ABSTRACT
Alpha lipoic acid (ALA), an active substance in anti-aging products and dietary supplements, need to be masked with an edible polymer to obscure its unpleasant taste. However, the high viscosity of the ALA molecules prevents them from forming microcomposites with masking materials even in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate and develop a novel production method for microcomposite particles for ALA in hydrogenated colza oil (HCO). Microcomposite particles of ALA/HCO were prepared by using a novel gas-saturated solution (PGSS) process in which the solid-dispersion method is used along with stepwise temperature control (PGSS-STC). Its high viscosity prevents the formation of microcomposites in the conventional PGSS process even under strong agitation. Here, we disperse the solid particles of ALA and HCO in scCO2 at low temperatures and change the temperature stepwise in order to mix the melted ALA and HCO in scCO2. As a result, a homogeneous dispersion of the droplets of ALA in melted HCO saturated with CO2 is obtained at high temperatures. After the rapid expansion of the saturated solution through a nozzle, microcomposite particles of ALA/HCO several micrometers in diameter are obtained.
Subject(s)
Carbon Dioxide/chemistry , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/methods , Microspheres , Thioctic Acid/chemical synthesis , Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid/methods , Hydrogenation , Particle Size , Pharmaceutical Solutions/analysis , Pharmaceutical Solutions/chemical synthesis , Pharmaceutical Solutions/pharmacokinetics , Thioctic Acid/analysis , Thioctic Acid/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
This study describes Japanese mothers' knowledge and attitudes towards breastfeeding using the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitudes Scale (IIFAS). A cross-sectional survey of 1,612 mothers was conducted in Japan in 2007. The participants were recruited at the free health checks conducted for infants at 18 months of age. The survey was self-administered using the Japanese version of the IIFAS. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise sample characteristics and IIFAS score followed by multiple logistic regression to identify association between total IIFAS score and breastfeeding duration. While the IIFAS showed that the majority recognized some benefits of breastfeeding, their overall knowledge and attitudes towards breastfeeding were neutral and more positive towards the use of infant formula. It is important to provide accurate prenatal education that focuses on methods and long-term benefits of infant feeding to mothers, family and health professionals.
Subject(s)
Breast Feeding/psychology , Breast Feeding/statistics & numerical data , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Mothers/psychology , Mothers/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Australia/ethnology , Bottle Feeding/psychology , Bottle Feeding/statistics & numerical data , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Japan/ethnology , Reproducibility of Results , Surveys and Questionnaires , Transients and Migrants/psychology , Transients and Migrants/statistics & numerical data , Young AdultABSTRACT
Substitution effect, absorption, and fluorescence behaviors of some benzoaza-15-crown-5 derivatives upon cation complexation in solvent extraction were studied. The introduction of a substituent on the nitrogen atom in benzoaza-15-crown-5 enhanced extractabilities in the solvent extraction of aqueous alkali metal picrates. The nondonating substituents raised the cation selectivity for Na(+) over K(+), but the donating substituents reduced the cation selectivity. The absorption and fluorescence spectral behavior was different with the alkali metal cations.