LSD1 mediates microbial metabolite butyrate-induced thermogenesis in brown and white adipose tissue.

OBJECTIVE: The gut microbiota regulates thermogenesis to benefit metabolic homeostasis at least partially via its metabolite butyrate, and the underlying mechanisms of this regulation are still unclear. In this study, we aim to investigate the role of lysine specific demethylase (LSD1), a histone demethylase and important regulator of thermogenesis, in mediating gut microbial metabolite butyrate regulation of thermogenesis. METHODS: The antibiotic cocktail (ABX) was administrated to deplete gut microbiota. Adipose-specific LSD1 knockout mice (LSD1 aKO) were generated by crossing LSD1-lox/lox with adiponectin-cre mice and sodium butyrate and dietary fiber inulin was administrated through oral-gavage. Primary stromal vascular cells were isolated from adipose tissues and differentiated to adipocytes for studying butyrate effects on adipocyte thermogenesis. RESULTS: The antibiotic cocktail (ABX)-mediated depletion of the gut microbiota in mice downregulated the expression of LSD1 in both brown adipose tissue (BAT) and subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT) in addition to uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and body temperature. Gavage of the microbial metabolite butyrate in ABX-treated mice reversed the thermogenic functional impairment and LSD1 expression. The adipose-specific ablation of LSD1 in mice attenuated the butyrate-mediated induction of thermogenesis and energy expenditure. Notably, our results showed that butyrate directly increased the expression of LSD1 and UCP1 as well as butyrate transporter monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) and catabolic enzyme acyl-CoA medium-chain synthetase 3 (ACSM3) in ex vivo cultured adipocytes. The inhibition of MCT1 blocked the effects of butyrate in adipocytes. Furthermore, the butyrate-mediated prevention of diet-induced obesity (DIO) through increased thermogenesis was attenuated in LSD1 aKO mice. Moreover, after gavaging HFD-fed mice with the dietary fiber inulin, a substrate of microbial fermentation that rapidly produces butyrate, thermogenesis in both BAT and scWAT was increased, and DIO was decreased; however, these beneficial metabolic effects were blocked in LSD1 aKO mice. CONCLUSIONS: Together, our results indicate that the microbial metabolite butyrate regulates thermogenesis in BAT and scWAT through the activation of LSD1.

Effects of dietary zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth performance and antioxidative status in broilers.

Broilers in four groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 60 mg/kg zinc oxide (60-ZnO; control), or 20, 60, or 100 mg/kg ZnO nanoparticles (20-, 60-, and 100-nano-ZnO, respectively). Compared with the controls, after 14 days, birds in the 20- and 60-nano-ZnO groups had significantly greater weight gains and better feed conversion ratios. However, the body weight of birds in the 100-nano-ZnO group was dramatically reduced after 28 days. Relative to the control group, the total antioxidant capability (T-AOC) in serum and liver tissue was significantly higher in the 20-nano-ZnO group at all time points and also significantly higher in the 60- and 100-nano-ZnO groups in serum on days 28 and 35 and in liver tissues on days 21 and 28. Compared with the controls, the activity of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn-SOD) was significantly greater in the 60- and 100-nano-ZnO groups in serum on days 28 and 35 and in liver tissues after 21 days. Catalase activity in serum samples was significantly higher in the 20- and 60-nano-ZnO groups relative to the control and 100-nano-ZnO birds, but catalase activity in liver tissue was not affected by different nano-ZnO levels. Malondialdehyde content in serum and liver tissues was significantly reduced in the 20-, 60-, and 100-nano-ZnO groups compared with that in the control group at all time points except day 42. Taken together, our data indicate that appropriate concentration of dietary ZnO nanoparticles improves growth performance and antioxidative capabilities in broilers, and 20 mg/kg nano-ZnO is the optimal concentration.

5-Hydroxytryptamine levels in the pulmonary arterioles of broilers with induced pulmonary hypertension and its relationship to pulmonary vascular remodelling.

This experiment was performed to explore the relationship between 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels in pulmonary arterioles and in pulmonary vascular remodelling in broilers. Pulmonary arterial hypertension was induced by injecting cellulose microparticles intravenously. Pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS) morbidity, right ventricle/total ventricle weight ratio (RV/TV), packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (HB), vessel wall area to vessel total area ratio (WA/TA) and mean tunica media thickness in pulmonary arterioles (mMTPA) were measured. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region proteins (Ag-NORs) and 5-HT content in pulmonary arterioles were determined. The results showed that injecting cellulose microparticles intravenously in broilers could successfully increase the PHS morbidity, significantly elevate RV/TV, PCV and HB, significantly increase mMTPA and WA/TA, and significantly increase the argyrophilic particles in smooth muscle cell nucleoli, PCNA-positive cells in the medial layer, and the 5-HT content in pulmonary arterioles. Correlation analysis showed that the level of 5-HT was strongly positively correlated with PCNA and Ag-NORs. The results indicated that the increase of 5-HT in the tunica media could possibly promote the proliferation of smooth muscle cells in pulmonary arterioles and thus the occurrence of pulmonary vascular remodelling.

Na+/H+ exchanger 1 gene expression in tissues of yellow chicken.

The Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 1 (NHE1) transmembrane protein regulates intracellular pH, cell survival, cell growth, cell differentiation and plays a critical role in the progression of some diseases, including the pathogenesis of J avian leukosis. The chicken is an ideal model to study the function of NHE1 because it has developed highly efficient Na(+)-absorptive mechanisms in its small and large intestines. To date, there has been no detailed expression analysis to determine NHE1 expression in various tissues of the chicken. We determined the mRNA and protein expression levels of avian NHE1 by real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical analysis. NHE1 mRNA was detected in all chicken tissues examined. Protein expression levels varied widely among tissues and did not always correlate with mRNA expression. Determining the mRNA and protein of NHE1 expression patterns in chicken should help to delineate the NHE1 role in different tissues and its contribution to physiological and pathological processes. These data provide the basis for examining the distinct function of chicken NHE1 compared with its mammalian counterpart.

Expression of PDGF-beta receptor in broilers with pulmonary hypertension induced by cold temperature and its association with pulmonary vascular remodeling.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to characterize the relationship between platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor (PDGF-beta receptor) expression and pulmonary vascular remodeling found in broilers subjected to cold temperature beginning at 14 days of age. METHOD: One hundred and sixty-one-day-old mixed-sex Avian-2000 commercial broilers were randomly divided into a normal temperature group (control) and a cold temperature group (cold). All the birds were brooded in normal temperature up to day 14, with the lighting schedule at 24 h per day. Starting at day 14, birds in the cold group were moved to a pen in the cold house and subjected to low temperature, while birds in the control group were still brooded at normal temperature. On days 14, 23, 30, 37 and 44, the right/total ventricle weight ratio (RV/TV), packed cell volume (PCV), the vessel wall area to vessel total area ratio (WA/TA), mean media thickness in pulmonary arterioles (mMTPA) and the expression of PDGF-beta receptor in pulmonary arterioles were measured, respectively. Cumulative pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS) morbidity was recorded in each group. RESULTS: Cool ambient temperature increased PHS morbidity of broilers. The values of WA/TA and mMTPA were also increased significantly compared with control group. PCV values in the cold temperature group were elevated from days 30 to 44, and RV/TV ratios were increased on days 37 and 44. Cold exposure enhanced PDGF-beta receptor expression in pulmonary arterioles, and the PDGF-beta receptor expression was significantly correlated with pulmonary vascular remodeling that was dedicated by increased WA/TA and mMTPA. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that PDGF-beta and its receptor were involved in the underlying mechanisms of pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertensive broilers.

Reduced PKCalpha expression in pulmonary arterioles of broiler chickens is associated with early feed restriction.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of early feed restriction on protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha) expression in pulmonary arterioles, which has been revealed to promote pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertensive broilers. METHODS: A total of 270day-old mixed sex commercial broilers were randomly distributed to a normal temperature control group (NT), a low temperature control group (LT) and a low temperature plus feed restriction group (LR). The PHS incidence, the right/total ventricular weight ratio (RV/TV), the vessel wall area/vessel total area ratio (WA/TA), the mean media thickness in pulmonary arterioles (mMTPA) and the expression of PKCalpha in the pulmonary arterioles were measured weekly. RESULTS: Low temperature treatment significantly increased the PHS mortality. The RV/TV, WA/TA and mMTPA values of group LT were significantly elevated compared with those of group NT on d 35 and 42. The LT chickens had increased PKCalpha expression compared with their NT counterparts on d 28 and afterwards. Feed restriction reduced the PHS mortality, RV/TV, WA/TA and mMTPA in cold-exposed broilers. The LR chickens had much lower PKCalpha expression in pulmonary arterioles than the LT chickens. CONCLUSION: Early time feed restriction inhibited pulmonary vascular remodeling in broilers, which might be partly attributed to reduced PKCalpha expression in pulmonary arterioles.

The injury effect of oxygen free radicals in vitro on cultured pulmonary artery endothelial cells from broilers.

Pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC) were isolated from broilers by the method of tissue explantation. The cells were identified using morphological features and immunocytochemical staining using a specific antiserum against factor VIII related antigen. Xanthine/Xanthine oxidase (X/XO) served as the oxygen free radical (OFR) generating system. In vitro model of oxidative injury of PAEC was established based on the X/XO system. The effect of OFR on the growth and viability of PAEC was determined with methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) colorimetric assay. Malondialdehyde (MDA, a product of lipid peroxidation) in culture medium of PAEC was detected by a thiobarbituric acid colorimetric assay. The results showed that PAEC survive in vitro and can be subcultured for 5-6 passages. Morphological and immunocytochemical observations of cultured cells demonstrated specific characteristics of endothelial cells. PAECs were severely damaged by OFR. The viability of cells was reduced by the X/XO system, and a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability was found with increasing XO dosages. OFR promoted lipid peroxidation of PAEC and increased the MDA concentration in culture media. These results suggest that OFR can injure the endothelial cells from broiler pulmonary arteries in vitro, which confirms previous results obtained in vivo. Oxidative injury may play an important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension syndrome in broiler.

L-arginine prevents reduced expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in pulmonary arterioles of broilers exposed to cool temperatures.

This study investigated nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression in the endothelium of pulmonary arterioles of broilers during the development of pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS). PHS was triggered by exposing broilers to sub-thermoneutral (cool) temperatures and an additional 1.0% L-arginine was added to the basal diet to evaluate the effects of supplemental L-arginine on nitric oxide (NO) production, endothelial NOS expression, and the incidence of PHS. Cumulative mortality from PHS, right/total ventricle weight ratios (RV/TV), and body weights were recorded. Plasma NO concentration and NOS expression in the endothelium of pulmonary arterioles with an outer diameter ranging from 100 to 200 microm were determined. Birds exposed to cool temperatures had increased pulmonary hypertension and PHS mortality and diminished endothelial NOS expression. Supplemental dietary L-arginine reduced PHS mortality and elicited higher NOS expression within the pulmonary endothelium coincident with elevated NO production. The results demonstrated that broilers developing PHS exhibited diminished NOS expression in the endothelium of their pulmonary arterioles. Supplemental L-arginine prevented the reduced expression of NOS in the pulmonary endothelium, which might contribute to the increased production of NO by the pulmonary vasculature.

L-Arginine inhibiting pulmonary vascular remodelling is associated with promotion of apoptosis in pulmonary arterioles smooth muscle cells in broilers.

OBJECTIVE: Pulmonary vascular remodelling is one of the important pathological bases of broiler pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS). Nitric oxide (NO) has been found to inhibit proliferation and to induce apoptosis in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (SMC) in mammals with pulmonary hypertension. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of NO precursor l-arginine on pulmonary vascular remodelling in broilers with pulmonary hypertension induced by cold exposure and to examine whether NO-induced apoptosis in pulmonary arteriole SMC is involved in the regulatory mechanisms. METHODS: Two hundred and forty mixed-sex commercial broilers were equally assigned to three groups and reared in normal brooding temperatures before day 14. Starting on day 14 continuing until the end of the experiment, the control group was brooded in normal temperatures whereas the other two groups were subjected to low ambient temperatures with or without l-arginine added to the basal diets. Cumulative PHS mortality and body weight were recorded in each group. Right/total ventricle ratio (RV/TV), plasma NO concentration and pulmonary vascular morphological changes were analyzed. TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay was used to detect apoptosis in pulmonary arteriole SMC. RESULT: l-Arginine, in group A, had no effect on body weights under cold temperature condition. Birds kept in group B had increased PHS mortality, RV/TV ratio, vessel wall area/vessel total area ratios (WA/TA) and mean media thickness in pulmonary arterioles (mMTPA) (P<0.05). Percentages of apoptotic SMC in pulmonary arterioles in group B were not altered by cold exposure (P>0.05). Supplemental dietary l-arginine in group A elevated plasma NO level (P<0.05), reduced PHS mortality (P<0.05), attenuated pulmonary vascular remodelling and increased the percentages of apoptotic SMC (P<0.05) when compared with the group B. CONCLUSION: Supplemental l-arginine partially inhibited pulmonary vascular remodelling that occurred secondary to increased pulmonary pressure; NO-induced apoptosis in arteriole SMC might contribute to its regulatory effect on pulmonary vascular structural changes.

Activation of PKCalpha and pulmonary vascular remodelling in broilers.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was conducted to examine the presence of protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha) in the pulmonary arterioles of broilers during the development of pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodelling. METHOD: One hundred and sixty day-old Avian-2000 broilers were divided equally into a control group and a cold temperature group. All the birds were reared in normal temperatures up to day 14, with the lighting schedule at 24 h per day. Thereafter, birds in the cold temperature group were subjected to low temperature by lowering 1-2 degrees C per day to 12-14 degrees C, and then kept constant until day 49, while birds in the control group were still brooded at normal temperatures. All the birds were fed a diet of pellets throughout the study. Samples of blood were taken from the wing vein, and of heart and lung collected after the birds were killed with an overdose of sodium pentobarbitial, at days 24, 32, 39 and 45 of age, respectively. Right ventricle to total ventricle ratio (RV/TV) and packed cell volume (PCV) were measured. Vessel wall area to vessel total area ratio (WA/TA) and mean media thickness in pulmonary arterioles (mMTPA) was examined using computer-image analytic software. Expression of PKC in pulmonary muscular arterioles was assessed by immunohistochemistry and quantified by measuring optical density (OD) using computer-image analytic software. RESULTS: The incidence of pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS) was 12.5% in birds exposed to cold, and 3.75% in the control group (P<0.05). PCV in the cold temperature group was elevated after day 32 (P<0.05), and RV/TV ratio increased on day 45 (P<0.05). Both the WA/TA and mMTPA of birds subjected to cold were significantly elevated (P<0.05). The OD values were not significantly increased before day 32 (P>0.05), however, one week later (at day 39 of age), the difference between the two groups was significant (P<0.05). The increased PKCalpha expression was positively correlated with the values of mMTPA and WA/TA. CONCLUSION: PKCalpha expression was up-regulated during the development of pulmonary hypertension. The activation of PKCalpha might be involved in the development of pulmonary vascular remodelling.