Impacto psicológico estado de ansiedad y depresión en trabajadores de salud frente al COVID-19 / Estado de impacto psicológico de ansiedade e depressão em trabalhadores do setor de saúde diante da COVID-19 / Psychological impact of anxiety and depression in health care workers in the face of COVID-19

La pandemia por COVID-19 generó un gran impacto en la salud mental en los profesionales de salud y más aún por los que trabajan en primera línea. El objetivo principal fue conocer el impacto psicológico estado ansiedad y depresión en trabajadores de salud frente al covid-19 en el cantón La Troncal. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, corte transversal, correlativo, comparativo, con enfoque cuantitativo, los datos fueron secundarios (n=100), se evaluó la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión de Goldberg (GADS). Se realizó un análisis descriptivo mediante porcentajes, frecuencias, medidas de tendencia central y percentiles, también se hizo un análisis de diferencia de medias de dos grupos mediante la prueba t de Student para muestras independientes y el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson (r), encontrando edad media de la población es 34.57 años, tiempo medio que labora dentro de la institución 4.63 años, participó mayoritariamente el género femenino (n=70), Enfermeras (n=37), lugar de trabajo en iguales condiciones. En cuanto a la ansiedad está presente (n=81), pero la depresión está ausente (n=89). En género tienen igual ansiedad y depresión, el centro de salud Tipo C tiene mayor nivel de ansiedad. Y entre la ansiedad y el tiempo que labora una relación negativa (r= -0.2), es decir a mayor tiempo que labora dentro de la institución menor es el nivel de ansiedad. En conclusión, se debe realizar programas de intervención para disminuir los problemas de salud mental en los profesionales del cantón la Troncal.

The COVID-19 pandemic generated a great impact on the mental health of health professionals and even more so for those working on the front line. The main objective was to know the psychological impact of the state of anxiety and depression in health workers in the canton of La Troncal. A descriptive, cross-sectional, correlative, comparative, quantitative, cross-sectional study was carried out with a quantitative approach, the data were secondary (n=100), and the Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale (GADS) was evaluated. A descriptive analysis was carried out using percentages, frequencies, measures of central tendency and percentiles, an analysis of the difference of means of two groups was also made using Student's t-test for independent samples and Pearson's correlation coefficient (r), finding that the mean age of the population was 34.57 years, mean time working in the institution was 4.63 years, the majority of participants were women (n=70), nurses (n=37), workplace in the same conditions. Anxiety is present (n=81), but depression is absent (n=89). In gender have equal anxiety and depression, Type C health center has higher level of anxiety. There is a negative relationship (r= -0.2) between anxiety and working time, i.e. the longer the time spent working in the institution, the lower the level of anxiety. In conclusion, intervention programs should be carried out to reduce mental health problems among professionals in the canton of La Troncal.

A pandemia COVID-19 teve um grande impacto sobre a saúde mental dos profissionais de saúde, especialmente aqueles que trabalham na linha de frente. O principal objetivo era determinar o impacto psicológico da covid-19 nos trabalhadores da saúde no cantão de La Troncal em termos de ansiedade e depressão. Um estudo descritivo, transversal, correlacional, comparativo, quantitativo, transversal foi realizado com uma abordagem quantitativa, os dados eram secundários (n=100), e a Escala de Ansiedade e Depressão Goldberg (GADS) foi avaliada. Uma análise descritiva foi realizada utilizando porcentagens, freqüências, medidas de tendência central e percentis, uma análise da diferença entre as médias de dois grupos também foi realizada utilizando o teste t de Student para amostras independentes e o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (r), encontrando a idade média da população em 34,57 anos, o tempo médio de trabalho na instituição em 4,63 anos, a maioria dos participantes eram mulheres (n=70), enfermeiras (n=37), e o local de trabalho estava nas mesmas condições. A ansiedade está presente (n=81), mas a depressão está ausente (n=89). No gênero, eles têm ansiedade e depressão iguais, o centro de saúde tipo C tem um nível mais alto de ansiedade. Existe uma relação negativa entre ansiedade e tempo de trabalho (r= -0,2), ou seja, quanto maior o tempo de trabalho na instituição, menor é o nível de ansiedade. Em conclusão, devem ser implementados programas de intervenção para reduzir os problemas de saúde mental entre os profissionais do cantão de La Troncal.

Propiedades psicométricas de un instrumento de evaluación de procesamiento sensoperceptivo para niños con Trastorno del Espectro Autista / Propriedades psicométricas de um instrumento de avaliação de processamento sensoperceptual para crianças com Transtorno do Espectro Autista / Psychometric properties of a Sensory perceptual processing test for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Se evaluó las propiedades psicométricas de un instrumento para la valoración del proceso sensoperceptivo en niños con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) entre seis y once años del Estado Carabobo, Venezuela. Se trata de una investigación no experimental, de campo, con un nivel descriptivo. La muestra constó de 49 padres y/o representantes cuyos hijos se encontraban en terapia, así como a 15 terapeutas. Se realizó una guía de observación aplicada a 12 niños de la cual se sustrajo los indicadores más importantes para la valoración de la variable. Seguidamente, se confeccionaron 81 reactivos para el cuestionario de padres y 65 para el de terapeutas con un formato de respuesta policotómico, divididos en seis dimensiones correspondientes a las modalidades sensoriales y sub-dimensiones de la hipo-responsividad y la hiper-responsividad. Los cuestionarios fueron sometidos a juicio de experto, para posteriormente, aplicarse la prueba piloto a la muestra. Se utilizó la prueba Alfa de Cronbach para determinar la confiabilidad inicial, seguidamente se determinó el poder discriminativo de los reactivos, los que no pasaron la muestra fueron eliminados, finalizando con 51 ítems para padres y/o representantes, y 45 para terapeutas, resultando con una confiabilidad alta y muy alta para sus sub-dimensiones, exceptuado la hipo-responsividad visual en el de terapeutas.

Foram avaliadas as propriedades psicométricas de um instrumento utilizado para a avaliação do processo de sensopercepção de crianças com transtorno do espectro autista (TEA), entre seis e onze anos, do Estado de Carabobo, Venezuela. Trata-se de uma pesquisa não experimental, de campo, com nível descritivo. A amostra foi composta por 49 pais e/ou representantes cujos filhos estavam em terapia, bom como 15 terapeutas. Um roteiro de observação foi aplicado em 12 crianças, do qual foram retirados os indicadores mais impor-tantes para a avaliação da variável. Em seguida, 81 itens foram feitos para o questionário dos pais e 65 para o dos terapeutas com formato de resposta policotômica, divididos em seis dimensões correspondentes às modalidades sensoriais e sub-dimensões da hipo-responsividade e da hiper-responsividade. Os questionários foram submetidos a julgamento por especialistas e, posterior-mente, o questionário piloto foi aplicado na amostra. O teste Alfa de Cronbach foi usado para determinar a confiabilidade inicial, em seguida determinou-se o poder discriminativo dos itens. Aqueles que não passaram no teste piloto foram eliminados, terminando com 51 itens para os pais e/ou tutores e 45 para os terapeutas, resultando em uma confiabilidade alta e muito alta para as sub--dimensões, exceto pela hipo-responsividade visual dos terapeutas.

A instrument was evaluated in terms of psychometric properties for the asses-sment of the sensory perception processing in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), aged between six and eleven years, residents of Carabobo State, Venezuela. This is a non-experimental field research, with a descriptive level. The sample consisted of 49 parents and / or representatives whose children were in therapy, as well as 15 therapists. An observation guide was applied to 12 children, from which the most important indicators were subtracted for the evaluation of the variable. Then, 81 items were drawn up for the parents' questionnaire and 65 for the therapists with a poly-psychometric response format, divided into six dimensions corresponding to the sensory modalities and sub-dimensions of under-responsiveness and over-responsiveness. The questionnaires were submitted to expert judgment, prior to the pilot applied to the sample. The Cronbach's Alpha test was used to determine the initial reliability, then the discriminative power of the reagents was determined, those that did not pass the test were eliminated, ending with 51 items for parents and / or representatives, and 45 for therapists, resulting in a high and very high reliability for its sub-dimensions, except for the hypo-responsiveness of the therapists.

Evaluation of the transcriptional immune biomarkers in peripheral blood from Warao indigenous associate with the infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

INTRODUCTION: Biomarkers are critical tools for finding new approaches for controlling the spread of tuberculosis (TB), including for predicting the development of TB therapeutics, vaccines, and diagnostic tools. METHODS: Expression of immune biomarkers was analyzed in peripheral blood cells stimulated and non-stimulated with M. tuberculosis antigens ESAT-6, CFP10 and TB7.7. in Warao indigenous individuals. These biomarkers may be able to differentiate TB states, such as active tuberculosis (ATB) cases and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) from non-infected controls (NIC). A real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay was performed on 100 blood samples under non-stimulation or direct ex vivo conditions (NS=50) and stimulation conditions (S=50). RESULTS: The findings are shown as the median and interquartile range (IQR) of relative gene expression levels of IFN-γ, CD14, MMP9, CCR5, CCL11, CXCL9/MIG, and uPAR/PLAUR immune biomarkers. MMP9 levels were significantly higher in the LTBI-NS and LTBI-S groups compared with the NIC-NS and NIC-S groups. However, CCR5 levels were significantly lower in the LTBI-S group compared with both NIC-NS and NIC-S groups. CCL11 levels were significantly lower in the LTBI-S group compared with the NIC-NS group. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary findings showed that MMP9 immune biomarkers separated LTBI indigenous individuals from NIC indigenous individuals, while CCR5, CCL11, CD14, and IFN-γ did not differentiate TB states from NIC. MMP9 may be useful as a potential biomarker for LTBI and new infected case detection among Warao indigenous individuals at high risk of developing the disease. It may also be used to halt the epidemic, which will require further validation in larger studies.

Myocardial Protection from Ischemia-Reperfusion Damage by the Antioxidant Effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linnaeus on Metabolic Syndrome Rats.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) constitute one of the most prevalent health problems worldwide, being strongly associated with metabolic syndrome (MS). Oxidative stress (OS) is present in both CVD and MS. Infusions of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linnaeus (HSL) have antioxidant properties and could therefore decrease the presence of OS in these diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate myocardial protection during ischemia/reperfusion due to the antioxidant effect of HSL infusion (3%) on a MS rat model induced by the administration of 30% sucrose in drinking water. We determined in control, MS, and MS + HSL rat hearts (n = 6 per group) cardiac mechanical performance (CMP), coronary vascular resistance (CVR), and activities of manganese and copper/zinc superoxide dismutases (Mn and Cu/Zn-SOD), peroxidases, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), glutathione s-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione (GSH). We also determined lipoperoxidation (LPO), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and the nitrate/nitrite ratio (NO3 -/NO2 -). The treatment with the HSL infusion restored the CMP (p = 0.01) and CVR (p = 0.04) and increased the Mn- (p = 0.02), Cu/Zn-SOD (p = 0.05), peroxidases (p = 0.04), GST (p = 0.02) activity, GHS (p = 0.02), TAC (p = 0.04), and NO3 -/NO2 - (p = 0.01) and decreased the LPO (p = 0.02) in the heart of MS rats undergoing ischemia/reperfusion. The results suggest that the treatment with an infusion from HSL calices protects the cardiac function from damage by ischemia and reperfusion through the antioxidant activities of the substances it possesses. It favors antioxidant enzymatic activities and nonenzymatic antioxidant capacity.

Evaluation of the transcriptional immune biomarkers in peripheral blood from warao indigenous associate with the infection by mycobacterium tuberculosis

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Biomarkers are critical tools for finding new approaches for controlling the spread of tuberculosis (TB), including for predicting the development of TB therapeutics, vaccines, and diagnostic tools. METHODS: Expression of immune biomarkers was analyzed in peripheral blood cells stimulated and non-stimulated with M. tuberculosis antigens ESAT-6, CFP10 and TB7.7. in Warao indigenous individuals. These biomarkers may be able to differentiate TB states, such as active tuberculosis (ATB) cases and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) from non-infected controls (NIC). A real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay was performed on 100 blood samples under non-stimulation or direct ex vivo conditions (NS=50) and stimulation conditions (S=50). RESULTS: The findings are shown as the median and interquartile range (IQR) of relative gene expression levels of IFN-γ, CD14, MMP9, CCR5, CCL11, CXCL9/MIG, and uPAR/PLAUR immune biomarkers. MMP9 levels were significantly higher in the LTBI-NS and LTBI-S groups compared with the NIC-NS and NIC-S groups. However, CCR5 levels were significantly lower in the LTBI-S group compared with both NIC-NS and NIC-S groups. CCL11 levels were significantly lower in the LTBI-S group compared with the NIC-NS group. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary findings showed that MMP9 immune biomarkers separated LTBI indigenous individuals from NIC indigenous individuals, while CCR5, CCL11, CD14, and IFN-γ did not differentiate TB states from NIC. MMP9 may be useful as a potential biomarker for LTBI and new infected case detection among Warao indigenous individuals at high risk of developing the disease. It may also be used to halt the epidemic, which will require further validation in larger studies.

Concordance between IFNγ gene +874 A/T polymorphism and interferon-γ expression in a TB-endemic indigenous setting.

INTRODUCTION:: Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) plays a crucial role in resistance to mycobacterial diseases; accordingly, variants of the gene encoding this cytokine may be associated with elevated risk of contracting pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). METHODS:: Blood samples were collected from 135 Warao indigenous individuals with newly diagnosed sputum culture-positive TB. Of these, 24 were diagnosed with active tuberculosis (ATB). The study comprised 111 participants, who were grouped as follows: 1) 14 tuberculin skin test (TST)-positive Warao indigenous individuals and 4 that were QuantiFERON-TB?Gold In-Tube (QFT-IT) test-positive, collectively comprising the latent TB infection group (LTBI), n = 18), and 2) healthy controls who were QFT-IT- and TST-negative, comprising the control group (CTRL, n = 93). Detection of the IFN γ gene (IFNG) +874A/T polymorphism was performed via PCR and quantification of IFNG expression via qPCR. RESULTS:: Relative to indigenous and white Americans, ATB and CTRL groups had a higher frequency of the IFNG SNP (+874A): 23 (95.8%) and 108 (97.3%), respectively. Indigenous Warao individuals homozygous for the IFNG (+874) A allele exhibited 3.59-fold increased risk of developing TB (95% confidence interval, 2.60-4.96, p =0.0001). A decreased frequency of the AT genotype was observed in individuals with pulmonary TB (4.16%) and controls (0.90%). The frequency of the TT genotype was decreased among controls (1.80%); none of the patients with TB were found to have this genotype. The differences in IFNG expression between the groups, under unstimulated and stimulated conditions, were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS:: Preliminary results demonstrate concordance between IFNG +874 A/A genotype and low expression of IFNG.

La práctica formativa como escenario de aprendizaje significativo del cuidado de enfermería / Training practice as setting of meaningful learning on nursing care / A prática de formação como aprendizagem significativa do cuidado de enfermagem

Los docentes en enfermería tienen la responsabilidad de formar profesionales en enfermería humanos, idóneos y competentes \r\npara cubrir las necesidades de cuidado de la población y afrontar los retos existentes en materia de salud. Las prácticas formativas \r\nrepresentan un espacio enriquecedor para el aprendizaje del cuidado de manera significativa en el logro de este propósito. Este \r\nartículo presenta una reflexión en torno al aprendizaje del cuidado durante las prácticas formativas en un programa de enfermería \r\nde Bogotá. Se abordan tópicos como la importancia de la formación en el cuidado, la influencia del contexto institucional y del \r\nmodelo pedagógico, así como los significados de la práctica para estudiantes y docentes. Se concluye que la apertura, el diálogo abierto, la motivación, el conocer el ser humano que hay en el estudiante, el promover su autonomía y su reflexión, y el acom\r\n-\r\npañarlo en su experiencia como cuidador son aspectos esenciales para el aprendizaje significativo del cuidado de enfermería \r\ndurante las prácticas formativas y que estos espacios se constituyen en experiencias transformadoras no solo para el estudiante \r\nsino también para el docente.

Nursing faculty have the responsibility of forming nursing \r\nprofessionals that are humanitarian, qualified, and compe\r\n-\r\ntent in order to cover the care needs of the population and to \r\nface the existing challenges in the health field. Training prac\r\n-\r\ntices represent an enriching environment for learning of care \r\nin a meaningful way and achieving this purpose. This article \r\npresents a consideration on the learning of care giving during \r\ntraining practices in nursing programs in Bogotá. Topics such \r\nas the importance of training in care giving, the influence of \r\nthe institutional context and the pedagogical model, as well \r\nas the significance of the practice for students and professors \r\nare addressed. It is concluded that openness, open dialogue, \r\nmotivation, understanding of the human being that exists in \r\nthe students, promoting their autonomy and thoughtfulness, \r\nand accompanying them in their experiences as care taker are \r\nessential aspects for significant learning of care giving during \r\ntraining practices, and that these spaces constitute transfor\r\n-\r\nmative experiences, not only for the student, but also for the \r\nprofessors.

Os professores de enfermagem são responsáveis pela formação \r\nde profissionais humanos, qualificados e competentes para \r\natender às necessidades de cuidados da população e enfrentar \r\nos desafios na área da saúde. As práticas de formação repre\r\n-\r\nsentam um espaço enriquecedor para a aprendizagem do \r\ncuidado, de maneira significativa para o alcance deste objetivo. \r\nEste artigo apresenta uma reflexão sobre a aprendizagem de \r\ncuidados durante as práticas de formação em um programa \r\nde enfermagem de Bogotá. Temas como a importância da \r\nformação no cuidado, a influência do contexto institucional e \r\ndo modelo pedagógico, bem como os significados da prática \r\npara os alunos e professores são abordados. Conclui-se que a \r\nabertura, o diálogo aberto, a motivação, o conhecimento do \r\nser humano que existe no aluno, a promoção de sua auto\r\n-\r\nnomia e reflexão e o acompanhamento do aluno em sua \r\nexperiência como um cuidador, são aspectos essenciais para \r\na aprendizagem significativa dos cuidados de enfermagem \r\ndurante as práticas de formação e que estes espaços consti\r\n-\r\ntuem experiências transformadoras não só para os alunos, mas \r\ntambém para os professores.

Concordance between IFNγ gene +874 A/T polymorphism and interferon-γ expression in a TB-endemic indigenous setting

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) plays a crucial role in resistance to mycobacterial diseases; accordingly, variants of the gene encoding this cytokine may be associated with elevated risk of contracting pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). METHODS: Blood samples were collected from 135 Warao indigenous individuals with newly diagnosed sputum culture-positive TB. Of these, 24 were diagnosed with active tuberculosis (ATB). The study comprised 111 participants, who were grouped as follows: 1) 14 tuberculin skin test (TST)-positive Warao indigenous individuals and 4 that were QuantiFERON-TB?Gold In-Tube (QFT-IT) test-positive, collectively comprising the latent TB infection group (LTBI), n = 18), and 2) healthy controls who were QFT-IT- and TST-negative, comprising the control group (CTRL, n = 93). Detection of the IFN γ gene (IFNG) +874A/T polymorphism was performed via PCR and quantification of IFNG expression via qPCR. RESULTS: Relative to indigenous and white Americans, ATB and CTRL groups had a higher frequency of the IFNG SNP (+874A): 23 (95.8%) and 108 (97.3%), respectively. Indigenous Warao individuals homozygous for the IFNG (+874) A allele exhibited 3.59-fold increased risk of developing TB (95% confidence interval, 2.60-4.96, p =0.0001). A decreased frequency of the AT genotype was observed in individuals with pulmonary TB (4.16%) and controls (0.90%). The frequency of the TT genotype was decreased among controls (1.80%); none of the patients with TB were found to have this genotype. The differences in IFNG expression between the groups, under unstimulated and stimulated conditions, were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary results demonstrate concordance between IFNG +874 A/A genotype and low expression of IFNG.

Seropositivity for ascariosis and toxocariosis and cytokine expression among the indigenous people in the Venezuelan Delta region.

The present study aimed at measuring seropositivities for infection by Ascaris suum and Toxocara canis using the excretory/secretory (E/S) antigens from Ascaris suum (AES) and Toxocara canis (TES) within an indigenous population. In addition, quantification of cytokine expressions in peripheral blood cells was determined. A total of 50 Warao indigenous were included; of which 43 were adults and seven children. In adults, 44.1% were seropositive for both parasites; whereas children had only seropositivity to one or the other helminth. For ascariosis, the percentage of AES seropositivity in adults and children was high; 23.3% and 57.1%, respectively. While that for toxocariosis, the percentage of TES seropositivity in adults and children was low; 9.3% and 14.3%, respectively. The percentage of seronegativity was comparable for AES and TES antigens in adults (27.9%) and children (28.6%). When positive sera were analyzed by Western blotting technique using AES antigens; three bands of 97.2, 193.6 and 200.2 kDas were mostly recognized. When the TES antigens were used, nine major bands were mostly identified; 47.4, 52.2, 84.9, 98.2, 119.1, 131.3, 175.6, 184.4 and 193.6 kDas. Stool examinations showed that Blastocystis hominis, Hymenolepis nana and Entamoeba coli were the most commonly observed intestinal parasites. Quantification of cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, TGF-ß, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-4 expressions showed that there was only a significant increased expression of IL-4 in indigenous with TES seropositivity (p < 0.002). Ascaris and Toxocara seropositivity was prevalent among Warao indigenous.

Seropositivity for ascariosis and toxocariosis nd cytokine expression among the indigenous people in the Venezuelan delta region / Seropositividad para ascariosis y toxocariosis y expresión de citocinas entre la población indígena de la región del delta Venezolano

The present study aimed at measuring seropositivities for infection by Ascaris suum and Toxocara canis using the excretory/secretory (E/S) antigens from Ascaris suum (AES) and Toxocara canis (TES) within an indigenous population. In addition, quantification of cytokine expressions in peripheral blood cells was determined. A total of 50 Warao indigenous were included; of which 43 were adults and seven children. In adults, 44.1% were seropositive for both parasites; whereas children had only seropositivity to one or the other helminth. For ascariosis, the percentage of AES seropositivity in adults and children was high; 23.3% and 57.1%, respectively. While that for toxocariosis, the percentage of TES seropositivity in adults and children was low; 9.3% and 14.3%, respectively. The percentage of seronegativity was comparable for AES and TES antigens in adults (27.9%) and children (28.6%). When positive sera were analyzed by Western blotting technique using AES antigens; three bands of 97.2, 193.6 and 200.2 kDas were mostly recognized. When the TES antigens were used, nine major bands were mostly identified; 47.4, 52.2, 84.9, 98.2, 119.1, 131.3, 175.6, 184.4 and 193.6 kDas. Stool examinations showed that Blastocystis hominis, Hymenolepis nana and Entamoeba coli were the most commonly observed intestinal parasites. Quantification of cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-4 expressions showed that there was only a significant increased expression of IL-4 in indigenous with TES seropositivity (p < 0.002). Ascaris and Toxocara seropositivity was prevalent among Warao indigenous.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la seropositividad de infección por Ascaris suum y Toxocara canis, utilizando antígenos de excreción/secreción (E/S) de Ascaris suum (AES) y Toxocara canis (TES) en una población indígena. Adicionalmente, se cuantificó la expresión de citocinas a partir de células de sangre periférica. Un total de 50 indígenas Warao se incluyeron en el estudio; 43 fueron adultos y 7 niños. Entre los adultos, 44,1% fueron seropositivos para ambos parásitos; mientras que los niños sólo mostraron seropositividad a uno u otro de los helmintos. Para ascariosis, el porcentaje de seropositividad para los antígenos AES fue alto tanto en adultos como en niños; 23,3% y 57,1%, respectivamente. Para toxocariosis, el porcentaje de seropositividad para los antígenos TES fue bajo en adultos así como en niños; 9,3% y 14,3%, respectivamente. El porcentaje de seronegatividad fue similar tanto para los antígenos AES como para TES en adultos (27,9%) y niños (28,6%). Cuando la seropositividad fue analizada a través de la técnica de Western blotting utilizando los antígenos AES; 3 bandas de 97,2, 193,6 y 200,2 kDas fueron principalmente reconocidas. Para los antígenos TES, 9 bandas fueron mayormente identificadas; 47,4, 52,2, 84,9, 98,2, 119,1, 131,3, 175,6, 184,4 y 193,6 kDas. Los análisis coproparasitológicos mostraron que los parásitos Blastocystis hominis, Hymenolepis nana y Entamoeba coli fueron los parásitos intestinales más comúnmente observados. La cuantificación de la expresión de las citocinas IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-10 e IL-4 mostró que hubo un significante incremento de la expresión de IL-4 entre los indígenas con seropositividad para los antígenos TES (p < 0.002). La seropositividad para Ascaris y Toxocara fue prevalente entre los indígenas Warao.

Frecuencia de lactancia materna exclusiva, factores asociados y relación con el desarrollo antropométricoy patologías en una población delactantes atendida en ASSBASALUD ESE, Manizales (Colombia) 2010-2011 / Exclusive breastfeeding frequency, associated factors and relationship with an-thropometric development and pathologies in a population of infants treated at Assbasalud ESE, Manizales (Colombia) 2010-2011

Objetivo: Describir la frecuencia, factores asociados, y efectos de la lactancia materna sobre variables antropométricas, y patologías de los lactantes nacidos en ASSBASALUD E.S.E Manizales (Colombia). Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal, con una población objeto de 1261 niños que nacieron en ASSBASALUD E.S.E. sede Clínica San Cayetano entre 2010 y 2011. Resultados: El 30,9% de las madres practicaron lactancia materna exclusiva, destete precoz en el 64,7% de los casos, el 99,8% de las madres iniciaron lactancia materna con un promedio de duración de 3,81 meses; el inicio de la alimentación complementaria se dio en promedio a los 3,72 meses, el 99,6% de las gestantes recibieron educación en lactancia materna, con promedio de controles de crecimiento y desarrollo durante los 6 primeros meses de 1,86. Se observó que los niños que recibieron lactancia materna exclusiva tenían una ganancia de peso (8,9% más 1° control) y talla (3% más 1° control) mayor que aquellos que no la recibían. No se encontró relación significativa entre la lactancia materna exclusiva y protección frente a enfermedades respiratorias, diarrea, alergias o malnutrición. Conclusiones: La lactancia materna exclusiva favorece un crecimiento pondoestatural adecuado en aquellos lactantes a quienes se les brinda en formaadecuada. La pobre adherencia a la lactancia materna exclusiva puede relacionarse con métodos inapropiados de educación sobre el tema o a fallas en el seguimiento y apoyo permanente que complemente la información...

Immunologic evaluation and validation of methods using synthetic peptides derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis for the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection.

The goal of this study was to demonstrate the usefulness of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serodiagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). This assay used 20 amino acid-long, non-overlapped synthetic peptides that spanned the complete Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESAT-6 and Ag85A sequences. The validation cohort consisted of 1,102 individuals who were grouped into the following five diagnostic groups: 455 patients with PTB, 60 patients with EPTB, 40 individuals with non-EPTB, 33 individuals with leprosy and 514 healthy controls. For the PTB group, two ESAT-6 peptides (12033 and 12034) had the highest sensitivity levels of 96.9% and 96.2%, respectively, and an Ag85A-peptide (29878) was the most specific (97.4%) in the PTB groups. For the EPTB group, two Ag85A peptides (11005 and 11006) were observed to have a sensitivity of 98.3% and an Ag85A-peptide (29878) was also the most specific (96.4%). When combinations of peptides were used, such as 12033 and 12034 or 11005 and 11006, 99.5% and 100% sensitivities in the PTB and EPTB groups were observed, respectively. In conclusion, for a cohort that consists entirely of individuals from Venezuela, a multi-antigen immunoassay using highly sensitive ESAT-6 and Ag85A peptides alone and in combination could be used to more rapidly diagnose PTB and EPTB infection.

Immunologic evaluation and validation of methods using synthetic peptides derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis for the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection

The goal of this study was to demonstrate the usefulness of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serodiagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). This assay used 20 amino acid-long, non-overlapped synthetic peptides that spanned the complete Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESAT-6 and Ag85A sequences. The validation cohort consisted of 1,102 individuals who were grouped into the following five diagnostic groups: 455 patients with PTB, 60 patients with EPTB, 40 individuals with non-EPTB, 33 individuals with leprosy and 514 healthy controls. For the PTB group, two ESAT-6 peptides (12033 and 12034) had the highest sensitivity levels of 96.9% and 96.2%, respectively, and an Ag85A-peptide (29878) was the most specific (97.4%) in the PTB groups. For the EPTB group, two Ag85A peptides (11005 and 11006) were observed to have a sensitivity of 98.3% and an Ag85A-peptide (29878) was also the most specific (96.4%). When combinations of peptides were used, such as 12033 and 12034 or 11005 and 11006, 99.5% and 100% sensitivities in the PTB and EPTB groups were observed, respectively. In conclusion, for a cohort that consists entirely of individuals from Venezuela, a multi-antigen immunoassay using highly sensitive ESAT-6 and Ag85A peptides alone and in combination could be used to more rapidly diagnose PTB and EPTB infection.

Estudio descriptivo sobre la lactancia materna en niños con sindrome de Down / Description study of the breast feeding in children with Down syndrome

El propósito de este trabajo fue investigar sobre la lactancia materna en bebes nacidos con sindrome de Down que son amamantados. Se intentó averiguar sobre los trastornos que se pueden presentar en la deglución y que pueden llevar a una distorsionada o no adecuada comunicación madre-hijo. Se tomó como población 14 bebés con diagnóstico de sindrome de Down alimentados por el pecho materno que fueron observados y evaluados durante su primer y segundo trimestre de vida. Para recabar los datos se utilizó una ficha donde consta información referida a la madre y al bebé. Además se confeccionó otra ficha para recolectar datos de los reflejos, del primer tiempo deglutorio y de la comunicación madre-hijo en el primer y segundo trimestre de vida. Se manifiesta en este estudio que en el primer trimestre los lactantes presentaron desdibujamientos de la actividad refleja, dificultad en el primer tiempo deglutorio y como consecuencia una no adecuada comunicación madre-hijo. Durante el segundo trimestre las conclusiones y resultados a los que se arribaron fueron muy positivos. Los reflejos aparecen con determinadas características, el primer tiempo deglutorio se presentó sin dificultad y la comunicación madre-hijo es muy satisfactoria(AU)

Estudio descriptivo sobre la lactancia materna en niños con sindrome de Down / Description study of the breast feeding in children with Down syndrome

El propósito de este trabajo fue investigar sobre la lactancia materna en bebes nacidos con sindrome de Down que son amamantados. Se intentó averiguar sobre los trastornos que se pueden presentar en la deglución y que pueden llevar a una distorsionada o no adecuada comunicación madre-hijo. Se tomó como población 14 bebés con diagnóstico de sindrome de Down alimentados por el pecho materno que fueron observados y evaluados durante su primer y segundo trimestre de vida. Para recabar los datos se utilizó una ficha donde consta información referida a la madre y al bebé. Además se confeccionó otra ficha para recolectar datos de los reflejos, del primer tiempo deglutorio y de la comunicación madre-hijo en el primer y segundo trimestre de vida. Se manifiesta en este estudio que en el primer trimestre los lactantes presentaron desdibujamientos de la actividad refleja, dificultad en el primer tiempo deglutorio y como consecuencia una no adecuada comunicación madre-hijo. Durante el segundo trimestre las conclusiones y resultados a los que se arribaron fueron muy positivos. Los reflejos aparecen con determinadas características, el primer tiempo deglutorio se presentó sin dificultad y la comunicación madre-hijo es muy satisfactoria(AU)

Estudio descriptivo sobre la lactancia materna en niños con sindrome de Down / Description study of the breast feeding in children with Down syndrome

El propósito de este trabajo fue investigar sobre la lactancia materna en bebes nacidos con sindrome de Down que son amamantados. Se intentó averiguar sobre los trastornos que se pueden presentar en la deglución y que pueden llevar a una distorsionada o no adecuada comunicación madre-hijo. Se tomó como población 14 bebés con diagnóstico de sindrome de Down alimentados por el pecho materno que fueron observados y evaluados durante su primer y segundo trimestre de vida. Para recabar los datos se utilizó una ficha donde consta información referida a la madre y al bebé. Además se confeccionó otra ficha para recolectar datos de los reflejos, del primer tiempo deglutorio y de la comunicación madre-hijo en el primer y segundo trimestre de vida. Se manifiesta en este estudio que en el primer trimestre los lactantes presentaron desdibujamientos de la actividad refleja, dificultad en el primer tiempo deglutorio y como consecuencia una no adecuada comunicación madre-hijo. Durante el segundo trimestre las conclusiones y resultados a los que se arribaron fueron muy positivos. Los reflejos aparecen con determinadas características, el primer tiempo deglutorio se presentó sin dificultad y la comunicación madre-hijo es muy satisfactoria(AU)

Estudio descriptivo sobre la lactancia materna en niños con sindrome de Down / Description study of the breast feeding in children with Down syndrome

El propósito de este trabajo fue investigar sobre la lactancia materna en bebes nacidos con sindrome de Down que son amamantados. Se intentó averiguar sobre los trastornos que se pueden presentar en la deglución y que pueden llevar a una distorsionada o no adecuada comunicación madre-hijo. Se tomó como población 14 bebés con diagnóstico de sindrome de Down alimentados por el pecho materno que fueron observados y evaluados durante su primer y segundo trimestre de vida. Para recabar los datos se utilizó una ficha donde consta información referida a la madre y al bebé. Además se confeccionó otra ficha para recolectar datos de los reflejos, del primer tiempo deglutorio y de la comunicación madre-hijo en el primer y segundo trimestre de vida. Se manifiesta en este estudio que en el primer trimestre los lactantes presentaron desdibujamientos de la actividad refleja, dificultad en el primer tiempo deglutorio y como consecuencia una no adecuada comunicación madre-hijo. Durante el segundo trimestre las conclusiones y resultados a los que se arribaron fueron muy positivos. Los reflejos aparecen con determinadas características, el primer tiempo deglutorio se presentó sin dificultad y la comunicación madre-hijo es muy satisfactoria