ABSTRACT
In 2021, the H5N1 virus lineage 2.3.4.4b spread to the Americas, causing high mortality in wild and domestic avian populations. South American countries along the Pacific migratory route have reported wild bird deaths due to A/H5Nx virus since October 2022. However, limited genomic data resulted in no cases reported in Brazil until May 2023. Brazil reported its first case of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI A/H5N1) in May 2023. The virus was detected in Cabot's tern specimen in Marataízes, Espírito Santo. Cases were also found in backyard poultry and other wild birds, but no human or commercial poultry cases occurred. HPAI poses risks to the poultry industry, food security, and public health. Researchers used next-gen sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to study the Brazilian sample. It confirmed its affiliation with the 2.3.4.4b clade and proximity to sequences from Chile and Peru. This sheds light on the spread and evolution of HPAI A/H5N1 in the Americas, emphasizing continuous monitoring to mitigate risks for both avian and human populations. Understanding the virus's genetics and transmission allows implementing effective control measures to protect public health and the poultry industry.
ABSTRACT
The respiratory system is essential for health and high athletic performance in horses. Respiratory diseases have been recognized as having a major impact on training equine animals and are commonly cited as the second most common cause of wasted training time. Inflammatory airway disease (IAD) is an important cause of poor performance in young racehorses. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) is considered a major issue for the equine industry because of its high prevalence and association with reduced athletic performance. In Brazil, polo is a growing equestrian sport, but studies on it are still scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of EIPH, the association between EIPH and IAD, and EIPH influence on the tracheal cytological profile of polo ponies. Thirty-seven horses regularly used for polo were included in this study. Endoscopic examination was performed every 30 to 90 min after practice, and tracheal lavage was performed after 18 to 24 hr. Sixteen animals (43.2%) presented a score of 0 for mucus in endoscopy; twelve animals (32.4%) presented a score for 1 and nine animals (24.3%) presented score 2 of mucus. IAD was characterized by tracheal cytology in 12 animals (32.4%). The occurrence of EIPH in this study was 29.7% (11/37). No significant difference was found in the cell types in tracheal cytology when EIPH-positive and EIPH-negative horses were compared. Polo ponies are affected by IAD and EIPH in relevant proportions, but there was no association between EIPH and tracheal cytological profile.
ABSTRACT
A utilidade da determinação das atividades enzimáticas no trato respiratório posterior como ferramenta diagnóstica já foi demonstrada em várias espécies. Nesse contexto, este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a atividade da Fosfatase Alcalina (FAL) no lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) de equinos da Polícia Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, comparando animais sadios com portadores assintomáticos de doença inflamatória das vias aéreas (DIVA). Para tal, foram avaliados 28 animais adultos, machos, sem histórico de doença respiratória nos dois meses anteriores ao estudo, com os resultados dos exames físicos e laboratoriais (FAL sanguínea, hematócrito, leucograma, proteína total e fibrinogênio plasmáticos) dentro dos parâmetros fisiológicos. Os equinos foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o resultado da citologia broncoalveolar. A determinação da atividade da FAL foi realizada por meio de espectrofotometria a partir de alíquotas do sobrenadante do LBA preservadas em nitrogênio líquido. Para a estimativa do fluido epitelial pulmonar e da atividade da FAL neste, foi realizada a correção da diluição provocada pelo lavado. Os equinos com contagem diferencial de tipos celulares compatível com DIVA apresentaram atividade de FAL no LBA menor, quando comparados aos animais sadios, podendo essa dosagem ser utilizada como complementação do diagnóstico da DIVA.
The use of determining the enzymatic activities in the posterior respiratory tract as a diagnostic tool has already been demonstrated in several species. In this context, this paper aims to determine the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of horses from the Military Police of the State of Rio de Janeiro, comparing healthy animals with asymptomatic carriers of an inflammatory airway disease (IAD). Twenty-eight adult male animals with no history of respiratory diseases in the last two months prior to the study were studied. Physical exam and blood laboratory test results (ALP, hematocrit, leukogram, total protein and plasma fibrinogen) were within physiological parameters. The equines were separated into two groups according to the results of the bronchoalveolar cytology. The determination of ALP was done by spectrophotometry with aliquots of the supernatant of the BAL preserved in liquid nitrogen. To estimate pulmonary epithelial lining fluid and ALP activity, correction of the dilution caused by the lavage was done. The horses with a cell type differential count compatible with IAD presented a lower ALP activity in BAL when compared to healthy animals, therefore this dosage can be used as a complement in the diagnosis of IAD.
