Mother-daughter technique for kinked catheter retrieval from radial artery.

Catheter kinking is not an uncommon scenario during cardiac catheterization via transradial access in patients with tortuous vascular anatomy. Several noninvasive and invasive methods have been described to unkink and retrieve the kinked catheter out of the vessel. We present a novel mother-daughter technique to retrieve a kinked radial artery catheter.

Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease on Revascularization and Outcomes in Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is associated with worse outcomes. We assessed the impact of CKD on guideline directed coronary revascularization and outcomes among STEMI patients. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample dataset from 2012-2014 was used to identify patients with STEMI using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. Patients were categorized as non-CKD, CKD without dialysis, and CKD with dialysis (CKD-HD). Outcomes were revascularization, death and acute renal failure requiring dialysis (ARFD). A total of 534,845 were included (88.9% non-CKD; 9.6% CKD without dialysis, and 1.5% CKD-HD). PCI was performed in 77.4% non-CKD, 56.2% CKD without dialysis, and 48% CKD-HD patients (p < 0.0001). In-hospital mortality and ARFD were significantly higher in CKD patients (16.5% and 40.6%) compared with non-CKD patients (7.12% and 7.17%) (p < 0.0001). In-hospital mortality was significantly lower in patients treated revascularization compared with patients treated medically (non-CKD: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.280, p < 0.0001; CKD without dialysis: aOR 0.39, p < 0.0001; CKD-HD: aOR 0.48, p < 0.0001). CKD was associated with higher length of hospital stay and cost (5.86 ± 13.97, 7.57 ± 26.06 and 3.99 ± 11.09 days; p < 0.0001; $25,696 ± $63,024, $35,666 ± $104,940 and $23,264 ± $49,712; p < 0.0001 in non-CKD, CKD without dialysis and CKD-HD patients respectively). In conclusion, CKD patients with STEMI receive significantly less PCI compared with patients without CKD. Coronary revascularization for STEMI in CKD patients was associated with lower mortality compared to medical management. The presence of CKD in patients with STEMI is associated with higher mortality and ARFD, prolonged hospital stay and higher hospital cost.

In-hospital outcomes after transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair in patients with chronic kidney disease: An analysis from the 2010-2016 National inpatient sample.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the outcomes following transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair (TMVr) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). BACKGROUND: Percutaneous TMVr is beneficial in high surgical risk patients with severe mitral regurgitation (MR). However, those with CKD are not well studied. METHODS: Utilizing the International Classification of Disease (ninth and tenth revision, clinical modification codes) and the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database, we identified 9,228 patients who underwent TMVr during 2010-2016, including those with no or mild CKD (group 1, n = 6,654 [72.11%]), moderate or severe CKD (group 2, n = 2,125 [23.03%]) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on dialysis (group 3, n = 449 [4.86%]). In-hospital clinical outcomes, length of stay and cost were assessed. RESULTS: In-hospital mortality increased numerically as CKD severity increased, but not statistically different between groups (1.8, 3.3, and 4.5% respectively in group 1, 2, and 3, p = .07). Moderate to severe CKD (group 2) was an independent predictor of acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis (ARFD) (OR: 3.51, CI: 2.33-5.28, p < .0001), the composite outcome of death, ARFD or stroke [OR: 3.15, 95% CI: 2.10-4.76, p < .0001] and extended length of stay [OR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.24-2.42), p = .001] while ESRD (group 3) was an independent predictor of higher hospital cost [OR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.01-2.74), p = .04] as compared with no or mild CKD (group 1). CONCLUSIONS: High surgical risk patients with severe MR commonly have associated comorbidities including CKD. TMVr outcomes appear to worsen with worsening CKD and therefore careful clinical case selection and further studies evaluating TMVr outcomes in CKD patients is warranted.

Bivalirudin Versus Heparin During Intervention in Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials.

INTRODUCTION: Bivalirudin and heparin are the two most commonly used anticoagulants used during Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI). The results of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) comparing bivalirudin versus heparin monotherapy in the era of radial access are controversial, questioning the positive impact of bivalirudin on bleeding. The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize the results of RCTs comparing the efficacy and safety of bivalirudin versus heparin with or without Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors (GPI). METHODS: This systematic review was performed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses PRISMA statements for reporting systematic reviews. We searched the National Library of Medicine PubMed, Clinicaltrial.gov and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials to include clinical studies comparing bivalirudin with heparin in patients undergoing PCI. Sixteen studies met inclusion criteria and were reviewed for the summary. FINDINGS: Several RCTs and meta-analyses have demonstrated the superiority of bivalirudin over heparin plus routine GPI use in terms of preventing bleeding complications but at the expense of increased risk of ischemic complications such as stent thrombosis. The hypothesis of post- PCI bivalirudin infusion to mitigate the risk of acute stent thrombosis has been tested in various RCTs with conflicting results. In comparison, heparin offers the advantage of having a reversible agent, of lower cost and reduced incidence of ischemic complications. CONCLUSION: Bivalirudin demonstrates its superiority over heparin plus GPI with better clinical outcomes in terms of less bleeding complications, thus making it as anticoagulation of choice particularly in patients at high risk of bleeding. Further studies are warranted for head to head comparison of bivalirudin to heparin monotherapy to establish an optimal heparin dosing regimen and post-PCI bivalirudin infusion to affirm its beneficial effect in reducing acute stent thrombosis.

Safety and efficacy of radial versus femoral access for rotational Atherectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Over the recent years, there has been increased interest in the use of transradial (TR) access for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), including rotational atherectomy (RA). However, a large proportion of operators seem to be reluctant to use TR access for complex PCI including rotational atherectomy for heavily calcified coronary lesions. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, ClinicalTrials.gov and the Cochrane Library for studies comparing radial versus femoral access in patients undergoing RA. Studies were included if they reported at least one of the following outcomes in each group separately: major adverse cardiac events (MACE), major bleeding, stent thrombosis, myocardial infarction (MI), hospital length of stay, radiation exposure, procedure time, procedure success and all-cause mortality. Odds ratio (OR) or mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated and a p-value of <0.05 was considered as a level of significance. RESULTS: This meta-analysis included 5 retrospective studies with 3315 patients undergoing RA via radial access and 5838 patients via femoral access. Radial access was associated with lower major access site bleeding (OR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.31-0.67, p < 0.001), and radiation exposure (MD: -16.1, 95%CI: -25.4--6.7 Gy cm2, p = 0.0007). There were no significant differences observed in all-cause in-hospital mortality (OR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.69-1.23, p = 0.58); MACE (OR: 0.80, CI: 0.63, 1.02, p = 0.08), stent thrombosis (OR: 0.28, 95%CI: 0.06-1.33 p = 0.11); and MI (OR: 0.43, 95%CI: 0.15-1.24, p = 0.12). There were no significant differences in hospital stay, procedure time or procedure success between the two groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis of 9153 patients from observational studies demonstrates similar all-cause mortality, MACE, procedural success and procedural time during RA performed using TR access and TF access. However, TR access was associated with decreased access site bleeding and radiation exposure. Given the observational nature of these findings, a randomized controlled trial is warranted for further evidence.

Drug-Eluting Versus Bare Metal Stents in Saphenous Vein Graft Intervention: An Updated Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.

BACKGROUND: Drug eluting stents (DES) are preferred over bare metal stents (BMS) for native coronary artery revascularization unless contraindicated. However, the preferred stent choice for saphenous venous graft (SVG) percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) is unclear due to conflicting results. METHODS: PubMed, Clinical trials registry and the Cochrane Center Register of Controlled Trials were searched through June 2018. Seven studies (n = 1639) comparing DES versus BMS in SVG-PCI were included. Endpoints were major adverse cardiac events (MACE), cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), target vessel revascularization (TVR), target lesion revascularization (TLR), in-stent thrombosis, binary in-stent restenosis, and late lumen loss (LLL). RESULTS: Overall, during a mean follow up of 32.1 months, there was no significant difference in the risk of MACE, cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, MI, stent thrombosis, TVR and TLR between DES and BMS. However, short-term follow up (mean 11 months) showed lower rate of MACE (OR 0.66 [0.51, 0.85]; p = 0.002), TVR (OR 0.47 [0.23, 0.97]; p = 0.04) and binary in-stent restenosis (OR 0.14 [0.06, 0.37]; p < 0.0001) in DES as compared with BMS. This benefit was lost on long-term follow up with a mean follow up 35.5 months. CONCLUSION: In this meta-analysis of SVG-PCI, DES use was associated with similar MACE, cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, MI, in-stent thrombosis, TVR and TLR compared with BMS during long-term follow up. There was high incidence of MACE noted in both DES and BMS suggesting a need for exploring novel strategies to treat SVG disease to improve clinical outcomes.

Management of post-myocardial infarction ventricular septal defects: A critical assessment.

BACKGROUND: Post-myocardial infarction (MI) ventricular septal defects (PIVSD) are an uncommon but life-threatening complication of acute MI. Although surgical closure has been the standard of care, mortality, and recurrence of VSD remain high even after emergent surgery. Transcatheter VSD closure (TCC) devices have become an alternative or adjunct to surgical closure. METHODS: Online database search was performed for studies that included adults with PIVSD who underwent medical treatment (MT) alone, surgical closure (SC) (early or late), and TCC (early, late, or for post-surgical residual VSD). RESULTS: Twenty-six studies were included with a total of 737 patients who underwent either MT (N = 100), SC (early (n = 167), late (n = 100)), and TCC (early (n = 176), late (n = 115), or post-surgical residual VSD (n = 79)). The 30-day mortality among MT group was 92 ± 6.3%, among SC was 61 ± 22.5% (early 56 ± 23%, late 41 ± 30%), and for all TCC patients was 33 ± 24% (early 54 ± 32.7%, late 16 ± 26%), and TCC for post-surgical residual VSD 11 ± 34.9%. The mortality among overall SC, overall TCC and early TCC groups was significantly lower as compared with the MT (P < 0.001 for all comparisons). The overall mortality among all TCC, and late TCC groups was significantly lower when compared with the late SC (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Closure of PIVSD decreases mortality as compared with MT alone and should be attempted as early as possible after diagnosis. Selection of TCC versus SC should be based on factors including complexity of the defect, availability of closure devices, expertise of the operator, and clinical condition of patient.

Outcomes of Saphenous Vein Graft Intervention With and Without Embolic Protection Device: A Comprehensive Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Current guidelines give a class I recommendation to use of embolic protection devices (EPD) for saphenous vein graft (SVG) intervention; however, studies have shown conflicting results. The objective of this meta-analysis is to compare all-cause mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events, myocardial infarction (MI), or target vessel revascularization in SVG intervention with and without EPD. METHODS AND RESULTS: Literature was searched through October 2016. Eight studies (n=52 893) comparing SVG intervention performed with EPD (n=11 506) and without EPD (n=41 387) were included. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality (odds ratio [OR], 0.79; confidence interval [CI], 0.55-1.12; P=0.19), major adverse cardiovascular events (OR, 0.73, CI, 0.51-1.05; P=0.09), target vessel revascularization (OR, 1.0; CI, 0.95-1.05; P=0.94), periprocedural MI (OR, 1.12; CI, 0.65-1.90, P=0.69), and late MI (OR, 0.80; CI, 0.52-1.23; P=0.30) between the 2 groups. Sensitivity analysis excluding CathPCI Registry study showed no difference in periprocedural MI, late MI, and target vessel revascularization; however, it favored EPD use in all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events. Further sensitivity analysis including only observational studies revealed no difference in all-cause mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events, target vessel revascularization, and late MI. Additional analysis after excluding CathPCI Registry study revealed no difference in outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: This study including 52 893 patients suggests no apparent benefit in routine use of EPD during SVG intervention in the contemporary real-world practice. Further randomized clinical trials are needed in current era to evaluate long-term outcomes in routine use of EPD, and meanwhile, current guideline recommendations on EPD use should be revisited.

Diagnostic Value of Noninvasive Computed Tomography Perfusion Imaging and Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography for Assessing Hemodynamically Significant Native Coronary Artery Lesions.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study is to determine the diagnostic performance of computed tomography perfusion (CTP) with and without computed tomography angiography (CTA) in assessment of hemodynamically significant coronary artery lesions in comparison to invasive fractional flow reserve (FFR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: PubMed and Cochrane Center Register of Controlled Trials from January 2010 searched through December 2014. Nine original studies were selected evaluating the diagnostic performance of CTP with and without CTA to invasive coronary angiography in evaluation of hemodynamic significance of coronary lesions (n = 951). RESULTS: The sensitivity, specificity, LR+ and LR- and DOR of CTA+CTP were 0.85 [95% confidence interval (CI: 0.79-0.89)] 0.94 (CI: 0.91-0.97), 15.8 (CI: 7.99-31.39), 0.146 (CI: 0.08-0.26), and 147.2 (CI: 69.77-310.66). Summary Receiver Operating Characteristics (SROC) results showed area under the curve (AUC) of 0.97 indicating that CTA+CTP may detect hemodynamically significant coronary artery lesions with high accuracy. The sensitivity, specificity, LR+ and LR- and DOR of CTP were 0.83 (CI: 0.78-0.87), 0.84 (CI: 0.80-0.87) 5.26 (CI: 2.93-9.43), 0.209 (CI: 0.12-0.36), and 31.97 (CI: 11.59-88.20). CONCLUSIONS: This result suggests that CTP with CTA significantly improves diagnostic performance of coronary artery lesions compared to CTA alone and closely comparable with invasive FFR.

Association Between Multiple Modifiable Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease and Hypertension among Asymptomatic Patients in Central Appalachia.

OBJECTIVES: The central Appalachian region of the United States is disproportionately burdened with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and associated risk factors; however, research to inform clinical practice and policies and programs is sparse. This study aimed to examine the association between multiple modifiable risk factors for CVD and hypertension in asymptomatic patients in central Appalachia. METHODS: Between January 2011 and December 2012, 1629 asymptomatic individuals from central Appalachia participated in screening for subclinical atherosclerosis. Participants were asked to report their hypertension status (yes/no). In addition, data on two nonmodifiable risk factors (sex, age) and five modifiable risk factors (obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, and sedentary lifestyle) were collected. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess association between hypertension and risk factors. RESULTS: Of the 1629 participants, approximately half (49.8%) had hypertension. Among people with hypertension, 31.4% were obese and 62.3% had hypercholesterolemia. After adjusting for sex and age, obesity and diabetes mellitus were associated with a more than twofold increased odds of having hypertension (odds ratio [OR] 2.02, confidence interval [CI] 1.57-2.60 and OR 2.30, CI 1.66-3.18, respectively). Hypercholesterolemia and sedentary lifestyle were associated with higher odds for hypertension (OR 1.26, CI 1.02-1.56 and OR 1.38, CI 1.12-1.70, respectively), compared with referent groups. Having two, three, and four to five modifiable risk factors was associated with increased odds of having hypertension by about twofold (OR 1.72, CI 1.21-2.44), 2.5-fold (OR 2.55, CI 1.74-3.74), and sixfold (OR 5.96, CI 3.42-10.41), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the odds of having hypertension increases with a higher number of modifiable risk factors for CVD. As such, implementing an integrated CVD program for treating and controlling modifiable risk factors for hypertension would likely decrease the future risk of CVD.

Polymer-Free Drug-Coated Coronary Stents in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease at High Bleeding Risk.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and a high risk of bleeding are not ideal candidates for a polymer-based drug-eluting stent (DES) because it requires 6-12 months of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The purpose of this review is to assess the angiographic and clinical outcomes of polymer-free drug-coated stents (PF-DCS) in stable CAD patients with a high bleeding risk. RECENT FINDINGS: Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have compared angiographic and clinical outcomes of PF-DCS with bare-metal stents (BMS), permanent polymer (PP)-DES, or biodegradable polymer (BP)-DES. However, none of these studies particularly recruited patients with stable CAD and a high risk of bleeding. Furthermore, there are limited data available on duration of DAPT following PF-DCS placement. PF-DCS has a better efficacy and similar safety as compared with BMS. PF-DCS with dual drug is noninferior to currently available PP-DES. Further RCTs are needed to assess the safety and efficacy of PF-DCS to BP-DES and PP-DES comparing shorter to standard durations of DAPT.

High-Output Heart Failure Contributing to Recurrent Epistaxis Kiesselbach Area Syndrome in a Patient With Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia.

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), also known as Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, is a rare genetic blood disorder that leads to abnormal bleeding due to absent capillaries and multiple abnormal blood vessels known as arteriovenous malformations. A feature of HHT is high-output heart failure due to multiple arteriovenous malformations. High-output heart failure can lead to recurrent epistaxis Kiesselbach area syndrome (REKAS), further exacerbating heart failure through increased blood loss and resultant anemia. We report a patient with HHT who presented with high-output heart failure contributing to REKAS. In patients with REKAS, we propose if anemia is present, REKAS can be avoided by correcting the anemia by increasing the hemoglobin level to greater than 9 to 10 g/dL. This decreases hyperdynamic circulation and reduces pressure in the blood vessels of the nose.

Incidence of Renal Failure Requiring Hemodialysis Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement.

OBJECTIVE: Studies have shown that iodinated radiocontrast use is associated with acute renal failure especially in the presence of chronic kidney disease and multiple factors modulate this risk. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to compare the incidence of renal failure requiring hemodialysis between transfemoral (TF) and transapical (TA) transcatheter aortic valve replacement using the Edwards valve. METHODS: The PubMed database was searched from January 2000 through December 2014. A total of 10 studies (n = 2,459) comparing TF (n = 1,268) and TA (n = 1,191) TAVR procedures using the Edwards valve were included. Variables of interest were baseline logistic EuroSCORE, prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, peripheral arterial disease, chronic kidney disease and amount of contrast used. The primary endpoint was incidence of renal failure requiring hemodialysis. The odds ratio and 95% CI were computed and P < 0.05 was considered as the level of significance. RESULTS: The logistic EuroSCORE was significantly higher in TA compared to TF (P = 0.001) TAVR. The amount of contrast (mL) used was significantly higher in the TF group compared to the TA group (mean difference: 36.9, CI: 25.7-48.1, P < 0.001). The incidence of hemodialysis following the procedure was significantly higher in the TA group compared to TF group (odds ratio = 4.3, CI: 2.4-7.8, P < 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis suggests that despite the lower amount of contrast used in TA-TAVR, the incidence of renal failure requiring hemodialysis was higher with the Edwards valve. This suggests that the incidence of renal failure requiring hemodialysis after TAVR is associated with baseline comorbidities in the TA-TAVR group rather than the volume of contrast used.

Obesity Cardiomyopathy: Pathophysiologic Factors and Nosologic Reevaluation.

Cardiovascular disease in populations with obesity is a major concern because of its epidemic proportion. Obesity leads to the development of cardiomyopathy directly via inflammatory mediators and indirectly by obesity-induced hypertension, diabetes and coronary artery diseases. The aim of this review article is to re-visit the available knowledge and the evidence on pathophysiologic mechanisms of obesity-related cardiomyopathy and to propose its placement into a specific category of myocardial disease.

WUnicuspid Aortic Valve- An Uncommon Anomaly With a Common Presentation.

Unicuspid aortic valve (UAV), which is a rare congenital anomaly, usually presents as aortic stenosis and/or aortic regurgitation. Here we present a case of UAV co-existent with an ascending aortic aneurysm. A 26-year-old male with no significant past medical history presented to the hospital after two episodes of syncope. Transthoracic echocardiogram showed an ejection fraction of 62%, severely stenotic aortic valve, and moderate aortic regurgitation. Computed tomography revealed calcification of the aortic valve, compatible with aortic stenosis and aneurysm of the ascending aorta measuring 4.3 cm in diameter. He underwent successful aortic valve replacement and repair of ascending aortic aneurysm. He recovered well without any complications. This case suggests that any young patient who presents with syncope, aortic stenosis would be a differential and further workup by any available non-invasive modality needs to be performed.

Fractional flow reserve using computed tomography for assessing coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis.

AIMS: Noninvasive fractional flow reserve (FFR) measurement with computed tomography (FFRCT) is a newly described method for assessing functional significance of coronary disease. The objective of this meta-analysis is to determine the diagnostic performance of FFRCT in the assessment of hemodynamically significant coronary artery stenosis. METHODS: PubMed and the Cochrane Center Register of Controlled Trials were searched from January 2000 through February 2015. Six original studies were found comparing FFRCT to invasive FFR in evaluating hemodynamic significance of coronary lesions (1354 vessels; 812 patients). Lesions were considered hemodynamically significant if invasive FFR was 0.80 or less. FFRCT used the same cutoff as invasive FFR to be considered as a positive test. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios, and diagnostic odds ratio were calculated. RESULTS: One-third of the lesions (n = 443) were hemodynamically significant. The pooled per-vessel analysis showed that the sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive likelihood ratios, and diagnostic odds ratio of FFRCT to diagnose hemodynamically significant coronary disease were 0.84 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.80-0.87], 0.76 (95% CI: 0.73-0.79), 0.22 (95% CI: 0.17-0.29), 3.48 (95% CI: 2.21-5.47), and 16.82 (95% CI: 8.20-34.49), respectively. CONCLUSION: The results of this meta-analysis demonstrate that FFRCT results correlate closely with invasive coronary angiography and FFR measurement. It is a feasible noninvasive method to assess hemodynamic significance of coronary lesions in patients with stable coronary artery disease.

The effects of multiple coronary artery disease risk factors on subclinical atherosclerosis in a rural population in the United States.

INTRODUCTION: The risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) are associated with coronary atherosclerosis and having multiple risk factors potentiates atherosclerosis. This study examined the prevalence of multiple biological and lifestyle/behavioral risk factors and their association with coronary artery calcium (CAC), a marker for subclinical coronary atherosclerosis. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of 1607 community-dwelling asymptomatic individuals from central Appalachia who participated in CAC screening between January 2011 and December 2012. Data on demographics (sex and age) and 7 traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) were collected and categorized into 5 groups (0-1, 2, 3, 4, and ≥5). Prevalence of these risk factors and CAC scores (0, 1-99, 100-399, ≥400) were assessed, and the impact of the number of risk factors on CAC scores were delineated using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Over 98% of participants had ≥1 risk factor. While obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and family history of CAD significantly increased the odds of having CAC, CAC scores significantly increased with number of risk factors. After adjusting for demographic factors, having 3, 4, and ≥5 risk factors was significantly associated with increased odds of having higher CAC scores when compared to zero CAC score by more than one and half times [OR=1.65, CI (1.20-2.25)], two times [OR=2.32, CI (1.67-3.23)] and three times [OR=3.45, CI (2.42-4.92)], respectively. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of multiple risk factors in the study population suggests the need for aggressive multiple risk factors interventions for primary prevention of CAD, which could address CVD health disparities.

Valvular performance and aortic regurgitation following transcatheter aortic valve replacement using Edwards valve versus CoreValve for severe aortic stenosis: A Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To compare incidence of aortic regurgitation (AR), paravalvular AR and valvular performance with Doppler hemodynamic parameters following transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) with Edwards valve (EV) versus CoreValve (CV). Currently, there are scarce data on post-TAVR echocardiographic outcomes comparing EV and CV. METHODS: PubMed and the Cochrane Center Register of Controlled Trials were searched through May 2015. Twenty studies (n=11,244) comparing TAVR procedure that used EV (n=6445) and CV (n=4799) were included. End points were post-TAVR moderate to severe AR and paravalvular AR, effective orifice area (EOA), mean trans-aortic pressure gradient (MPG), peak trans-aortic pressure gradient (PPG) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The mean difference (MD) or relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was computed and p<0.05 was considered as a level of significance. RESULTS: Moderate to severe AR and paravalvular AR were significantly lower in EV group (RR: 0.57, CI: 0.52-0.63, p<0.00001 and RR: 0.40, CI: 0.25-0.63, p<0.0001 respectively) compared to CV group. EOA and PPG were not significantly different between EV and CV groups. MPG was significantly lower among patients in CV group (MD: 1.08, CI: 0.05-2.10, p=0.04). LVEF was significantly higher in patients in EV group (MD: 2.26, CI: 0.77-3.74, p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed CV is associated with higher incidence of post-TAVR moderate to severe paravalvular AR. Echocardiographic valvular performance measures (MPG, LVEF) showed minimal but significant difference, which may not be clinically significant.