Computer-aided drug repurposing to tackle antibiotic resistance based on topological data analysis.

The progressive emergence of antimicrobial resistance has become a global health problem in need of rapid solution. Research into new antimicrobial drugs is imperative. Drug repositioning, together with computational mathematical prediction models, could be a fast and efficient method of searching for new antibiotics. The aim of this study was to identify compounds with potential antimicrobial capacity against Escherichia coli from US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs, and the similarity between known drug targets and E. coli proteins using a topological structure-activity data analysis model. This model has been shown to identify molecules with known antibiotic capacity, such as carbapenems and cephalosporins, as well as new molecules that could act as antimicrobials. Topological similarities were also found between E. coli proteins and proteins from different bacterial species such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella Typhimurium, which could imply that the selected molecules have a broader spectrum than expected. These molecules include antitumor drugs, antihistamines, lipid-lowering agents, hypoglycemic agents, antidepressants, nucleotides, and nucleosides, among others. The results presented in this study prove the ability of computational mathematical prediction models to predict molecules with potential antimicrobial capacity and/or possible new pharmacological targets of interest in the design of new antibiotics and in the better understanding of antimicrobial resistance.

Antibiotic removal does not affect cecal microbiota balance and productive parameters in LP robust rabbit line.

Antimicrobial resistance is an important threat to public health worldwide, being one of the main death causes in 2050. Moreover, global health is currently underpinned by the "One Health" concept, whereby livestock is strictly related to human and environmental health. However, in the case of the meat rabbit industry, antibiotic additives are still added to prevent gastrointestinal diseases. Current food and consumer awareness require the implementation of sustainable production systems, where robustness and resilience are increasingly important. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of antibiotic feed supplementation on microbiota, and productive performance during the rabbit growing period in a robust genetic line. For this purpose, a total of 432 weaned rabbits were randomly housed, cecum samples were taken on the weaning day and at the end of the growing period (28 and 61 days of age, respectively), and 16S rRNA sequencing analysis was performed. Results showed a higher microbiota complexity at the end of growing in both experimental groups. Firmicutes represented the dominant phylum of the cecal community, followed by Bacteroidota in both groups. Moreover, Victivallis and Escherichia-Shigella genera were only identified in the experimental group without antibiotic supplementation at the end of the growing period. In conclusion, antibiotic feed supplementation had no effect on microbiota composition and productive performance in the robust genetic line reared. These results evidence the importance of the development of rabbit robust genetic lines as an alternative tool to antibiotic administration in epizootic enteropathy control.

Innovative gamification and outreach tools to raise awareness about antimicrobial resistance.

Since 2017, the SWICEU team has developed various informative actions and innovative gamification supports to educate and raise awareness about antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the correct use of antibiotics among the general population especially among young people. This case study presents the results obtained in the last 5 years with the strategies carried out by this team, composed of students and professors of Health Sciences, Industrial Design Engineering, and Communication Sciences at CEU Cardenal Herrera University (CEU UCH) in Valencia (Spain). Over the past 5 years, playful educational supports have been developed to make the health problem of bacterial resistance and the action of antibiotics more understandable among young people. The dissemination media used, with the same objective of teaching and raising awareness about AMR in a creative and innovative way, have been selected according to the trends in digital communication and use of scientific and health content provided by the most recent studies carried out among the Spanish population. These strategies have included decalogues or "tips" with useful advice, infographics, YouTube videos, Twitter threads, online challenges on Kahoot, stories on Instagram, use of QR codes, etc. These actions have also obtained diffusion in the media and have been awarded by different national and international entities. The good results obtained in the case under study allow us to establish recommendations for the design of innovative educational gamification and dissemination supports on AMR, especially aimed at younger audiences.

Severe Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Origin in Children: What Do We Know Today?

In May 2022, the UK International Health Regulations National Focal Point notified World Health Organization of 176 cases of severe acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in children under 10 years of age. From that moment on, cases of severe acute hepatitis of unknown origin in children began to be reported in several countries. As of June 17, 2022, a total of 991 cases had been reported in 35 countries worldwide, 50 children needed a liver transplant and 28 patients died. According to information published by ECDC, 449 cases have been detected in 21 EU countries. The children were between 1 month and 16 years of age. Adenovirus was detected in 62.2% of the analyzed samples. So far, the cause of these cases is unknown and many hypotheses remain open, but hepatitis A-E viruses and COVID-19 vaccines have been ruled out. A possible hypothesis has been published to explain the cause of these cases of severe hepatitis, according to which it could be a consequence of adenovirus infection in the intestine in healthy children previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. No other clear epidemiological risk factors have been identified to date. Thus, at this time, the etiology of the current cases of hepatitis remains under active investigation.

Evaluation of knowledge about antibiotics and engagement with a research experience on antimicrobial resistance between pre-university and university students for five school years (2017-2021).

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains a serious global health problem. Spain is the fifth country in Europe with the highest consumption of antibiotics, due in part to ignorance of the good use of these drugs and the problem of AMR. To avoid a post-antibiotic era, adequate training on this problem is key to create social awareness. This study aimed to evaluate the impact that the SWICEU project, an academic program about antibiotic discovery, has had on the knowledge of AMR and rational use of antimicrobials in pre-university students from seven schools in the province of Valencia during five academic years (2017-2021), as well as to evaluate the level of satisfaction of university and pre-university students who have participated in the project. For this study, a survey was carried out with multiple-choice questions with a single correct answer to evaluate the knowledge acquired by pre-university students before and after the project. A satisfaction survey was also designed with a Likert scale from the lowest to the highest level of satisfaction for the two groups of students after the project. Data on knowledge surveys indicated an increase in the mean number of correct answers after the sessions. In satisfaction surveys, we highlighted the issue that referred to the project's recommendation. The data obtained confirm this project as a valuable activity, as it allows learning about AMR and the rational use of antibiotics in a pleasing and attractive way for young pre-university and university students.

Synthesis of Quinolones and Zwitterionic Quinolonate Derivatives with Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Activity.

Quinolones are one of the most extensively used therapeutic families of antibiotics. However, the increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria has rendered many of the available compounds useless. After applying our prediction model of activity against E. coli to a library of 1000 quinolones, two quinolones were selected to be synthesized. Additionally, a series of zwitterionic quinolonates were also synthesized. Quinolones and zwitterionic quinolonates were obtained by coupling the corresponding amine with reagent 1 in acetonitrile. Antibacterial activity was assessed using a microdilution method. All the compounds presented antibacterial activity, especially quinolones 2 and 3, selected by the prediction model, which had broad-spectrum activity. Furthermore, a new type of zwitterionic quinolonate with antibacterial activity was found. These compounds can lead to a new line of antimicrobials, as the structures, and, therefore, their properties, are easily adjustable in the amine in position 4 of the pyridine ring.

Assessment of the remineralisation induced by contemporary ion-releasing materials in mineral-depleted dentine.

OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the ability of current ion-releasing materials to remineralise bacteria-driven artificial caries lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Standardised class I cavities were obtained in 60 extracted human molars. Specimens underwent a microbiological cariogenic protocol (28 days) to generate artificial caries lesions and then were randomly divided into four restorative groups: adhesive + composite (negative control); glass ionomer cement (GIC); calcium silicate cement (MTA); and resin-modified calcium silicate cement (RMTA). Microhardness analysis (ΔKHN) was performed on 40 specimens (10/group, t = 30 days, 45 days, 60 days in artificial saliva, AS). Micro-CT scans were acquired (3/group, t = 0 days, 30 days, and 90 days in AS). Confocal microscopy was employed for interfacial ultra-morphology analysis (2/group, t = 0 days and 60 days in AS). Additional specimens were prepared and processed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and FTIR (n = 3/group + control) to analyse the ability of the tested materials to induce apatite formation on totally demineralised dentine discs (60 days in AS). Statistical analyses were performed with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: Adhesive + composite specimens showed the lowest ΔKHN values and the presence of gaps at the interface when assessed through micro-CT even after storage in AS. Conversely, all the tested ion-releasing materials presented an increase in ΔKHN after storage (p < 0.05), while MTA best reduced the demineralised artificial carious lesions gap at the interface. MTA and RMTA also showed apatite deposition on totally demineralised dentine surfaces (SEM and FTIR). CONCLUSIONS: All tested ion-releasing materials expressed mineral precipitation in demineralised dentine. Additionally, calcium silicate-based materials induced apatite precipitation and hardness recovery of artificial carious dentine lesions over time. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Current ion-releasing materials can induce remineralisation of carious dentine. MTA shows enhanced ability of nucleation/precipitation of hydroxyapatite compared to RMTA and GIC, which may be more appropriate to recover severe mineral-depleted dentine.

Antibiotic resistant bacteria: current situation and treatment options to accelerate the development of a new antimicrobial arsenal.

INTRODUCTION: Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest public health threats worldwide. Currently, antibiotic-resistant bacteria kill 700,000 people every year. These data represent the near future in which we find ourselves, a 'post-antibiotic era' where the identification and development of new treatments are key. This review is focused on the current and emerging antimicrobial therapies which can solve this global threat. AREAS COVERED: Through a literature search using databases such as Medline and Web of Science, and search engines such as Google Scholar, different antimicrobial therapies were analyzed, including pathogen-oriented therapy, phagotherapy, microbiota and antivirulent therapy. Additionally, the development pathways of new antibiotics were described, emphasizing on the potential advantages that the combination of a drug repurposing strategy with the application of mathematical prediction models could bring to solve the problem of AMRs. EXPERT OPINION: This review offers several starting points to solve a single problem: reducing the number of AMR. The data suggest that the strategies described could provide many benefits to improve antimicrobial treatments. However, the development of new antimicrobials remains necessary. Drug repurposing, with the application of mathematical prediction models, is considered to be of interest due to its rapid and effective potential to increase the current therapeutic arsenal.

Antibiotic resistance is currently one of the biggest public health threats worldwide. Right now, antibiotic-resistant bacteria kill 700,000 people every year. Many of the available antibiotics are useless against drug resistant bacteria. The present and near future in which we find ourselves is a post-antibiotic era, where the antibiotics we have are unable to combat the bacterial infections that are emerging. In this review, published studies were accessed to explore different techniques that are available to improve existing treatment options. Currently, these strategies cannot replace antibiotic therapy. The reviewed knowledge presents these alternatives as adjuvants to antibiotic treatments. Therefore, research into new antibiotics remains important. This review exposes that the repurposing of known drugs as antibiotics could contribute to the cost-effective search of new antibiotics in a faster and cost-effective way compared to traditional development methods of new antibiotics. The review emphasizes the urgency of identifying new pharmacological targets that can aid in the development of new therapies, and to improve known alternative therapies. Drug repurposing can greatly shorten the time and cost of development of new antibiotics. This strategy adds to the value of certain commercialized molecules, recovering part of the investment made by the pharmaceutic industry. In addition, it provides greater knowledge about other alternative antibiotic therapies and about the mechanisms by which bacteria develop antibiotic resistance.

Commensal Escherichia coli Antimicrobial Resistance and Multidrug-Resistance Dynamics during Broiler Growing Period: Commercial vs. Improved Farm Conditions.

New measures applied to reduce antimicrobial resistances (AMR) at field level in broiler production are focused on improving animals' welfare and resilience. However, it is necessary to have better knowledge of AMR epidemiology. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate AMR and multidrug resistance (MDR) dynamics during the rearing of broilers under commercial (33 kg/m2 density and max. 20 ppm ammonia) and improved (17 kg/m2 density and max. 10 ppm ammonia) farm conditions. Day-old chicks were housed in two poultry houses (commercial vs. improved), and no antimicrobial agents were administered at any point. Animals were sampled at arrival day, mid-period and at slaughter day. High AMR rates were observed throughout rearing. No statistical differences were observed between groups. Moreover, both groups presented high MDR at slaughter day. These results could be explained by vertical or horizontal resistance acquisition. In conclusion, AMR and MDR are present throughout rearing. Moreover, although a lower level of MDR was observed at mid-period in animals reared under less intensive conditions, no differences were found at the end. In order to reduce the presence of AMR bacteria in poultry, further studies are needed to better understand AMR acquisition and prevalence in differing broiler growing conditions.

Assessment of Microbiota Modulation in Poultry to Combat Infectious Diseases.

Poultry is one of the main agricultural sub-sectors worldwide. However, public concern regarding animal welfare and antimicrobial resistance has risen in recent years. Due to the influence of management practices on microbiota, it might be considered to evaluate poultry welfare and health. Therefore, the objective of this research was to analyse the influence on microbiota balance of broilers under commercial and optimal farm conditions, using 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. The research was performed in two identical poultry houses (commercial vs. optimal). Results showed a higher level of microbiota complexity in the group reared under optimal farm conditions at the end of rearing. Regarding microbiota composition, Firmicutes was the dominant phylum during the entire growing period. However, the second most prevalent phylum was Proteobacteria at the arrival day, and Bacteroidetes from the mid-period onward in both groups. Moreover, the most predominant genera identified were Oscillospira, Ruminococcus, Bacteroides, and Coprococcus. In conclusion, it is necessary to optimize farm management as much as possible. Using gut microbiota diversity and composition as biomarkers of animal health could be an important tool for infectious disease control, with the aim of reducing the administration of antibiotics at field level.

Evaluation of the Impact of the Tiny Earth Project on the Knowledge About Antibiotics of Pre-university Students in the Province of Valencia on Three Different School Years (2017-2020).

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), antibacterial resistance is a serious problem worldwide. In Spain, knowledge about the use of antibiotics is scarce, being the third country with the highest consumption of antibiotics in the world and the first in Europe. This problem is due, partly, to the abusive use of these drugs in human medicine, livestock, and agriculture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact that the Tiny Earth project has had on the antibiotic knowledge in pre-university students. To do this, a survey was conducted before and after the Tiny Earth project in three different school years (2017-2020) to 322 pre-university students belonging to seven schools in the province of Valencia. The survey consisted of 12 multiple-choice questions with a single valid answer. We observed 67.6% success at the beginning and 81.2% at the end. These data indicate that they correctly answered an average of 1.64 more questions after completing the project. In view of the results, we can affirm that the Tiny Earth project has contributed to an improvement in scientific knowledge and awareness of the correct use of antibiotics and the emergence of resistances by pre-university students, which could also be transmitted to their social environment, thus improving awareness global on these issues.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections.

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease with a high morbidity burden. Despite having guidelines for its treatment, the incidence of the disease follows an increasing trend worldwide. This is mainly due to the appearance of antibiotic-resistant strains, inefficient diagnostic methods and poor sexual education. Without an effective vaccine available, the key priorities for the control of the disease include sexual education, contact notification, epidemiological surveillance, diagnosis and effective antibiotic treatment. This Special Issue focuses on some of these important issues such as the molecular mechanisms of the disease, diagnostic tests and different treatment strategies to combat gonorrhea.

Fast and Slow-Growing Management Systems: Characterisation of Broiler Caecal Microbiota Development throughout the Growing Period.

Caecal microbiota and its modulation play an important role in poultry health, productivity and disease control. Moreover, due to the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, society is pressing for a reduction in antibiotic administration by finding effective alternatives at farm level, such as less intensified production systems. Hence, the aim of this study was to characterise the caecal microbiota in two different broiler management systems, fast and slow-growing, using 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. To this end 576 broilers were reared in two different management systems (fast and slow-growing). Results showed that Firmicutes represented the dominant phylum for both systems. At the onset, Proteobacteria was the second prevalent phylum for fast and slow-growing breeds, outnumbering the Bacteroidetes. However, during the rest of the production cycle, Bacteroidetes was more abundant than Proteobacteria in both groups. Finally, regardless of the management system, the most predominant genera identified were Oscillospira spp., Ruminococcus spp., Coprococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp. and Bacteroides spp. In conclusion, fast and slow-growing broiler microbiota are in constant development throughout rearing, being relatively stable at 21 days of age. Regarding the genus, it should be noted that the three most abundant groups for both systems, Ruminococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp. and Bacteroides spp., are related to better productive performance and intestinal health.

Executive summary: Consensus document of the diagnosis, management and prevention of infection with the hepatitis E virus: Study Group for Viral Hepatitis (GEHEP) of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC) / Resumen ejecutivo: Documento de consenso del Grupo de Estudio de las Hepatitis Víricas perteneciente a la Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica sobre el diagnóstico, manejo y prevención de la infección por el virus de la hepatitis E

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is one of the main causes of acute hepatitis in both developed and developing countries. This infectious disease has a high prevalence and incidence in Europe. HEV infection has a greater clinical impact in vulnerable populations, such as immunosuppressed patients, pregnant women and patients with underlying liver disease. Therefore, the Study Group for Viral Hepatitis (Grupo de Estudio de Hepatitis Víricas, GEHEP) of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica, SEIMC) believed it very important to prepare a consensus document to help in decision-making regarding diagnosis, clinical and therapeutic management, and prevention of HEV infection

La infección por el virus de la hepatitis E (VHE) es una de las principales causas de hepatitis aguda tanto en países desarrollados como en vías de desarrollo, situándose como una enfermedad infecciosa de alta prevalencia e incidencia en Europa. La infección por el VHE tiene mayor impacto clínico en poblaciones especialmente vulnerables, como pacientes inmunodeprimidos, mujeres embarazadas y pacientes con hepatopatía base. Por todo ello, desde el Grupo de Estudio de las Hepatitis Víricas (GeHEP) de la Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (SEIMC) se considera de gran relevancia la elaboración de un Documento de Consenso que sirva de ayuda en la toma de decisiones sobre el diagnóstico, manejo clínico-terapéutico y la prevención de la infección por el VHE

Executive summary: Consensus document of the diagnosis, management and prevention of infection with the hepatitis E virus: Study Group for Viral Hepatitis (GEHEP) of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC).

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is one of the main causes of acute hepatitis in both developed and developing countries. This infectious disease has a high prevalence and incidence in Europe. HEV infection has a greater clinical impact in vulnerable populations, such as immunosuppressed patients, pregnant women and patients with underlying liver disease. Therefore, the Study Group for Viral Hepatitis (Grupo de Estudio de Hepatitis Víricas, GEHEP) of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica, SEIMC) believed it very important to prepare a consensus document to help in decision-making regarding diagnosis, clinical and therapeutic management, and prevention of HEV infection.

Wild Bonelli's eagles (Aquila fasciata) as carrier of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella and Campylobacter in Eastern Spain.

Wild birds have repeatedly been found to be involved in the dissemination of enteric bacterial pathogens in the environment. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of Salmonella and Campylobacter as well as the antimicrobial resistance in wild Bonelli's eagles nestlings in Eastern Spain. In addition, we compared the efficiency of two sampling methods (fresh faecal samples from nest and cloacal swabs from nestlings) for detection of both bacteria. A total of 28 nests with 45 nestlings were analysed. In the nest, Salmonella occurrence was 61 ± 9.2%, while Campylobacter occurrence was 11 ± 5.8% (p < 0.05). In the nestlings, Salmonella occurrence was 36 ± 7.1%, while Campylobacter occurrence was 11 ± 4.7% (p < 0.05). Eight Salmonella serovars were identified, and the most frequently isolated were S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Houston, and S. Cerro. Only one Campylobacter species was identified (C. jejuni). Regarding antimicrobial resistance, the Salmonella strains isolated were found to be most frequently resistant to ampicillin and to tigecycline; however, the sole Campylobacter strain recovered was multidrug resistant. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that wild Bonelli's eagles nestlings are greater carriers of Salmonella than of Campylobacter. Both Salmonella and Campylobacter isolates exhibited antimicrobial resistance. In addition, faecal samples from nests were most reliable for Salmonella detection, while cloacal swab from nestlings were most reliable for Campylobacter detection.

Present and Future of Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) Infections.

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) have become a public health threat worldwide. There are three major mechanisms by which Enterobacteriaceae become resistant to carbapenems: enzyme production, efflux pumps and porin mutations. Of these, enzyme production is the main resistance mechanism. There are three main groups of enzymes responsible for most of the carbapenem resistance: KPC (Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase) (Ambler class A), MBLs (Metallo-ß-Lactamases) (Ambler class B) and OXA-48-like (Ambler class D). KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae are endemic in the United States, Colombia, Argentina, Greece and Italy. On the other hand, the MBL NDM-1 is the main carbapenemase-producing resistance in India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, while OXA-48-like enzyme-producers are endemic in Turkey, Malta, the Middle-East and North Africa. All three groups of enzymes are plasmid-mediated, which implies an easier horizontal transfer and, thus, faster spread of carbapenem resistance worldwide. As a result, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic guidelines to treat CRE infections. Bearing in mind the different mechanisms by which Enterobacteriaceae can become resistant to carbapenems, there are different approaches to treat infections caused by these bacteria, which include the repurposing of already existing antibiotics, dual therapies with these antibiotics, and the development of new ß-lactamase inhibitors and antibiotics.

New solvent options for in vivo assays in the Galleria mellonella larvae model.

Experimentation in mammals is a long and expensive process in which ethical aspects must be considered, which has led the scientific community to develop alternative models such as that of Galleria mellonella. This model is a cost and time effective option to act as a filter in the drug discovery process. The main limitation of this model is the lack of variety in the solvents used to administer compounds, which limits the compounds that can be studied using this model. Five aqueous (DMSO, MeOH, acetic acid, HCl and NaOH) and four non-aqueous (olive oil, isopropyl myristate, benzyl benzoate and ethyl oleate) solvents was assessed to be used as vehicles for toxicity and antimicrobial activity in vivo assays. All the tested solvents were innocuous at the tested concentrations except for NaOH, which can be used at a maximum concentration of 0.5 M. The toxicity of two additional compounds, 5-aminosalicylic acid and DDT, was also assessed. The results obtained allow for the testing of a broader range of compounds using wax moth larvae. This model appears as an alternative to mammal models, by acting as a filter in the drug development process and reducing costs and time invested in new drugs.

Detection and Characterization of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases-Producing Escherichia coli in Animals.

The detection of multidrug-resistant bacteria is a growing problem; however, the role of domesticated animals in the propagation of antimicrobial resistance has barely been studied. The aim of this study was to identify extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli strains in domestic animal feces to assess their antimicrobial resistance profile and carry out molecular characterization of the ß-lactamases. A total of 325 samples were collected from eight animal species. Of these, 34 bacterial isolates were identified as E. coli. The antibiotic resistance profile of the E. coli strains was as follows: 100% resistant to amoxicillin, aztreonam, and cephalosporins; 58.8% resistant to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole; 41.2% resistant to gentamicin and tobramycin; 11.8% resistant and 32.4% intermediate to cefoxitin; 97.1% sensible and 2.9% intermediate to amoxicillin/clavulanate; and 100% sensible to ertapenem, minocycline, imipenem, meropenem, amikacin, nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin, and colistin. All 34 E. coli strains met criteria for ESBL production. In total, 46 ß-lactamase genes were detected: 43.5% blaTEM, 30.4% blaCTX-M (23.9% blaCTX-M-1 and 6.5% blaCTX-M-9), and 26.1% blaSHV (17.4% blaSHV-5 and 8.7% blaSHV-12). All the ß-lactamases were found in dogs except for four blaSHV found in falcons. No plasmidic AmpC genes were found. The high prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli strains in animals could become a zoonotic transmission vector.