Combating the COVID-19 Pandemic: Experiences of the First Wave From Nepal.

Unprecedented and unforeseen highly infectious Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a significant public health concern for most of the countries worldwide, including Nepal, and it is spreading rapidly. Undoubtedly, every nation has taken maximum initiative measures to break the transmission chain of the virus. This review presents a retrospective analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal, analyzing the actions taken by the Government of Nepal (GoN) to inform future decisions. Data used in this article were extracted from relevant reports and websites of the Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP) of Nepal and the WHO. As of January 22, 2021, the highest numbers of cases were reported in the megacity of the hilly region, Kathmandu district (population = 1,744,240), and Bagmati province. The cured and death rates of the disease among the tested population are ~98.00 and ~0.74%, respectively. Higher numbers of infected cases were observed in the age group 21-30, with an overall male to female death ratio of 2.33. With suggestions and recommendations from high-level coordination committees and experts, GoN has enacted several measures: promoting universal personal protection, physical distancing, localized lockdowns, travel restrictions, isolation, and selective quarantine. In addition, GoN formulated and distributed several guidelines/protocols for managing COVID-19 patients and vaccination programs. Despite robust preventive efforts by GoN, pandemic scenario in Nepal is, yet, to be controlled completely. This review could be helpful for the current and future effective outbreak preparedness, responses, and management of the pandemic situations and prepare necessary strategies, especially in countries with similar socio-cultural and economic status.

Awareness of aerosol-related transmission of COVID-19 among the dentists of Nepal.

OBJECTIVE: To access the awareness of dental practitioners of Nepal towards COVID-19 transmission through aerosols. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved 384 dentists from all over Nepal and was conducted for a period of 3 months. A self-reported online questionnaire was developed using Google forms and the link was shared. It emphasized the awareness related to the aerosol and ventilation system in their daily practices was prepared. The data were analyzed in Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0 software. RESULTS: The majority of participants were female 52.9% (n = 203) and within the age groups of <30 years 57% (n = 219). Participants from Bagmati Province were 60.4% (n = 232), with least from Sudurpaschim Province 0.5% (n = 2). 60% of participants provided only emergency services during the COVID-19 pandemic and few (7%) provided consultations via telephone. The current ventilation system used was a well-ventilated room with open windows 65.4% (n = 251). However, 52.8% (n = 203) preferred specialized operatory incorporating high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters and ultraviolet (UV) light. More than 60% of respondents were unaware of the particle size of the aerosol. CONCLUSIONS: The obtained results signify the need for the proper ventilation system with appropriate air filtration systems in dental clinical setups.

Dental Floss Prescription Pattern among the Dental Interns of Nepal.

INTRODUCTION: Periodontal disease is regarded as one of the preventable diseases. It can be prevented through effective plaque control measures that require mechanical instrumentation with various surgical or non-surgical periodontal therapies as well as daily oral hygiene measures. Dental professionals must be competent enough to promote good oral health by educating patients with daily oral hygiene practice measures. In this regard, the study was designed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice behaviour for using as well as prescribing dental floss among the dental interns of Nepal. METHODS: An online questionnaire consisting of two sections; the first comprised of the socio- demographic and professional aspects and the second consisted of questions related to knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding the use of dental floss, and its prescription was prepared using Google forms and the link was shared. The data were analysed in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 software. RESULTS: In this study, the participants were familiar with the dental floss, but many lacked awareness regarding its proper use. Ninety-nine (64.3%) of the participants personally used dental floss. Only six (3.9%) never prescribed it to their patients. Among those who prescribed, only 37 (25%) always demonstrated the techniques. CONCLUSIONS: The study indicated that many participants used dental floss, however, educating and recommending the patient about it was comparatively low. This emphasizes the need to increase the awareness and use of interdental aids among dental interns to provide good oral self-care practices for the patient.

Sub Sinus Ridge Height at First Molar Region- A Panoramic Radiograph Based Study.

BACKGROUND: Among various replacement options available for maxillary molars, implants necessitate the need to examine available ridge height and width. Panoramic radiographs (orthopantomograms) are routinely used for preliminary determination of ridge height which is helpful in communicating with patients regarding treatment needs and options. This study was designed with the aim to assess the sub sinus ridge height at dentulous and edentulous first molar sites. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to November 2019 among patients visiting the dental college. The orthopantomograms of 455 patients were prospectively collected and analysed using Carestream imaging software (version 7.0.0). Distance from alveolar crest to maxillary sinus was measured in first molar region. RESULTS: Mean minimal sub sinus ridge height at non-missing maxillary first molar site was 8.16 ± 2.6 mm, whereas for missing maxillary first molar site it was 5.25 ± 2.28 mm and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). Statistically significant difference among the age groups and minimum subsinus ridge height (p<0.001) was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Missing maxillary first molar sites may often require vertical bone augmentation with direct sinus lifting procedures if it has to undergo replacement with dental implants in the representative Nepalese population.

Oral Squamous Papilloma of Edentulous Mouth Interfering with Denture Retention.

Soft tissue overgrowths inside oral cavity can present with wide range of clinical manifestations and some of them can asymptomatic. Oral squamous papilloma is one of that asymptomatic lesion described in the literature with extremely low virulence and infectivity rate. Soft tissue overgrowths can sometimes interfere with denture retention. Here we report a case of squamous papilloma in a 60 years old edentulous female who presented with loss of denture retention.