The synergy of halotolerant PGPB and mauran mitigates salt stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) via osmoprotectants accumulation.

Salinity stress is one of the major abiotic factors limiting sustainable agriculture. Halotolerant plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) increased salt stress tolerance in plants, but the mechanisms underlying the tolerance are poorly understood. This study investigated the PGP activity of four halotolerant bacteria under salinity stress and the tomato salt-tolerance mechanisms induced by the synergy of these bacteria with the exopolysaccharide (EPS) mauran. All PGPB tested in this study were able to offer a significant improvement of tomato plant biomass under salinity stress; Peribacillus castrilensis N3 being the most efficient one. Tomato plants treated with N3 and the EPS mauran showed greater tolerance to NaCl than the treatment in the absence of EPS and PGPB. The synergy of N3 with mauran confers salt stress tolerance in tomato plants by increasing sodium transporter genes' expression and osmoprotectant content, including soluble sugars, polyols, proline, GABA, phenols and the polyamine putrescine. These osmolytes together with the induction of sodium transporter genes increase the osmotic adjustment capacity to resist water loss and maintain ionic homeostasis. These findings suggest that the synergy of the halotolerant bacterium N3 and the EPS mauran could enhance tomato plant growth by mitigating salt stress and could have great potential as an inductor of salinity tolerance in the agriculture sector.

Postharvest Treatment with Abscisic Acid Alleviates Chilling Injury in Zucchini Fruit by Regulating Phenolic Metabolism and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant System.

Reports show that phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is involved in reducing zucchini postharvest chilling injury. During the storage of harvested fruit at low temperatures, chilling injury symptoms were associated with cell damage through the production of reactive oxygen species. In this work, we have studied the importance of different non-enzymatic antioxidants on tolerance to cold stress in zucchini fruit treated with ABA. The application of ABA increases the antioxidant capacity of zucchini fruit during storage through the accumulation of ascorbate, carotenoids and polyphenolic compounds. The quantification of specific phenols was performed by UPLC/MS-MS, observing that exogenous ABA mainly activated the production of flavonoids. The rise in all these non-enzymatic antioxidants due to ABA correlates with a reduction in oxidative stress in treated fruit during cold stress. The results showed that the ABA mainly induces antioxidant metabolism during the first day of exposure to low temperatures, and this response is key to avoiding the occurrence of chilling injury. This work suggests an important protective role of non-enzymatic antioxidants and polyphenolic metabolism in the prevention of chilling injury in zucchini fruit.

Signal-to-noise ratio variance impact on the image reconstruction of electrical resistance tomography in solutions with high background conductivity.

Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT) has the potentialities of non-intrusive techniques and high temporal resolution which are essential characteristics for multiphase flow measurements. However, high background conductivities, such as saline water in oil extraction, impose a limitation in ERT image reconstruction. Focusing on the operational limits of an ERT tomography system operating in different conductivity backgrounds from 0.010 to 4.584 S/m, the impact on the image reconstruction was assessed via signal-to-noise variance. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) variance had a strong correlation (p-value = 5.40 × 10-15) with the image reconstruction quality at the threshold of 30 dB, reaching a correlation value of r = -0.92 in the range of 0.010-0.246 S/m. Regarding the position error of the phantom, p-value = 1.30 × 10-5 and r = -0.66 were attained. The global results revealed that the correlation of the mean of the SNR (p-value = 5 × 10-4 and r = 0.55) was kept unaltered through the whole conductivity range, showing that such a statistical index can induce bias in establishing the operational limits of the hardware.

The Lack of Alternative Oxidase 1a Restricts in vivo Respiratory Activity and Stress-Related Metabolism for Leaf Osmoprotection and Redox Balancing Under Sudden Acute Water and Salt Stress in Arabidopsis thaliana.

In plants salt and water stress result in an induction of respiration and accumulation of stress-related metabolites (SRMs) with osmoregulation and osmoprotection functions that benefit photosynthesis. The synthesis of SRMs may depend on an active respiratory metabolism, which can be restricted under stress by the inhibition of the cytochrome oxidase pathway (COP), thus causing an increase in the reduction level of the ubiquinone pool. However, the activity of the alternative oxidase pathway (AOP) is thought to prevent this from occurring while at the same time, dissipates excess of reducing power from the chloroplast and thereby improves photosynthetic performance. The present research is based on the hypothesis that the accumulation of SRMs under osmotic stress will be affected by changes in folial AOP activity. To test this, the oxygen isotope-fractionation technique was used to study the in vivo respiratory activities of COP and AOP in leaves of wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana plants and of aox1a mutants under sudden acute stress conditions induced by mannitol and salt treatments. Levels of leaf primary metabolites and transcripts of respiratory-related proteins were also determined in parallel to photosynthetic analyses. The lack of in vivo AOP response in the aox1a mutants coincided with a lower leaf relative water content and a decreased accumulation of crucial osmoregulators. Additionally, levels of oxidative stress-related metabolites and transcripts encoding alternative respiratory components were increased. Coordinated changes in metabolite levels, respiratory activities and photosynthetic performance highlight the contribution of the AOP in providing flexibility to carbon metabolism for the accumulation of SRMs.

Changes in Morphology, Metabolism and Composition of Cuticular Wax in Zucchini Fruit During Postharvest Cold Storage.

Cuticle composition is an important economic trait in agriculture, as it is the first protective barrier of the plant against environmental conditions. The main goal of this work was to study the role of the cuticular wax in maintaining the postharvest quality of zucchini fruit, by comparing two commercial varieties with contrasting behavior against low temperatures; the cold-tolerant variety 'Natura', and the cold-sensitive 'Sinatra', as well as 'Sinatra' fruit with induced-chilling tolerance through a preconditioning treatment (15°C for 48 h). The freshly-harvested 'Natura' fruit had a well-detectable cuticle with a significant lower permeability and a subset of 15 up-regulated cuticle-related genes. SEM showed that zucchini epicuticular waxes mainly consisted of round-shaped crystals and clusters of them, and areas with more dense crystal deposition were found in fruit of 'Natura' and of preconditioned 'Sinatra'. The cuticular wax load per surface was higher in 'Natura' than in 'Sinatra' fruit at harvest and after 14 days at 4°C. In addition, total cuticular wax load only increased in 'Natura' and preconditioned 'Sinatra' fruit with cold storage. With respect to the chemical composition of the waxes, the most abundant components were alkanes, in both 'Natura' and 'Sinatra', with similar values at harvest. The total alkane content only increased in 'Natura' fruit and in the preconditioned 'Sinatra' fruit after cold storage, whereas the amount of total acids decreased, with the lowest values observed in the fruit that showed less chilling injury (CI) and weight loss. Two esters were detected, and their content also decreased with the storage in both varieties, with a greater reduction observed in the cold-tolerant variety in response to low temperature. Gene expression analysis showed significant differences between varieties, especially in CpCER1-like and CpCER3-like genes, involved in alkane production, as well as in the transcription factors CpWIN1-like and CpFUL1-like, associated with cuticle development and epidermal wax accumulation in other species. These results suggest an important role of the alkane biosynthetic pathway and cuticle morphology in maintaining the postharvest quality of zucchini fruit during the storage at low temperatures.

Láser de baja potencia como coadyuvante en tratamiento endodóntico de pieza con reabsorción interna y lesión apical: reporte de un caso / Use of low level laser as an adjunct in endodontic treatment of teeth with internal resorption and apical lesión

La reabsorción radicular interna es infrecuente en dentición permanente, la mayoría de los casos se observan en dientes anteriores, su etiología no está del todo clara, es por esto que el tratamiento para este tipo de lesiones es la endodoncia. Se presenta el caso de una paciente sexo femenino, 38 años de edad, sin antecedes médicos relevantes, derivada para evaluación de diente 2.2 con mal pronóstico. El diagnóstico es de absceso apical agudo, pieza con reabsorción interna y lesión apical. Se realiza endodoncia con cementos biocerámicos y aplicación de láser terapéutico de 808 nm de longitud de onda, con parámetros específicos para acelerar la reparación del tejido óseo. La terapia de fotobiomodulación con láser de baja potencia parece ser útil como coadyuvante en el proceso de reparación ósea en piezas con lesión apical y reabsorción interna tratadas endodónticamente.

Internal root resorption is infrequent in permanent dentition, most cases are observed in anterior teeth, its etiology is not entirely clear, which is why the treatment for this type of lesion is endodontics.We present the case of a 38-year-old female patient, without relevant medical history, referred for evaluation of tooth 2.2 with a poor prognosis. Diagnosis Acute apical abscess, tooth with internal resorption and apical lesion. Endodontics are performed with bioceramic cements and the application of a 808 nm wavelength therapeutic laser, with specific parameters to accelerate bone tissue repair.Low-level laser photobiomodulation therapy appears to be useful as an adjunct in the bone repair process in endodontically treated teeth with apical lesion and internal resorption.

The alternative oxidase pathway is involved in optimizing photosynthesis in Medicago truncatula infected by Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani.

Phytopathogen infection alters primary metabolism status and plant development. The alternative oxidase (AOX) has been hypothesized to increase under pathogen attack preventing reductions, thus optimizing photosynthesis and growth. In this study, two genotypes of Medicago truncatula, one relatively resistant (Jemalong A17) and one susceptible (TN1.11), were infected with Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani. The in vivo foliar respiratory activities of the cytochrome oxidase pathway (COP) and the alternative oxidase pathway (AOP) were measured using the oxygen isotope fractionation. Gas exchange and photosynthesis-related parameters were measured and calculated together with antioxidant enzymes activities and organic acids contents. Our results show that the in vivo activity of AOX (valt ) plays a role under fungal infection. When infected with R. solani, the increase of valt in A17 was concomitant to an increase in net assimilation, in mesophyll conductance, to an improvement in the maximum velocity of Rubisco carboxylation and to unchanged malate content. However, under F. oxysporum infection, the induced valt was accompanied by an enhancement in the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT; EC1.11.1.6) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX; EC1.11.1.7), activities and to an unchanged tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. These results provide new insight into the role of the in vivo activity of AOX in coordinating primary metabolism interactions that, partly, modulate the relative resistance of M. truncatula to diseases caused by soil-borne pathogenic fungi.

Exogenous γ-aminobutyric acid treatment improves the cold tolerance of zucchini fruit during postharvest storage.

This work examines the effect of a treatment with 1 mM of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on zucchini fruit during postharvest cold storage. Specifically, the effect of GABA on postharvest quality was measured, as well as its implication in the GABA shunt and other related metabolic pathways. The treatments were performed in Sinatra, a variety of zucchini highly sensitive to low-temperature storage. The application of GABA improved the quality of zucchini fruit stored at 4 °C, with a reduction of chilling-injury index, weight loss, and cell death, as well as a lower rate of electrolyte leakage. GABA content was significantly higher in the treated fruit than in the control fruit at all times analyzed. At the end of the storage period, GABA-treated fruit had higher contents of both proline and putrescine. The catabolism of this polyamine was not affected by exogenous GABA. Also, over the long term, the treatment induced the GABA shunt by increasing the activities of the enzymes GABA transaminase (GABA-T) and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). GABA-treated fruit contained higher levels of fumarate and malate than did non-treated fruit, as well as higher ATP and NADH contents. These results imply that the GABA shunt is involved in providing metabolites to produce energy, reduce power, and help the fruit to cope with cold stress over the long term.

Phosphorus concentration coordinates a respiratory bypass, synthesis and exudation of citrate, and the expression of high-affinity phosphorus transporters in Solanum lycopersicum.

Plants exhibit respiratory bypasses (e.g., the alternative oxidase [AOX]) and increase the synthesis of carboxylates in their organs (leaves and roots) in response to phosphorus (P) deficiency, which increases P uptake capacity. They also show differential expression of high-affinity inorganic phosphorus (Pi) transporters, thus avoiding P toxicity at a high P availability. The association between AOX and carboxylate synthesis was tested in Solanum lycopersicum plants grown at different soil P availability, by using plants grown under P-sufficient and P-limiting conditions and by applying a short-term (24 hr) P-sufficient pulse to plants grown under P limitation. Tests were also performed with plants colonized with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which increased plant P concentration under reduced P availability. The in vivo activities of AOX and cytochrome oxidase were measured together with the concentration of carboxylates and the P concentration in plant organs. Gene transcription of Pi transporters (LePT1 and LePT2) was also studied. A coordinated response between plant P concentration with these traits was observed, indicating that a sufficient P availability in soil led to a suppression of both AOX activity and synthesis of citrate and a downregulation of the transcription of genes encoding high-affinity Pi transporters, presumably to avoid P toxicity.

Oxidative Stress Associated with Chilling Injury in Immature Fruit: Postharvest Technological and Biotechnological Solutions.

Immature, vegetable-like fruits are produced by crops of great economic importance, including cucumbers, zucchini, eggplants and bell peppers, among others. Because of their high respiration rates, associated with high rates of dehydration and metabolism, and their susceptibility to chilling injury (CI), vegetable fruits are highly perishable commodities, requiring particular storage conditions to avoid postharvest losses. This review focuses on the oxidative stress that affects the postharvest quality of vegetable fruits under chilling storage. We define the physiological and biochemical factors that are associated with the oxidative stress and the development of CI symptoms in these commodities, and discuss the different physical, chemical and biotechnological approaches that have been proposed to reduce oxidative stress while enhancing the chilling tolerance of vegetable fruits.

The effect of maternal diabetes on the Wnt-PCP pathway during embryogenesis as reflected in the developing mouse eye.

Embryopathies that develop as a consequence of maternal diabetes have been studied intensely in both experimental and clinical scenarios. Accordingly, hyperglycaemia has been shown to downregulate the expression of elements in the non-canonical Wnt-PCP pathway, such as the Dishevelled-associated activator of morphogenesis 1 (Daam1) and Vangl2. Daam1 is a formin that is essential for actin polymerization and for cytoskeletal reorganization, and it is expressed strongly in certain organs during mouse development, including the eye, neural tube and heart. Daam1(gt/gt) and Daam1(gt/+) embryos develop ocular defects (anophthalmia or microphthalmia) that are similar to those detected as a result of hyperglycaemia. Indeed, studying the effects of maternal diabetes on the Wnt-PCP pathway demonstrated that there was strong association with the Daam1 genotype, whereby the embryopathy observed in Daam1(gt/+) mutant embryos of diabetic dams was more severe. There was evidence that embryonic exposure to glucose in vitro diminishes the expression of genes in the Wnt-PCP pathway, leading to altered cytoskeletal organization, cell shape and cell polarity in the optic vesicle. Hence, the Wnt-PCP pathway appears to influence cell morphology and cell polarity, events that drive the cellular movements required for optic vesicle formation and that, in turn, are required to maintain the fate determination. Here, we demonstrate that the Wnt-PCP pathway is involved in the early stages of mouse eye development and that it is altered by diabetes, provoking the ocular phenotype observed in the affected embryos.

Contribution of polyamines and other related metabolites to the maintenance of zucchini fruit quality during cold storage.

In order to investigate the contribution of polyamines and related amino acids in the maintenance of zucchini fruit quality during cold storage, two varieties of Cucurbita pepo with different degrees of chilling tolerance were used, Natura (more tolerant) and Sinatra (moresensitive). After harvest, free putrescine levels decreased during storage at 20 °C, whereas in fruit kept at 4 °C this polyamine accumulated in both varieties, but with higher levels in the sensitive variety (Sinatra). This behavior suggests that putrescine is accumulated as a response to low temperature in zucchini fruit by stress-induced chilling injury, and not due to the postharvest storage itself. ADC activity responds quickly to chilling but sharply decreases after 14 days, whereas its expression remains high in both varieties. ODC activity takes over when the cold stress is relatively severe, as this activity was found to be much higher in Sinatra. ODCexpression also correlated with ODC activity. DAO activity increased in Natura fruit, and conversely decreased in Sinatra fruit during storage at 4 °C, whereas the proline content was higher in Natura and lower in Sinatra. Therefore, we suggest that putrescine degradation and proline accumulation contribute to the acquisition of chilling tolerance in zucchini fruit. GABA content decreased in both varieties, with a greater reduction in Natura fruit and less in Sinatra fruit. In addition, GABA transaminase showed a higher activity in Natura fruit than in Sinatra fruit during cold storage, suggesting that GABA catabolism could be involved in the tolerance to postharvest cold storage in zucchini fruit.

Changes in carbohydrate content in zucchini fruit (Cucurbita pepo L.) under low temperature stress.

The postharvest handling of zucchini fruit includes low-temperature storage, making cold stress unavoidable. We have investigated the changes of soluble carbohydrates under this stress and its relation with weight loss and chilling injury in zucchini fruit during postharvest storage at 4 °C and 20 °C for up to 14 days. Two varieties with different degrees of chilling tolerance were compared: Natura, the more tolerant variety, and Sinatra, the variety that suffered more severe chilling-injury symptoms and weight loss. In both varieties, total soluble carbohydrates, reducing soluble carbohydrates and polyols content was generally higher during storage at 4 °C than at 20 °C, thus these parameters are related to the physiological response of zucchini fruit to cold stress. However, the raffinose content increased in Natura and Sinatra fruits during storage at 4 °C and 20 °C, although at 20 °C the increase in raffinose was more remarkable than at 4 °C in both varieties, so that the role of raffinose could be more likely related to dehydration than to chilling susceptibility of zucchini fruit. Glucose, fructose, pinitol, and acid invertase activity registered opposite trends in both varieties against chilling, increasing in Natura and decreasing in Sinatra. The increase in acid invertase activity in Natura fruit during cold storage could contribute in part to the increase of these reducing sugars, whose metabolism could be involved in the adaptation to postharvest cold storage.

Physiological and biochemical responses of common vetch to the imazamox accumulation.

Common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) is a forage and grain legume, widely distributed throughout the world. Alterations induced by the herbicide imazamox on plant growth, acetohydroxyacid synthase activity, total free amino acids, as well as concentrations of valine, leucine, isoleucine and imazamox in young and mature leaves were investigated at 2 and 7 days after the herbicide application. Plant growth decreased significantly after 7 days of imazamox treatment. The herbicide was detected in both young and mature leaves inducing an inhibition of acetohydroxyacid synthase activity in the former and consequently decreasing valine and leucine contents in this organ. At the same time, the treatment caused an increase of total free amino acids in young leaves, presumably as result of proteolysis stimulation in such conditions. Given that these effects were not observed in mature leaves, we suggest a different sensitivity of the acetohydroxyacid synthase activity to imazamox depending on leaf age. Common vetch seems not to degrade imazamox since the herbicide was accumulated in shoot with increasing treatment time. To our knowledge, no physiological and biochemical studies of common vetch responses to imazamox have been previously reported.

Effects of deep cervical flexor training on pressure pain thresholds over myofascial trigger points in patients with chronic neck pain.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of a low-load training program for the deep cervical flexors (DCFs) on pain, disability, and pressure pain threshold (PPT) over cervical myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) in patients with chronic neck pain. METHODS: Thirty patients with chronic idiopathic neck pain participated in a 6-week program of specific training for the DCF, which consisted of active craniocervical flexion performed twice per day (10-20 minutes) for the duration of the trial. Perceived pain and disability (Neck Disability Index, 0-50) and PPT over MTrPs of the upper trapezius, levator scapulae, and splenius capitis muscles were measured at the beginning and end of the training period. RESULTS: After completion of training, there was a significant reduction in Neck Disability Index values (before, 18.2 ± 12.1; after, 13.5 ± 10.6; P < .01). However, no significant changes in PPT were observed over the MTrPs. CONCLUSION: Patients performing DCF training for 6 weeks demonstrated reductions in pain and disability but did not show changes in pressure pain sensitivity over MTrPs in the splenius capitis, levator scapulae, or upper trapezius muscles.

UTP controls cell surface distribution and vasomotor activity of the human P2Y2 receptor through an epidermal growth factor receptor-transregulated mechanism.

Extracellular nucleotides transmit signals into the cells through the P2 family of cell surface receptors. These receptors are amply expressed in human blood vessels and participate in vascular tone control; however, their signaling mechanisms remain unknown. Here we show that in smooth muscle cells of isolated human chorionic arteries, the activation of the P2Y(2) receptor (P2Y(2)R) induces not only its partition into membrane rafts but also its rapid internalization. Cholesterol depletion with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin reduced the association of the agonist-activated receptor into membrane rafts but did not affect either the UTP-mediated vasoconstrictions or the vasomotor responses elicited by both serotonin and KCl. Ex vivo perfusion of human chorionic artery segments with 1-10 mum UTP, a selective P2Y(2)R agonist, displaced the P2Y(2)R localization into membrane rafts within 1 min, a process preceded by the activation of both RhoA and Rac1 GTPases. AG1478, a selective and potent inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase activity, not only blocked the UTP-induced vasomotor activity but also abrogated both RhoA and Rac1 activation, the P2Y(2)R association with membrane rafts, and its internalization. Altogether, these results show for the first time that the plasma membrane distribution of the P2Y(2)R is transregulated by the epidermal growth factor receptor, revealing an unsuspected functional interplay that controls both the membrane distribution and the vasomotor activity of the P2Y(2)R in intact human blood vessels.

Sodium flux ratio in Na/K pump-channels opened by palytoxin.

Palytoxin binds to Na(+)/K(+) pumps in the plasma membrane of animal cells and opens an electrodiffusive cation pathway through the pumps. We investigated properties of the palytoxin-opened channels by recording macroscopic and microscopic currents in cell bodies of neurons from the giant fiber lobe, and by simultaneously measuring net current and (22)Na(+) efflux in voltage-clamped, internally dialyzed giant axons of the squid Loligo pealei. The conductance of single palytoxin-bound "pump-channels" in outside-out patches was approximately 7 pS in symmetrical 500 mM [Na(+)], comparable to findings in other cells. In these high-[Na(+)], K(+)-free solutions, with 5 mM cytoplasmic [ATP], the K(0.5) for palytoxin action was approximately 70 pM. The pump-channels were approximately 40-50 times less permeable to N-methyl-d-glucamine (NMG(+)) than to Na(+). The reversal potential of palytoxin-elicited current under biionic conditions, with the same concentration of a different permeant cation on each side of the membrane, was independent of the concentration of those ions over the range 55-550 mM. In giant axons, the Ussing flux ratio exponent (n') for Na(+) movements through palytoxin-bound pump-channels, over a 100-400 mM range of external [Na(+)] and 0 to -40 mV range of membrane potentials, averaged 1.05 +/- 0.02 (n = 28). These findings are consistent with occupancy of palytoxin-bound Na(+)/K(+) pump-channels either by a single Na(+) ion or by two Na(+) ions as might be anticipated from other work; idiosyncratic constraints are needed if the two Na(+) ions occupy a single-file pore, but not if they occupy side-by-side binding sites, as observed in related structures, and if only one of the sites is readily accessible from both sides of the membrane.

Inhibition of the catalase activity from Phaseolus vulgaris and Medicago sativa by sodium chloride.

Changes in catalase activity during the development of the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis as well as its response in salinized plants of Phaseolus vulgaris and Medicago sativa, was studied. Besides, it was examined the behavior of the enzyme, isolated from leaves and root nodules, during in vitro incubation with NaCl doses. Nodule catalase activities of both legumes were assayed with several enzyme inhibitors and also purified. Leaf catalase activity of Phaseolus vulgaris and Medicago sativa decreased and increased respectively throughout the ontogeny, but root nodule catalase kept a high and stable value. This last result suggests that both legumes require the maintenance of high nodule catalase in nitrogen-fixing nodules. Under salt stress conditions leaf and nodule catalase activity decreased in both, grain and pasture legumes. Because catalase from leaf of Medicago sativa and nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris were relatively sensitive to NaCl during in vitro experiments, the detoxifying role of this enzyme for H(2)O(2) should be limited in such conditions. Both catalases, from determinate and indeterminate nodules, were affected neither by oxygen nor superoxide radicals but showed a strong (Phaseolus vulgaris) or partial (Medicago sativa) inhibition with dithiothreitol, dithionite and beta-mercaptoethanol. Besides, cyanide was the most potent inhibitor of nodule catalases. Finally, catalases partially purified by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography migrated at 42 (Phaseolus vulgaris) and 46kDa (Medicago sativa) on SDS-PAGE, whereas native forms on sephacryl S-300 columns exhibited a molecular mass of 59 and 48kDa (Phaseolus vulgaris) and 88 and 53kDa (Medicago sativa).

Seguimiento de pacientes con transplante renal + ciclosporina genérica mediante monitoreo C2 en la CCSS / Pursuit of patients with renal transplant + gneric cyclosporin by means of monitoreo C2 in the Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social

En atención a acuerdo a Junta Diectiva, se realizó un seguimiento durante los primeros 6 meses de evolución a todos los pacientes con transplante renal realizados en un periodo de 12 meses (febrero/marzo 2003-febrero 2004). Este se implementó como un Estudio de Utilización de Medicamentos (EUM) y muestra información de una serie no controlada de pacientes; su realización fue oportunamente comunicada a los comités Etico Científico de cada hospital, al CONIS y al CECI-CENDEISSS. En concordancia con los Protocolos de Transplante Renal de los hospitales nacionales donde éstos se realizaron, se registró información de los pacientes que recibieron 94 transplantes de riñón durante el periodo. Se realizó un 1º transplante a 83 pacients, un 2º a 10 pacients y un 3º a 1 paciente; la mayoría de órganos provino de donadores vivos relacionados (53 por ciento), seguido por donadores cadavéricos (37 por ciento) y vivo no relacionado (10 por ciento). Se inició el seguimento con niveles sanguíneos de ciclosporina (2) en 78 pacientes transplantados se obtuvo un registro de 81 por ciento de las determinaciones esperadas. El perfi de los niveles C2 reportados y creatinina estuvieron dentro del rango recomendado. Al final del periodo de observación, 76 (81 por ciento) de todos los tranplantes ralizados estaban funcionantes y, en general, los pacientes se encontraban en buenas condiciones generales; entre éstos, 69 pacientes (91 por ciento) estaban con ciclosporina genérica. Se registró un total de 23 casos (24 por ciento) de rechazo de injerto renal, de los cuales se rescataron exitosamente 20 pacientes (87 por ciento) con los recursos disponibles en la CCSS. En total se perdieron 18 injertos (19 por ciento) por diversas causas: 7 pacientes fallecieron por razones ajenas al transplante, 9 transplantectomías: 8 trombosis y 1 Necrosis tubular Aguda, y 2 rechazos (1 provocado por abandono del control y tratamiento y 1 que no pudo ser rescatado). Como parte del abordaje inmunosupresor con ciclosporina genérica para pacientes con transplante renal, esta serie mostró una sobrevida a 6 meses del 95.8 por ciento, con buena evolución en 69 beneficiados. En conclusión, los resultados obtendios con el presente EUM muestan que el uso de ciclosporina (genérica) como parte de la intervención inmunosupresora, contribuyó al éxito de los transplantes de riñón, tal como se esperaba según la información científica disponible.

Insuficiencia renal aguda en paciente con trasplante renal, en tratamiento conjunto de enalapril y ciclosporina (Presentación de un caso) / Acute renal insufficiency in patient with renal transplant, joint cyclosporin treatment enalapril. (Presentation of a case)

Se reporta la combinación de ciclosporina e inhibidores de enzima convertidora de angiotensina (iECA) en un paciente con trasplante renal. Este efecto es relativamente frecuente. Se revisa la literatura. Es importante recordar este efecto secundario, y prevenirlo.