The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant and multidrug-resistant bacteria in urine cultures from inpatients with spinal cord injuries and disorders: an 8-year, single-center study.

BACKGROUND: Patients, especially inpatients, with spinal cord lesions and disorders (SCI/D) have an elevated risk of recurrent urinary tract infections with multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria. This study evaluated antimicrobial resistance and the prevalence of multidrug resistance and determined the risk factors for multidrug resistance. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, urine culture results were used to calculate the antimicrobial resistance rate and the incidence of infection with MDR bacteria in the SCI/D population. MDR was defined as acquired nonsusceptibility to at least one agent from three or more antimicrobial categories. The cohort included 402 inpatients from 2013 to 2020, with 1385 urine isolates. We included only the first isolate; duplicate isolates, defined as positive cultures of the same strain within 14 days, were excluded from the evaluation. RESULTS: The most common MDR strains were Klebsiella spp. (29%) and Escherichia coli (24%). MDR isolates were detected in 50% of the samples and extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolates were detected in 26%, while carbapenem resistance was found in 0.1%. Significantly higher rates of infection with MDR bacteria were identified in groups of patients with indwelling urethral/suprapubic catheters (p = 0.003) and severity scores of C1-C4/AIS A-C (p = 0.01). We identified age (OR: 0.99, 95% CI; 0.98-0.99, p = 0.000), sex (OR: 1.55, 95% CI; 1.16-2.06, p = 0.003), management with urethral/suprapubic catheters (OR: 2.76, 95% CI; 2.04-3.74, p = 0.000), and spontaneous voiding (OR: 1.84, 95% CI; 1.03-3.29, p = 0.038) as independent predictors of multidrug resistance in our study population. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a high antibiotic resistance rate and an increasing prevalence of infection with MDR bacteria in the SCI/D inpatient population. Particular attention should be given to bladder management, with an emphasis on minimizing the use of indwelling catheters.

Multidrug-resistant bacteria in urine culture among patients with spinal cord injury and disorder: Time to first detection and analysis of risk factors.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the time to first detection of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB) in urine culture and identify risk factors associated with the first detection of MDRB (1st MDRB). SETTING: Spinal Care Ward and Department of Microbiology, Regional Hospital Liberec a.s., Liberec, Czech Republic. METHOD: We cultured urine samples from patients in the acute phase of spinal cord injury or disorder (SCI/D). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was defined as acquired nonsusceptibility to at least one agent from three or more antimicrobial categories. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association of bladder management, broad-spectrum antibiotic exposure, mechanical ventilation, pressure ulcers, positive urine culture on admission, and other risk factors with 1st MDRB. We used only the first urine culture with MDRB for evaluation. RESULTS: A total of 655 urine cultures from 246 individuals were evaluated, and 829 isolates were obtained. The MDRB prevalence among all isolates was 40.2%. MDRB was detected in 146 (59.3%) patients for the first time, and 76.0% of these isolates were from patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria. The median time to 1st MDRB was 37 days (95% CI, 33-41). According to multivariate logistic regression, 1st MDRB was associated with bladder management with urethral or suprapubic catheterization (OR: 2.8, 95% CI, 1.1-7.2). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of infections caused by MDRB was high among the SCI/D population, with three-quarters from patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria. Bladder management with an indwelling catheter is associated with an increased risk of 1st MDRB.

Urachal yolk sac tumor penetrating the bladder as a diagnostic challenge: a case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Yolk sac tumor (YST) is a germ cell tumor. It is primarily located in the gonads but can also occur extragonadally (extragonadal yolk sac tumor - EGYST), most commonly in the pelvis, retroperitoneum or mediastinum. Only a few YSTs of the urachus have been described. CASE REPORT: We present a rare case report of a 37-year-old male with episodes of macroscopic hematuria. The histological specimen obtained by transurethral resection showed a solid, and in some parts papillary infiltrative, high-grade tumor with numerous areas of marked nuclear atypia and clear invasion between the detrusor bundles. Glandular pattern has been observed in only minority of the tumor. Immunohistochemistry showed significant positivity for GPC3, SALL4 and cytokeratins AE1/AE3, while KRT7 and GATA3 were negative. We concluded that the biopsy findings were consistent with urothelial carcinoma with infrequent YST differentiation. In definitive surgical specimens we found a malignant epithelial, glandular and cystically arranged tumor of germinal appearance arising from urachus. The surrounding urothelium was free of invasive or in situ tumor changes. We reclassified the tumor as a urachal YST. CONCLUSION: EGYST was suspected because glandular and hepatoid structures were found, but the presence of these structures should be verified by immunohistochemistry.

Intravesical Loss of OnabotulinumtoxinA During Endoscopic Intradetrusor Injection - A Multicenter Experience.

PURPOSE: To evaluate intravesical loss of onabolunumtoxinA (onaBTA) during endoscopic injection into the bladder wall for treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO). The intraluminal loss of onaBTA cannot be determined directly, therefore we added methylene blue (MB) to reconstitute onaBTA. Subsequently we used spectrophotometry to determine the total amount of MB in the irrigation fluid, which allowed us to calculate total intraluminal loss of onaBTA. METHODS: The study population was consisted of 48 patients with NDO. The mean age was 36.6±8.9 years. Forty-two patients suffered from NDO due to spinal cord injury and 6 patients suffered from multiple sclerosis. Each patient received 200 units of onaBTA administered by 30 endoscopic injections (1 mL per injection) using a 23-G needle. The entire volume of irrigation fluid was collected and spectrophotometry was used to determine the MB concentration. The total amount of injected onaBTA, total amount of irrigation solution and the known amount of MB used during reconstitution, allowed for the determination of intravesical loss of onaBTA. RESULTS: Forty-five patients were included in the final analysis. The mean volume of irrigation fluid was 603.33±400.14 mL. The mean absorbance was 0.14±0.12 with the mean MB concentration 0.19±0.18 mg/L. The mean calculated loss of onaBTA was 4.14±4.11 units. CONCLUSION: The endoscopic injection of onaBTA marked by MB into the bladder wall is associated with minimal intravesical loss of the agent, representing less than 3% of the administered dose of MB. This may reflect the amount of the onaBTA detected in the irrigation fluid.