Sustained Improvement in Tracheal Intubation Safety Across a 15-Center Quality-Improvement Collaborative: An Interventional Study From the National Emergency Airway Registry for Children Investigators.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of a tracheal intubation safety bundle on adverse tracheal intubation-associated events across 15 PICUs. DESIGN: Multicenter time-series study. SETTING: PICUs in the United States. PATIENTS: All patients received tracheal intubations in ICUs. INTERVENTIONS: We implemented a tracheal intubation safety bundle as a quality-improvement intervention that includes: 1) quarterly site benchmark performance report and 2) airway safety checklists (preprocedure risk factor, approach, and role planning, preprocedure bedside "time-out," and immediate postprocedure debriefing). We define each quality-improvement phase as baseline (-24 to -12 mo before checklist implementation), benchmark performance reporting only (-12 to 0 mo before checklist implementation), implementation (checklist implementation start to time achieving > 80% bundle adherence), early bundle adherence (0-12 mo), and sustained (late) bundle adherence (12-24 mo). Bundle adherence was defined a priori as greater than 80% of checklist use for tracheal intubations for 3 consecutive months. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The primary outcome was the adverse tracheal intubation-associated event, and secondary outcomes included severe tracheal intubation-associated events, multiple tracheal intubation attempts, and hypoxemia less than 80%.From January 2013 to December 2015, out of 19 participating PICUs, 15 ICUs (79%) achieved bundle adherence. Among the 15 ICUs, the adverse tracheal intubation-associated event rates were baseline phase: 217/1,241 (17.5%), benchmark reporting only phase: 257/1,750 (14.7%), early 0-12 month complete bundle compliance phase: 247/1,591 (15.5%), and late 12-24 month complete bundle compliance phase: 137/1,002 (13.7%). After adjusting for patient characteristics and clustering by site, the adverse tracheal intubation-associated event rate significantly decreased compared with baseline: benchmark: odds ratio, 0.83 (0.72-0.97; p = 0.016); early bundle: odds ratio, 0.80 (0.63-1.02; p = 0.074); and late bundle odds ratio, 0.63 (0.47-0.83; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Effective implementation of a quality-improvement bundle was associated with a decrease in the adverse tracheal intubation-associated event that was sustained for 24 months.

Ketamine Use for Tracheal Intubation in Critically Ill Children Is Associated With a Lower Occurrence of Adverse Hemodynamic Events.

OBJECTIVES: Tracheal intubation in critically ill children with shock poses a risk of hemodynamic compromise. Ketamine has been considered the drug of choice for induction in these patients, but limited data exist. We investigated whether the administration of ketamine for tracheal intubation in critically ill children with or without shock was associated with fewer adverse hemodynamic events compared with other induction agents. We also investigated if there was a dose dependence for any association between ketamine use and adverse hemodynamic events. DESIGN: We performed a retrospective analysis using prospectively collected observational data from the National Emergency Airway Registry for Children database from 2013 to 2017. SETTING: Forty international PICUs participating in the National Emergency Airway Registry for Children. PATIENTS: Critically ill children 0-17 years old who underwent tracheal intubation in a PICU. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The association between ketamine exposure as an induction agent and the occurrence of adverse hemodynamic events during tracheal intubation including dysrhythmia, hypotension, and cardiac arrest was evaluated. We used multivariable logistic regression to account for patient, provider, and practice factors with robust SEs to account for clustering by sites. Of 10,750 tracheal intubations, 32.0% (n = 3,436) included ketamine as an induction agent. The most common diagnoses associated with ketamine use were sepsis and/or shock (49.7%). After adjusting for potential confounders and sites, ketamine use was associated with fewer hemodynamic tracheal intubation associated adverse events compared with other agents (adjusted odds ratio, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.58-0.95). The interaction term between ketamine use and indication for shock was not significant (p = 0.11), indicating ketamine effect to prevent hemodynamic adverse events is consistent in children with or without shock. CONCLUSIONS: Ketamine use for tracheal intubation is associated with fewer hemodynamic tracheal intubation-associated adverse events.

Clinical Impact of External Laryngeal Manipulation During Laryngoscopy on Tracheal Intubation Success in Critically Ill Children.

OBJECTIVES: External laryngeal manipulation is a commonly used maneuver to improve visualization of the glottis during tracheal intubation in children. However, the effectiveness to improve tracheal intubation attempt success rate in the nonanesthesia setting is not clear. The study objective was to evaluate the association between external laryngeal manipulation use and initial tracheal intubation attempt success in PICUs. DESIGN: A retrospective observational study using a multicenter emergency airway quality improvement registry. SETTING: Thirty-five PICUs within general and children's hospitals (29 in the United States, three in Canada, one in Japan, one in Singapore, and one in New Zealand). PATIENTS: Critically ill children (< 18 years) undergoing initial tracheal intubation with direct laryngoscopy in PICUs between July 1, 2010, and December 31, 2015. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Propensity score-matched analysis was performed to evaluate the association between external laryngeal manipulation and initial attempt success while adjusting for underlying differences in patient and clinical care factors: age, obesity, tracheal intubation indications, difficult airway features, provider training level, and neuromuscular blockade use. External laryngeal manipulation was defined as any external force to the neck during laryngoscopy. Of the 7,825 tracheal intubations, the initial tracheal intubation attempt was successful in 1,935/3,274 intubations (59%) with external laryngeal manipulation and 3,086/4,551 (68%) without external laryngeal manipulation (unadjusted odds ratio, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.62-0.75; p < 0.001). In propensity score-matched analysis, external laryngeal manipulation remained associated with lower initial tracheal intubation attempt success (adjusted odds ratio, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.90-0.95; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: External laryngeal manipulation during direct laryngoscopy was associated with lower initial tracheal intubation attempt success in critically ill children, even after adjusting for underlying differences in patient factors and provider levels. The indiscriminate use of external laryngeal manipulation cannot be recommended.

An under-recognized benefit of cardiopulmonary resuscitation: organ transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: For many patients who suffer cardiac arrest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation does not result in long-term survival. For some of these patients, the evolution to donation of organs becomes an option. Organ transplantation after cardiopulmonary resuscitation is not reported as an outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and is therefore overlooked. We sought to determine the number and proportion of organs transplanted from donors who received cardiopulmonary resuscitation after a cardiac arrest in the United States and to compare survival of organs from donors who had cardiopulmonary resuscitation (cardiopulmonary resuscitation organs) versus donors who did not have resuscitation (noncardiopulmonary resuscitation organs). DATA SOURCE: We retrospectively analyzed a nationwide, population-based database of all organ donors and recipients from the United Network for Organ Sharing between July 1999 and June 2011. STUDY SELECTION: We queried the database for all organs from deceased donors between July 1999 and June 2011. Organs from living donors (n = 76,015), all organs with missing cardiopulmonary resuscitation data (n = 59), and organs procured following a circulatory determination of death (n = 12,030) were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION: We report donor demographic data and organ survival outcomes among organs from donors who received cardiopulmonary resuscitation (cardiopulmonary resuscitation organs) and donors who had not received cardiopulmonary resuscitation (noncardiopulmonary resuscitation organs). Graft survival of cardiopulmonary resuscitation organs versus noncardiopulmonary resuscitation organs was compared using Kaplan-Meier estimates and stratified log-rank test. DATA SYNTHESIS: In the United States, among the 224,076 organs donated by donors who were declared dead by neurologic criteria between 1999 and 2011, at least 12,351 organs (5.5%) were recovered from donors who received cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Graft survival of cardiopulmonary resuscitation organs was not significantly different than that of noncardiopulmonary resuscitation organs. CONCLUSIONS: At least 1,000 organs transplanted per year in the United States (> 5% of all organs transplanted from patients declared dead by neurologic criteria) are recovered from patients who received cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Organ recovery and successful transplantation is an unreported beneficial outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.