The larva of Eubasilissa maclachlani White 1862 (Trichoptera: Phryganeidae) from Thailand, with notes on its biology.

The final-instar larva of Eubasilissa maclachlani White 1862 is described with illustrations for the first time based on Thai specimens. The larva of E. maclachlani exhibits typical morphological characteristics of Phryganeidae. The morphological characteristics of the larva of E. maclachlani can be seen in the following features: First, the band on the frontoclypeus is anchor-like. Second, the ventral apotome is narrowly triangular. Third, the mesonotum is large and membranous, and the mesonotal sa1 sclerites are contiguous mesally. Fourth, comb-like spines, each consisting of tiny points, are distributed over much of the ventromesal surfaces of the fore- and midcoxae. Finally, the shape of tergite IX is heart-like with reddish brown dots. Larvae of E. maclachlani construct cylindrical cases made from many pieces of plant fragments, fastened together by silk in a ring-like pattern, with five successive rings. The larval habitat and phenology are also briefly discussed.

Lead accumulation in the straw mushroom, Volvariella volvacea, from lead contaminated rice straw and stubble.

Straw mushrooms were grown on lead contaminated rice straw and stubble. Study materials were dried, acid digested, and analyzed for lead using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed the highest lead concentration in substrate was 445.350 mg kg⁻¹ in Treatment 3 (T3) and the lowest was BD (below detection) in Treatment 1 (T1). The maximum lead content in straw mushrooms was 5.072 mg kg⁻¹ dw in pileus of T3 and the minimum lead content in straw mushrooms was BD in egg and mature (stalk and pileus) stage of T1. The lead concentration in straw mushrooms was affected by the age of the mycelium and the morphology of mushrooms. Mushrooms' lead uptake produced the highest accumulation in the cell wall. Some lead concentrations in straw mushrooms exceeded the EU standard (>3 mg kg⁻¹ dw).