ABSTRACT
Global ground-level measurements of elements in ambient particulate matter (PM) can provide valuable information to understand the distribution of dust and trace elements, assess health impacts, and investigate emission sources. We use X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to characterize the elemental composition of PM samples collected from 27 globally distributed sites in the Surface PARTiculate mAtter Network (SPARTAN) over 2019-2023. Consistent protocols are applied to collect all samples and analyze them at one central laboratory, which facilitates comparison across different sites. Multiple quality assurance measures are performed, including applying reference materials that resemble typical PM samples, acceptance testing, and routine quality control. Method detection limits and uncertainties are estimated. Concentrations of dust and trace element oxides (TEO) are determined from the elemental dataset. In addition to sites in arid regions, a moderately high mean dust concentration (6 µg/m3) in PM2.5 is also found in Dhaka (Bangladesh) along with a high average TEO level (6 µg/m3). High carcinogenic risk (>1 cancer case per 100000 adults) from airborne arsenic is observed in Dhaka (Bangladesh), Kanpur (India), and Hanoi (Vietnam). Industries of informal lead-acid battery and e-waste recycling as well as coal-fired brick kilns likely contribute to the elevated trace element concentrations found in Dhaka.
ABSTRACT
The presence of atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) has been the focus of many recent studies. These particles, predominantly emitted from smoldering biomass burning, absorb light in the near-ultraviolet and short visible wavelengths and offset the radiative cooling effects associated with organic aerosols. Particle density dictates their transport properties and is an important parameter in climate models and aerosol instrumentation algorithms, but our knowledge of this particle property is limited, especially as functions of combustion temperature and fuel type. We measured the effective density (ρeff) and optical properties of primary BrC aerosol emitted from smoldering combustion of Boreal peatlands. Energy transfer into the fuel was controlled by selectively altering the combustion ignition temperature, and we find that the particle ρeff ranged from 0.85 to 1.19 g cm-3 corresponding to ignition temperatures from 180 to 360 °C. BrC particles exhibited spherical morphology and a constant 3.0 mass-mobility exponent, indicating no internal microstructure or void spaces. Upon partial thermal volatilization, ρeff of the remaining particle mass was confined to a narrow range between 0.9 and 1.1 g cm-3. These findings lead us to conclude that primary BrC aerosols from biomass burning have homogeneous internal composition, and their ρeff is in fact their actual density.
