycle in each of the studied populations was determined based on current density estimates, signs of previous density and the age profile of each population (ageing based on eye lens mass). In addition, dendrochronological methods were used to determine when the last peak in the density of microtine populations occurred at each site. The examined lemming populations were in different phases of the lemming cycle. Some populations were in the peak phase, as indicated by high current densities, an age profile in which older individuals were well represented, and signs of high previous density (abundant old lemming faeces). Other populations were in the decline phase, as reflected in a moderate current density, a predominance of older individuals and signs of high previous density. Populations in the low phase had an extremely low current density and showed signs of high previous density, while populations in the increase phase had a moderate current density, a predominance of younger individuals and showed signs of low previous density. The results of phase determinations based on dendrochronological methods support the findings based on lemming demography. Recent Russian studies carried out on some of the sites also agreed with our phase determination results. Thus, on a regional scale (across the whole Palaearctic tundra), the population dynamics of Siberian lemmings can be considered asynchronous. However, sites situated adjacent to each other were often phase synchronous, suggesting a more fine-grained pattern of dynamics with synchrony over distances as long as 1000 km or so, e.g. the Yamal and Taymyr Peninsulas.