ABSTRACT
Despite efforts to promote breastfeeding, many babies aged <6 months receive only baby formula reconstituted with bottled water. The intake of high levels of fluoride during amelogenesis has been associated with hypomineralization of the tooth enamel, with aesthetic and mechanical repercussions. The objective of this study was to determine the potential risk of dental fluorosis associated with baby formulas marketed in Spain. We measured 26 baby formulas frequently consumed in Spain; 17 brands for babies aged <6 months, 5 for those aged >6 months, and 4 ready-to-use brands. They were prepared with 4 types of water: distilled water and three brands of bottled water with different levels of fluoride. The fluoride concentration (mg/L or ppm F) was measured with an ion-specific electrode coupled to an ion analyzer. Each sample was prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions and analyzed in triplicate. A descriptive analysis was carried out. The minimum fluoride level found was 0.04 mg/L and the maximum was 1.02 mg/L. Considering the daily intake of these formulas, none exceeded the clinically-acceptable daily dose limit risk for fluorosis (0.07 mg F/day/kg body weight) when mixed with bottled water with a low level of fluoride (0.1 mg/L). However, when the same brands of formula were reconstituted with bottled water with a higher fluoride content (0.99 mg/L), they all exceeded the daily dose limit for the risk of fluorosis. As the potential risk of dental fluorosis associated with the formulas tested depends exclusively on the fluoride concentration of the waters used for reconstitution, formula packaging should contain a warning.
Subject(s)
Drinking Water , Fluorosis, Dental , Infant , Humans , Infant Formula/adverse effects , Fluorides , Fluorosis, Dental/etiology , Drinking Water/analysis , Spain , Water SupplyABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Los materiales que se emplean para procedimientos dentales en los que el material contacta directamente con el tejido pulpar y tejidos periodontales han de cumplir una serie de propiedades, entre ellas la biocompatibilidad. A su vez, han de ser materiales que eviten el paso de fluidos y microorganismos con el fin de preservar las condiciones óptimas de los tejidos. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue evaluar la porosidad de los diferentes cementos de agregado trióxido mineral (MTA). MÉTODO: Dos investigadores realizaron búsquedas avanzadas en: PubMed Central, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Li-brary, Science Direc y Science Database (Proquest) siguiendo los criterios PRISMA. Los criterios de inclusión contemplaban los es-tudios in vitro, publicados en inglés desde enero de 1993 hasta abril de 2019, que analizaran y midieran la porosidad del MTA. Se excluyeron los estudios in vivo, piloto, editoriales, cartas, revisiones sistemáticas, reseñas literarias, resúmenes de conferencias y trabajos de fin de grado. RESULTADOS: Un total de 853 artículos resultó de la búsqueda inicial, de los que solo 19 pasaron los criterios de inclusión, exclusión y el análisis del riesgo de sesgo. En ellos, se analizan distintas técnicas de condensación del MTA, radiopacificadores, sustratos, etc., en busca de materiales que presenten menor porosidad. CONCLUSIONES: La elevada heterogeneidad de los estudios sobre porosidad y el hecho de que éstos no estén estandarizados, pue-de condicionar la validez externa o generalización de los resultados entre los distintos investigadores para un mismo material y procedimiento. En los estudios que realizan una comparación entre varios materiales, concluyen que tanto MTA ProRoot® y Bio-dentineTM obtuvieron mejores resultados en cuanto a porosidad. Número de solicitud (PROSPERO): 124340
OBJECTIVE: Materials used for dental procedures in which the material directly contacts the pulp and periodontal tissues must have a series of characteristics, such as biocompatibility. Equally, they must be materials that prevent the passage of fluids and microorganisms aiming at keeping the optimal conditions of the tissues intact. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the porosity of the different cements of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). METHOD: Two researchers conducted advanced searches in: PubMed Central, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect and ScienceDatabase (Proquest) following the PRISMA criteria. Inclusion criteria took into account in vitro studies, published in English from January 1993 to April 2019, to analyse and measure the porosity of the MTA. In vivo and pilot studies were excluded, as well as editorials, letters, systematic reviews, literary reviews, conference abstracts and dissertations. RESULTS: A total of 853 articles resulted from the initial search, of which only 19 met the criteria for inclusion, exclusion and analysis of the risk of bias. In them, different condensation techniques of the MTA, radiopacifiers, substrates, etc., are analysed in quest of materials with less porosity. CONCLUSIONS: The high heterogeneity of the studies on porosity and the fact that they are not standardised, can condition the external validity or generalisation of the results among the different researchers for the same material and procedure. In the studies that make a comparison between several materials, they conclude that both MTA ProRoot® and BiodentineTM obtained better outcomes in terms of porosity as compared with other marketed brands. Application number (PROSPERO): 124340