The completed mitochondrial genomes of Globodera vulgaris reveals new insights into the genus Globodera phylogeny.

Due to the highly conserved structure, animal mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) is widely used in classification, evolution, phylogeny, population genetic structure and other fields. We reported on the five circle multipartite mtDNAs of a newly described species of Globodera, Globodera vulgaris (Gv) from potatoes in China. The results showed that the mtDNA of Gv was obtained through second- and third-generation sequencing, with a total length of 42,995 bp. It contained 12 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes and 17 tRNA genes, which were distributed in different subgenomic circles. Comparison of the differences in mtDNA among Gv, G. rostochiensis, G. pallida and G. ellingtonae showed that the size and arrangement of the genes in the mtDNA of the genus Globodera were variable and not conserved. The codon usage bias of the mitochondrial protein-coding gene of Gv showed that Gv might have originated from locally and more primitive group of existing Globodera. Based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunits I genes (COX1) and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunits I genes (ND1), and the results showed that Gv was clustered with Globodera spp. according to the COX1 and ND1 in scmtDNA-V, while Gv was clustered with Meloidogyne spp. according to ND1 in scmtDNA-III. The results of this study provided a new basis for understanding the multipartite structure of mtDNA as a phylogenetic and taxonomic feature of the genus Globodera. The number of subgenomic circles is a diagnostic feature of species and the arrangement order and size of mitochondrial protein-coding genes also have important application value in species identification within the genus.

Morphological and Molecular Characterization, Including Parasitic and Pathogenic Studies of a New Spherical Cyst Nematode Species, Globodera vulgaris n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae), Associated with Potatoes in China.

In this study, a new spherical cyst nematode belonging to the genus Globodera, herein described as Globodera vulgaris n. sp., was extracted from the roots and rhizosphere soil of potato and circumjacent weeds belonging to different families in three provinces in southwest China. The new species was characterized by 8 to 24 ridges between the anus and fenestra and an average Granek's ratio of 2.8 to 3.8 in cysts, a head with three to four annules, a dorsal knob anteriorly projected, ventral knobs round or anteriorly projected in second stage juveniles, a head with three to five annules, a short spicule with an average length of less than 30.0 µm, and a developed velum in males. Pathogenicity tests showed that G. vulgaris n. sp. infected potato but did not damage or affect the potato yield compared with the control, and it parasitized tomato with a low reproduction rate (RF < 1) while it did not parasitize tobacco (RF = 0). The new species was closely related to G. rostochiensis, based on molecular diagnostic marker sequences and constructed phylogenetic analysis, based on internal transcribed spacers of ribosomal DNA, large-subunit rDNA, and small-subunit rDNA. However, the new species exhibited differences from G. rostochiensis in terms of morphological characteristics, a wide host preference, lack of damage to hosts, and an egg-hatching rate induced by hatching factors.